卫生填埋汤渗滤液及其处理研究

卫生填埋被认为可能是最简便，最经济的城市固体废物处理方式并被世界上越来越多的国家的推广，然而其渗滤液对周围环境的污染也成分全球范围内所普遍面临的难题，简要介绍垃圾填埋汤渗滤液产生的原因，渗滤液的主要成分及其生态影响，并对各国学者陆续开展的渗滤液处理方法的研究作了详细描述。     

生物反应器填埋场系统渗滤液的脱氮性能探析

目前,较为常用的生活垃圾处理方法有填埋法、焚烧法以及堆肥法,其中填埋处理技术以其自身诸多的优点,被广泛应用于垃圾处理当中。但是由于我国对于该项技术的研究起步较晚,从而使得实际应用中存在一些问题。虽然COD、BOD等问题已经得到有效解决,但氨氮处理效果仍旧欠佳。借此,本文就生物反应器填埋场系统渗滤液的脱氮性能进行探析。     

藻类对垃圾填埋场渗滤液的净化

采用PCR及序列测定的方法,对两个分别分离自广州市李坑垃圾填埋场的渗滤液收集塘以及广州市郊的一个普通池塘的藻类种群的rDNA ITS区进行了序列的测定和分析,结果证实两者均为蛋白核小球藻,分别记作Chlorella pyrenoidosa(LK)和Chlorella pyrenoidosa(P)。将上述两个藻类种群的纯培养液分别接种至一系列不同浓度的垃圾渗滤液中,以研究它们在渗滤液中的生长,对渗滤液的耐性以及对渗滤液中污染物的去除等差异。结果表明,藻类的生长在10％的渗滤液中都得到一定的促进,而在更高浓度的渗滤液中则受到抑制,但C.pryenoidosa(LK)在经过一段时间的适应后,对30％的渗滤液表现出较强的耐性。藻类的生长使垃圾渗滤液中的NH3－N,PO4－P和COD等污染物的含量显著下降,而NO3－N含量下降不明显。     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液中古细菌群落16S rRNA基因的ARDRA分析

利用特异性的引物对,选择性扩增垃圾填埋场渗滤液中古细菌群落的18S rRNA基因片断,在此基础上建立16S rDNA克隆文库,经古细菌通用寡核苷酸探针的原位杂交筛选后,克隆文库内古细菌16S rDNA扩增片断的多样性通过ARDRA分析（amplified rDNA restriction analysis)而获得,利用PCR将各组重克隆子内的16S rDNA外源片断再扩增出来后,两种限制性内切酶－Hha I和HaeⅢ－被分别用于16S rDNA克隆片断的限制酶切分析,结果表明,随机选出的70个古细菌16S rDNA克隆片断被妥为21个不同的ARDRA型（组）,其中的两个优势型总共占了所有被分析克隆子的60％,而其余19个型的相对丰度均处于较低的水平,当中的14个型更仅含有1个克隆子,通过对16S rRNA基因的PCR扩增,克隆及其ARDRA分析,能快速地获得有关填埋场渗滤液中古细菌群落的结构及其多样性的初步信息。     

垃圾渗滤液处理现状与发展建议研究

垃圾渗滤液的处理关系到城市发展,水资源建设,乃至生态平衡,文章分析了当前国内垃圾渗滤液处理技术并提出了以下发展建议:探索深度处理新技术;探索减少渗滤液产生量的新技术;因地制宜探索多种方法并行处理的新技术;探索渗滤液回收再利用的新技术。     

卫生填埋场微生物气溶胶的逸散及潜在风险

随着对微生物气溶胶认识的提高,其产生、来源、扩散及风险研究获得了越来越多的关注。卫生填埋场是微生物气溶胶的重要产生源之一。本文阐述了卫生填埋场气溶胶颗粒中微生物的浓度水平、粒径分布、种群结构,解析了微生物气溶胶的逸散特征及影响因素,介绍了微生物气溶胶对人体健康的潜在风险及评价方法,并展望了未来卫生填埋场逸散微生物的研究趋势及方向,为卫生填埋场微生物气溶胶的控制与削减提供了科学依据和参考。     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液灌溉及覆土土质对填埋场氧化亚氮释放的影响

