氮沉降对荒漠化草原草本植物物种多样性和群落组成的影响

采用野外条件下人工外源施加氮素模拟氮沉降的方式,设置了0、6、12和24g.m-2 4个纯氮素投加水平,在试验第一年(2007年)将不同水平的氮素随机投加到样方中,随后两年(2008～2009年)不再继续投加,研究氮沉降对荒漠化草原草本植物物种多样性和群落物种组成的影响。结果表明:植物物种丰富度和多度在年内均随着氮素投加水平的增大而降低,且物种多度比丰富度的降低程度更大;植物物种丰富度和多度年际间的变化则表现为低氮水平下差异显著(P<0.05),高氮水平下差异不显著的规律(P>0.05)。氮沉降改变了草本层片植物群落的物种组成,相对于多年生禾本科植物,多年生非禾本科植物在氮素处理下消失的概率更大。可见,氮沉降会降低荒漠化草原草本植物的物种多样性,改变草本植物群落的物种组成,且对荒漠化草原草本植物群落的影响是一个长期的过程。     

荒漠草原中间锦鸡儿林土壤养分效应对群落组分和多样性的影响

为系统认识荒漠草原中间锦鸡儿人工林草本植被特征及演变趋势对土壤养分的响应,采用空间代替时间的方法,以天然草地为对照,构建3个中间锦鸡儿林龄(16a、25a、37a)研究序列,调查不同中间锦鸡儿林灌丛内外土壤植被并分析二者之间的关系。结果表明:(1)随林龄增加,不同功能群植物重要值呈不同变化趋势,其中禾本科植物显著增加,豆科植物显著降低,杂草类植物先减小后增加。(2)α多样性分析显示,荒漠草原中间锦鸡儿人工林16a灌丛外物种丰富度(S)、香浓维纳指数(H)最高(P0.01);不同林龄均匀度指数(J)、优势度指数(P)未表现出明显的变化规律。(3)β多样性分析显示,Cody指数(βc)和Morisita-Horn(CMH)相似指数均表现出16a与25a、37a之间的物种差异较大、25a与37a之间物种差异相对较小、37a中间锦鸡儿林与天然草地物种组成相似,βws指数在25a中间锦鸡儿林最大。(4)人工中间锦鸡儿林存在显著的土壤碳氮"肥岛效应",其中土壤有机碳是不同林龄植物群落组成差异的显著性影响因子,土壤速效氮为不同林龄灌丛外植物多样性差异的显著性影响因子,但灌丛内植物多样性对土壤养分的响应并不显著。研究认为,中间锦鸡儿林土壤养分演替正效应提高了植物多样性,增强了植物物种的更替程度,但建植后期(37a)植物群落存在向天然草地演替趋势。     

模拟降水量变化对荒漠草原土壤酶活性的影响及其相关因素分析

为明确荒漠草原土壤酶活性对降水格局改变的响应机制, 该研究基于宁夏荒漠草原降水量不同梯度变化(减少50%、减少30%、自然降水、增加30%和增加50%)的野外试验(2014年开始试验), 于2016年5-7月采样, 测定分析不同降水梯度2年后对土壤酶活性的影响, 并分析酶活性与植物生物量、微生物生物量C∶N∶P生态化学计量特征以及土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明: (1)与自然降水量相比, 减少30%降水量对3种土壤酶活性均无显著影响, 减少50%降水量显著降低了土壤蔗糖酶活性(^P < 0.05); 增加降水量显著提高了土壤蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性(^P < 0.05), 但对脲酶活性无显著影响。(2)减少降水量对植物生物量影响较小(尤其减少30%降水量), 但不同程度地降低了微生物生物量C、N、P, 提高了微生物生物量C∶N和C∶P; 增加降水量则不同程度提高了植物生物量及微生物生物量C、N、P。(3)土壤蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性随植物及微生物生物量增加而增加; 对土壤酶活性影响显著的土壤因子包括: 含水量、NO₃^- N、NH₄⁺ N、C∶P、有机C、全N、C∶N和pH (P < 0.05)。研究认为, 减少降水量(尤其是减少30%降水量)对土壤酶活性影响较小, 增加降水量促进了植物的生长、刺激微生物活性, 进而提高了土壤酶活性, 但随着植物生物量增加, 土壤有机C输入增多, 磷酸酶活性相应增强并促进了有机P的矿化, 导致土壤微生物P限制增加。     