采用静态箱法,现场监测黏土和砂土覆盖层生活垃圾填埋场N₂O释放通量的春夏季节及昼夜变化,研究渗滤液灌溉、覆土土质对填埋场N₂O释放的影响.结果表明：砂土和黏土覆盖层填埋场N2O夏季的释放通量均值分别为（242±576）和（591±767） μg N₂ON·m^-2·h^-1,是春季［分别为（74.4±314）和（269±335） μg N₂ON·m^-2·h^-1］的3.2（P>0.05）和2.2倍（P<0.05）.渗滤液灌溉促进了砂土填埋场覆土N₂O的释放,填埋场中灌溉区N₂O的释放通量为无灌溉区的2倍（P>0.05）.渗滤液灌溉的砂土覆盖层填埋场N₂O春夏两季释放通量均值［（211±460） μg N₂ON·m^-2·h^-1］仅为无渗滤液灌溉的黏土覆盖层填埋场［（430±605） μg N₂ON·m^-2·h^-1］的1/2（P>0.05）.无论渗滤液灌溉与否,选择贫瘠的砂性覆盖土均有助于减少生活垃圾填埋场N₂O释放.     

UASBF反应器处理垃圾渗滤液的试验研究

研究了上流式厌氧复合床反应器(UASBF)处理垃圾渗滤液的启动期、负荷提高期、运行期的处理效果及COD_Cr负荷、pH、碱度对反应器运行的影响.结果表明,启动期最佳启动温度在35±1℃,进水pH6.8,COD_Cr浓度1000～1200 mg·L^-1,水力停留时间(HRT)48h,容积负荷为0.5kgCOD_Cr·m^-3·d^-1.提高期和运行期容积负荷为10kg COD_Cr·m^-3·d^-1,COD_Cr去除率为71.5%,氨氮去除率为57.5%,总磷去除率为64.8%,悬浮物达到去除率为55%.     

卫生填埋场的植被重建

随着世界各地城市市区的不断扩大,垃圾填埋场的环境影响和植被重建已成为全球所共同面临的一个相当紧迫和突出的环境问题。简述了垃圾卫生填埋的概念、填埋的方式及其带来的生态环境问题;并对影响垃圾填埋场上植物生长的各种因素,以及各国学者建议在植被重建过程中针对这些因素所应采取的措施和步骤作了详细描述。     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液灌溉对土壤理化特征和草本花卉生长的影响

以草本花卉植物一串红和石竹为材料,通过盆栽试验研究了不同浓度垃圾渗滤液灌溉对土壤理化性质及生物学性质、植物生长、氮磷和重金属吸收的影响。渗滤液灌溉提高了土壤有机质、氮含量和电导率,其中,黄壤盐分积累速度大于紫色土,而对土壤磷和重金属含量的影响不明显,土壤脲酶活性随渗滤液浓度的提高呈先升高后降低趋势,紫色土和黄壤在渗滤液灌溉浓度分别为60%和40%时脲酶活性最强;随渗滤液浓度提高紫色土过氧化氢酶活性略为上升,黄壤过氧化氢酶活性降低。渗滤液灌溉使两种花卉根系生长受到抑制,但对植物地上部的生长发育存在低浓度促进高浓度抑制的双重作用。渗滤液灌溉可提高两种植物地上部的氮含量,对一串红磷含量影响不明显,使石竹磷含量降低,对Cu、Zn含量的影响因土壤和植物的不同而异,但高浓度渗滤液灌溉使两种植物Pb、Cr和Cd含量均提高。结果表明,适当浓度渗滤液灌溉具有改善土壤肥力,促进植物地上部生长发育的作用,渗滤液灌溉不会引起土壤和植物体内重金属过量积累,土壤氮过量积累导致的氮磷营养失调和盐分过度积累是高浓度渗滤液抑制植物生长的重要原因。从土壤性质变化和植物生长反应看,渗滤液灌溉浓度以20%—40%为佳。     