宁夏东部风沙区荒漠草原植物群落物种多样性研究

通过野外植被调查,研究了宁夏东部风沙区荒漠草原植物群落组成与结构、物种多样性变化;采用典范对应分析（CCA）对植物群落分布与土壤性状关系进行了分析。结果表明：（1）风沙区荒漠草原物种较为单一,多集中在6~13种;不同群落类型间地上生物量和盖度差异显著;群落内竞争性较弱的物种减少,优势种具有较高的重要值。（2）群落间物种多样性差异显著,但变化趋势并不一致;物种多样性指数与丰富度指数、均匀度指数的相关系数分别为0.975 7和0.880 2,而与优势度指数相关系数为-0.519 8。（3）CCA结果表明,土壤含水率、有机质以及氮磷钾含量较高、容重小时,植物物种相对丰富;对群落分布影响较大的环境因子是土壤水分、容重和土壤有机质,相关系数分别为-0.742 8、0.683 8、0.532 9,物种和群落二者在CCA排序轴相关性较大的土壤因子较为一致。研究认为,宁夏东部风沙区荒漠草原植物优势种在群落中的地位明显,物种丰富度对植物多样性的影响大于均匀度,土壤水分是影响该区草原植物群落分布的决定性环境因子。     

围栏禁牧对内蒙古典型草原群落特征的影响

采用样方法对内蒙古典型草原区围封26 a(E26)7、a(E7)2、a(E2)和未围封(G)样地的植物多样性、群落高度、盖度、地上与地下生物量进行实地调查分析,以研究围栏禁牧对草原植物群落特征的影响.结果表明:围封26a样地具有最高的丰富度指数和多样性指数,围封相对于放牧在一定程度上可以维持和保护植物多样性和丰富度.围封7 a样地的多样性指数与未围封样地(G)以及围封2 a样地(E2)无显著差异,说明放牧导致了该区植物多样性的降低,但围封并未显示出使其恢复的趋势;从自由放牧样地到围封样地,退化指示植物糙隐子草(Cleistogenessquarrosa)以及一年生植物猪毛菜(Salsola collina)、刺穗藜(Chenopodium aristatum)等的比重和出现频率呈减少的趋势;围封2 a样地的地上现存量显著低于围封7 a样地,而围封26 a样地相对于围封7 a样地又表现出显著减小的结果.说明围封在一定时期内可显著提高草地生产力,但围封时间过长将不利于其维持较高的生产力.     

开垦对阿拉善荒漠啮齿动物群落功能多样性的影响

开垦会导致荒漠化的加剧,并对动物群落产生严重的影响。而功能多样性恰恰能体现环境或干扰胁迫导致的群落结构差异。但有关啮齿动物群落功能多样性的研究并不多见,为此,我们在2018至2020年的4月、7月和10月利用铗日法对开垦区和未开垦区的啮齿动物群落进行调查,选择并量化了与其营养、生活史、生理、形态及活动节律等相关的5个功能性状,以探讨开垦对啮齿动物群落组成的影响,以及性状组成和功能多样性变化。研究结果表明：(1)开垦区群落的丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数均低于未开垦区,开垦改变了啮齿动物群落性状组成;(2)阿拉善荒漠啮齿动物群落组成与蛰眠、繁殖周期和食性等功能性状显著相关;(3)开垦区春、秋季群落功能丰富度和功能均匀度高于未开垦区,各季节群落功能离散度显著高于未开垦区;而未开垦区夏季群落功能丰富度高于开垦区,秋季群落功能均匀度高于开垦区;(4)开垦区和未开垦区群落功能丰富度最高值均出现在夏季,二者在不同季节间差异较大;开垦区群落功能均匀度最高值出现在春季、功能离散度最高值出现在秋季,二者在季节间差异均较小;未开垦群落功能均匀度最高值出现在秋季、功能离散度最高值出现在夏季,二者在季节间差异均较大。上述结果说明,阿拉善荒漠区啮齿动物群落功能多样性变化与土地开垦和季节相关联,开垦会从啮齿动物群落的生态空间利用程度、资源利用、种间竞争及生态位等方面影响群落功能多样性。     

中温型草原和暖温型草原大针茅+羊草群落结构特征的比较

运用植被水平地带性原理在南北样带（NSCT）草原生物群区中温型草原和暖渐型草原内的典型草原地带各选择一个研究站点,于1999-2000年5-9月份对大针茅 羊草群落的数量结构、α多样性、生活型功能群组成、地上生产结构、C3和C4植物组成及群落生长动态特征进行了比较研究。结果表明：暖温型草原群落高度（h）、生态优势度（C）、C4植物比例（％）和单位叶速率（ULR）较高,生长动态曲线呈双峰型且第1峰大于第2峰;中温型草原物种丰富度（R）、群落密度(d)、物种多样性（H'）、群落均匀度（E）、F/C值、叶面积指数（LAI）、叶面积持续时间（LAD）和干物质生产能力（P）较高,生长动态曲线呈单峰型,初期生长较快。虽然两站点平均降水量相近,但温度、热量差异较大,年蒸发力不同,并影响到天然降水及土壤水分、养人供给的有效性,可能是导致其群落结构与生长动态差异的主要原因。     

荒漠草原主要植物种间关系对降水年型变化的响应

该研究采用内蒙古短花针茅荒漠草原长期试验平台2004~2015年期间不同降水年型(丰水、平水、欠水)下的植被数据,分析研究区7个主要植物21个种对的种间关系及其对降水年型的响应;应用方差比率法确定物种间的总体联结性,基于χ^2检验测定种对间的联结性,采用联结系数AC判断种对间联结的正负,运用共同出现百分率PC、Ochiai指数、Dice指数分析种对相伴出现的几率,以明确荒漠草原主要物种间的关系,揭示降水对种群间相互作用的影响机制。结果表明:(1)样方内的平均物种数在平水年达到最大,主要物种的总体联结性在丰水年呈显著正相关、平水年呈不显著正相关、欠水年呈不显著负相关,表明年降水量的下降致使种对间的关系由共存为主转变为竞争为主。(2)降水年型的变化使部分种对间的联结性发生改变,丰水年正联结的种对占57.1%,平水年降至52.4%,欠水年降至33.3%,也表明干旱胁迫导致协同共存的种对数减少,相互竞争的种对数增加。(3)降水年型的变化主要影响狭叶锦鸡儿与其他物种的共同出现几率,并以平水年最大,而对其他种对间的正相互作用无影响。     

Soil Microbial Community Response to Drought and Precipitation Variability in the Chihuahuan Desert

Increases in the magnitude and variability of precipitation events have been predicted for the Chihuahuan Desert region of West Texas. As patterns of moisture inputs and amounts change, soil microbial communities will respond to these alterations in soil moisture windows. In this study, we examined the soil microbial community structure within three vegetation zones along the Pine Canyon Watershed, an elevation and vegetation gradient in Big Bend National Park, Chihuahuan Desert. Soil samples at each site were obtained in mid-winter (January) and in mid-summer (August) for 2 years to capture a component of the variability in soil temperature and moisture that can occur seasonally and between years along this watershed. Precipitation patterns and amounts differed substantially between years with a drought characterizing most of the second year. Soils were collected during the drought period and following a large rainfall event and compared to soil samples collected during a relatively average season. Structural changes within microbial community in response to site, season, and precipitation patterns were evaluated using fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) analyses. Fungal FAME amounts differed significantly across seasons and sites and greatly outweighed the quantity of bacterial and actinomycete FAME levels for all sites and seasons. The highest fungal FAME levels were obtained in the low desert scrub site and not from the high elevation oak–pine forests. Total bacterial and actinomycete FAME levels did not differ significantly across season and year within any of the three locations along the watershed. Total bacterial and actinomycete FAME levels in the low elevation desert-shrub and grassland sites were slightly higher in the winter than in the summer. Microbial community structure at the high elevation oak–pine forest site was strongly correlated with levels of NH₄ ⁺–N, % soil moisture, and amounts of soil organic matter irrespective of season. Microbial community structure at the low elevation desert scrub and sotol grasslands sites was most strongly related to soil pH with bacterial and actinobacterial FAME levels accounting for site differences along the gradient. DGGE band counts of amplified soil bacterial DNA were found to differ significantly across sites and season with the highest band counts found in the mid-elevation grassland site. The least number of bands was observed in the high elevation oak–pine forest following the large summer-rain event that occurred after a prolonged drought. Microbial responses to changes in precipitation frequency and amount due to climate change will differ among vegetation zones along this Chihuahuan Desert watershed gradient. Soil bacterial communities at the mid-elevation grasslands site are the most vulnerable to changes in precipitation frequency and timing, while fungal community structure is most vulnerable in the low desert scrub site. The differential susceptibility of the microbial communities to changes in precipitation amounts along the elevation gradient reflects the interactive effects of the soil moisture window duration following a precipitation event and differences in soil heat loads. Amounts and types of carbon inputs may not be as important in regulating microbial structure among vegetation zones within in an arid environment as is the seasonal pattern of soil moisture and the soil heat load profile that characterizes the location.     