垃圾渗滤液中好氧反硝化菌的筛选及其反硝化条件优化

从江苏省常州市某垃圾渗滤液处理厂的纯氧曝气池中提取活性污泥,筛选获得1株高效好氧反硝化菌CZ1。根据菌株形态、生理生化特性进行初步鉴定,并结合该菌株的16S rDNA基因序列分析,判定该菌株为蜡样芽胞杆菌(Bacillus cereus)。研究了菌株的好氧反硝化特性,结果表明,以硝酸钾为唯一氮源,CZ1在24h内对硝酸盐氮的去除率达到97.69%。同时考察了碳源种类、C/N、温度、初始pH以及溶解氧对该菌株好氧反硝化能力的影响,通过单因素实验获得其最佳好氧反硝化条件:温度35℃,丁二酸钠为唯一碳源,C/N为6,初始pH值为7.0~7.5,转速为160 r/min。     

不同酸中和对垃圾渗滤液厌氧生物处理的影响

不同时间垃圾填埋场渗滤液用石灰絮凝、吹脱后分别经磷酸、盐酸、硫酸调pH到7,在35℃条件下进行厌氧处理。试验表明,经磷酸或盐酸中和的早期垃圾渗滤液易于厌氧生物处理,38d后其COD、BOD5、VFA（挥发性脂肪酸）都有大幅度的降低。盐酸中和的早期垃圾渗滤液其厌氧产甲烷性能良好;但磷酸中和的其产甲烷性能被完全抑制。硫酸中和的早期垃圾渗滤液在反应过程中产生大量的硫化物,最高浓度达到1.241mg／L,对厌氧处理产生了严重的抑制,但是在第38d硫化物浓度达到最高后抑制作用慢慢减弱,其COD、BOD5、VFA开始迅速下降。晚期垃圾渗滤液经磷酸、盐酸、硫酸中和后经过54d的反应,其COD、BOD5、VFA均没有明显降低。     

Predicting Biogeochemical Calcium Precipitation in Landfill Leachate Collection Systems

Clogging of leachate collection systems within municipal solid waste landfills can result in greater potential for contaminants to breach the landfill barrier system. The primary cause of clogging is calcium carbonate (CaCO_3(s)) precipitation from leachate and its accumulation within the pore space of the drainage medium. CaCO_3(s) precipitation is caused by the anaerobic fermentation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs), which adds carbonate to and raises the pH of the leachate. An important relationship in modeling clogging in leachate collections systems is a yield coefficient that relates microbial fermentation of VFAs to precipitation of calcium carbonate. This paper develops a new, mechanistically based yield coefficient, called the carbonic acid yield coefficient (Y_H), which relates the carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) produced from microbial fermentation of acetate, propionate, and butyrate to calcium precipitation. The empirical values of Y_H were computed from the changes in acetate, propionate, butyrate, and calcium concentrations in leachate as it permeated through gravel-size material. The theoretical and empirical results show that the primary driver of CaCO_3(s) precipitation is acetate fermentation. Additionally, other non-calcium cations (e.g., iron and magnesium) precipitated with carbonate (CO_2-) when present in the leachate. A common yield between total cations bound to CO₃ ^2- and H₂CO₃ produced, called the calcium carbonate yield coefficient (Y_c), can reconcile the empirical yield coefficient for synthetic and actual leachates.     

异养硝化⁃好氧反硝化复合菌剂在垃圾渗滤液处理中的应用

垃圾渗滤液中往往含有高浓度的有机物、氨氮等污染物。异养硝化-好氧反硝化型微生物能在脱氮的同时去除部分有机物,但目前对于相关混合菌剂直接应用于垃圾渗滤液处理的研究较少。从垃圾渗滤液中筛选出6株异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌株并组配成复合菌剂F6,探究菌剂在垃圾渗滤液中的脱氮效果。分别以单一菌株和复合菌剂F6为投放原料;以不同碳氮比、活性炭浓度、转速以及微量元素浓度为影响因素,研究复合菌剂对于垃圾渗滤液中氨氮(NH{}_{\mathrm{4}}^{+}-N)、总氮(total nitrogen, TN)、化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand, COD)的去除性能。结果表明,提高碳氮比和微量元素浓度能够促进复合菌剂F6的降解效果;当接种量为10%、碳氮比为15%时,F6对NH{}_{\mathrm{4}}^{+}-N、TN、COD的去除率分别为74.69%、89.23%和83.50%,与不添加活性炭的处理相比,分别提高了约18.46%、20.97%和7.98%。复合异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌剂F6对高氨氮垃圾渗滤液去除NH{}_{\mathrm{4}}^{+}-N、TN、COD等方面具有良好的应用前景。     