柴达木盆地荒漠灌丛群落谱系结构研究

谱系信息是群落生态学和保育生物学研究的主要内容之一。为探究柴达木盆地荒漠灌丛群落谱系结构及其与环境因子的关系,该研究以柴达木盆地荒漠灌丛为对象,基于群落中物种存在与否的物种组成数据,使用R语言中picante软件包计算了灌丛群落谱系多样性指数和谱系结构指数,并且分析了谱系结构指数与年均温度、年均降水以及土壤含水量之间的关系,以揭示柴达木盆地灌丛群落物种之间的亲缘关系和群落生物多样性维持机制。结果表明:(1)柴达木盆地灌丛群落谱系结构与土壤含水量之间存在极显著相关性(P=2.77×10-6),随着土壤含水量的增加,群落谱系结构聚集程度逐渐降低,表现出生境过滤作用逐步减弱,生物间相互作用逐渐加强的变化趋势。(2)群落谱系结构与年均温度、年均降水之间无显著相关性。(3)典型荒漠生境灌丛和河谷(河漫滩)生境灌丛群落的谱系结构差异显著(P0.05),整体上分别表现为谱系聚集状态和谱系发散状态;河谷(河漫滩)生境灌丛群落的谱系多样性显著高于典型荒漠生境灌丛(P0.05)。(4)将群落谱系信息应用在生物多样性保护实践中,发现河谷(河漫滩)生境灌丛群落较典型荒漠生境的灌丛群落可能具有更高的保护价值。研究认为,将群落谱系研究与保育生物学理论结合将会使生物多样性保护策略更加科学有效。     

荒漠土壤藻群落结构的原生演替

微生物结皮是荒漠化治理中新的热点之一,但其关键形成生物——微型藻类如何通过群落结构的变化向地衣结皮、藓类结皮转变的机理仍是未知的。本文以时空替代法,将沙坡头流沙,4、8、17、34及42龄结皮当作同一群落演替进程中的6个阶段,通过系统聚类、主分量分析的方法首次对这一问题进行了研究,结果显示该地荒漠藻群落的原牛演替朝着蓝藻总丰度和爪畦伪枝藻(Scytonema javanicum)丰度逐渐下降,纤细席藻(Phormidium tenue)、绿藻、硅藻丰度逐渐增加的方向进行;多样性随群落演替的发展而增高;生物量在初期呈正向演替,后期随地衣、藓类的入侵逐渐下降;演替速度非常缓慢,高龄结皮中的优势种仍是建群种,只是优势度略有下降;水分、植被覆盖、地形、时间,土壤理化性质都影响演替徐径和速度．特别是Mn含量对演替有重要的阈值作用。     

Sensitivity of Temperate Desert Steppe Carbon Exchange to Seasonal Droughts and Precipitation Variations in Inner Mongolia,China

Arid grassland ecosystems have significant interannual variation in carbon exchange; however, it is unclear how environmental factors influence carbon exchange in different hydrological years. In this study, the eddy covariance technique was used to investigate the seasonal and interannual variability of CO₂ flux over a temperate desert steppe in Inner Mongolia, China from 2008 to 2010. The amounts and times of precipitation varied significantly throughout the study period. The precipitation in 2009 (186.4 mm) was close to the long-term average (183.9±47.6 mm), while the precipitation in 2008 (136.3 mm) and 2010 (141.3 mm) was approximately a quarter below the long-term average. The temperate desert steppe showed carbon neutrality for atmospheric CO₂ throughout the study period, with a net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange (NEE) of −7.2, −22.9, and 26.0 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ in 2008, 2009, and 2010, not significantly different from zero. The ecosystem gained more carbon in 2009 compared to other two relatively dry years, while there was significant difference in carbon uptake between 2008 and 2010, although both years recorded similar annual precipitation. The results suggest that summer precipitation is a key factor determining annual NEE. The apparent quantum yield and saturation value of NEE (NEE_sat) and the temperature sensitivity coefficient of ecosystem respiration (R_eco) exhibited significant variations. The values of NEE_sat were −2.6, −2.9, and −1.4 µmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ in 2008, 2009, and 2010, respectively. Drought suppressed both the gross primary production (GPP) and R_eco, and the drought sensitivity of GPP was greater than that of R_eco. The soil water content sensitivity of GPP was high during the dry year of 2008 with limited soil moisture availability. Our results suggest the carbon balance of this temperate desert steppe was not only sensitive to total annual precipitation, but also to its seasonal distribution.     