Assessment of Landfill Leachate Volume and Concentrations of Cyanide and Fluoride during Phytoremediation

The potential for plants to minimize leachate volume and reduce cyanide and fluoride concentrations in groundwater was evaluated. High fluoride and soluble salts in the leachate induced chlorosis or necrosis in the leaf margins on green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), and bald cypress (Taxodium distichum). Hybrid willow (Salix Willow hybrid), sycamore (Platanus sp.), and black willow (Salix nigra) had high rates of transpiration and root growth during the study period. Cyanide in the leachate was removed by plant metabolic processes whereas fluoride accumulated in the leaves. Cyanide and fluoride in landfill leachate can be decreased through phytoremediation.     

Phytoremediation of Landfill Leachate with Colocasia esculenta,Gynerum sagittatum and Heliconia psittacorum in Constructed Wetlands

This study assessed the accumulation of Cd (II), Hg (II), Cr (VI) and Pb (II) in Gynerium sagittatum (Gs), Colocasia esculenta (Ce) and Heliconia psittacorum (He) planted in constructed wetlands treating synthetic landfill leachate. Sixteen bioreactors were operated in two experimental blocks. Metal concentrations in the influent and effluent; root, stem, branch and leaves of plants were analysed, as well as COD, N-NH₄⁺, TKN, T, pH, ORP, DO, and EC. Average removal efficiencies of COD, TKN and NH₄⁺-N were 66, 67 and 72%, respectively and heavy metal removal ranged from 92 to 98% in all units. Cr (VI) was not detected in any effluent sample. The bioconcentration factors (BCF) were 10⁰ -10². The BCF of Cr (VI) was the lowest: 0.59 and 2.5 (L kg^?1) for Gs and He respectively; whilst Cd (II) had the highest (130–135 L kg^?1) for Gs. Roots showed a higher metal content than shoots. Translocation factors (TF) were lower, He was the plant exhibiting TFs >1 for Pb (II), Cr (T) and Hg (II) and 0.4–0.9 for Cd (II) and Cr (VI). The evaluated plants demonstrate their suitability for phytoremediation of landfill leachate and all of them can be categorized as metals accumulators.     

Acute and Sub-lethal Toxicity of Landfill Leachate Towards Two Aquatic Macro-invertebrates: Demonstrating the Remediation Potential of Aerobic Digestion

A specific landfill leachate that contained 1.036 mgl⁻¹of 2-chlorobiphenyl was used in the study (255 mg l⁻¹ COD and 133 mg l⁻¹ BOD₅). Three, 2-l semi-continuous batch reactors (SBRs) were used to simulate the treatment potential of this method on a small scale. Aerobic digestion effectively reduced the leachates COD concentration. Regardless of dilution, the leachates COD reached a <20 mg l⁻¹ equilibrium after 96 h exposure to aerobic digestion, however, increasing the level of dilution accelerated the process. In untreated leachate, the LC₅₀ for Asellus aquaticus was 57% v/v leachate in deionised water and 5% for Gammarus pulex (96 h, static LC₅₀ tests without nutrition and oxygen depleting conditions). After being exposed to aerobic digestion, these values rose to 95% and 40%, respectively. Prolonged exposure to a 1:20 sub-lethal dilution of the aforementioned leachate has been previously shown to affect the breeding colony size of Asellus aquaticus and a 1:66 dilution influenced the fecundity of a Gammarus pulex population. After remediation by aerobic digestion, however, the population dynamics of both test species remained unaltered.