荒漠土壤藻群落结构的原生演替

微生物结皮是荒漠化治理中新的热点之一,但其关键形成生物--微型藻类如何通过群落结构的变化向地衣结皮、藓类结皮转变的机理仍是未知的.本文以时空替代法,将沙坡头流沙,4、8、17、34及42龄结皮当作同一群落演替进程中的6个阶段,通过系统聚类、丰分量分析的方法首次对这一问题进行了研究,结果显示该地荒漠藻群落的原生演替朝着蓝藻总丰度和爪哇伪枝藻(Scytonema javanicum)丰度逐渐下降,纤细席藻(Phormidiumtenue)、绿藻、硅藻丰度逐渐增加的方向进行;多样性随群落演替的发展而增高;生物量在初期呈正向演替,后期随地衣、藓类的入侵逐渐下降;演替速度非常缓慢,高龄结皮中的优势种仍是建群种,只是优势度略有下降;水分、植被覆盖、地形、时间,土壤理化性质都影响演替途径和速度,特别是Mn含量对演替有重要的阈值作用.     

Interactive Effects of Elevated CO2, Drought, and Warming on Plants

Adverse climate change attributed to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (CO₂) and increased temperature components of global warming has been a central issue affecting economic and social development. Climate change, particularly global warming, imposes a severe impact on the terrestrial ecosystem. Elevated CO₂, drought, and high temperature have been extensively documented individually; however, relatively little is known about how plants respond to the interaction of these factors. To summarize current knowledge on the response of plants to global change factors, we focus on the interactive effects of CO₂ enrichment, warming, and drought on plant growth, carbon allocation, and photosynthesis. Stimulation due to elevated CO₂ might be suppressed under other negative climatic/environmental stresses such as drought, high temperature, and their combination. However, elevated CO₂ could alleviate deleterious effects of moderate drought via reducing stomatal conductance, altering leaf surface, and regulating gene expression. High CO₂ levels and rising temperatures may result in opposite responses in plant water use efficiency. Stimulation of plant growth due to elevated CO₂ for C₃ species occurs regardless of water conditions, but only under a water deficit for C₄ species. The positive effect of elevated CO₂ on C₄ species is derived mainly from the improved water status. Plant adaptive or maladaptive responses to multivariate environments are interactive; thus, researchers need to explore the ecological underpinnings involved in such responses to the multiple factors involved in climate change.     

短花针茅荒漠草原植物地上地下生物量对载畜率和降水的响应

该研究于内蒙古自治区乌兰察布市四子王旗农牧科学院基地进行,试验采用完全随机区组设计,3个区组内各自设置了对照(CK)、轻度载畜率(LG)、中度载畜率(MG)、重度载畜率(HG)处理,在每个载畜率试验小区内随机设置了4个降水梯度(自然降水、减少50%降水、增加50%降水、增加100%降水),在短花针茅荒漠草原不同载畜率试验基础上模拟降水试验,分析植物地上地下生物量对载畜率和降水变化的响应特征。结果表明:(1)4种载畜率基础上增加50%降水,短花针茅荒漠草原的植物种数显著高于减少50%降水(P0.05),但与增加100%降水无显著差异;轻度载畜率下增加50%降水时物种数最多。(2)轻度、中度载畜率下增加50%降水地上生物量显著高于减少50%降水和自然降水,但与增加100%降水无显著差异;水分改变均没有使围封、重度载畜率地上生物量出现显著变化。(3)随着载畜率的增加,根系现存量随着土层的深度增加而逐渐降低,水分增加使得根系现存量出现降低趋势。(4)根系现存量与地上生物量呈一次函数极显著正相关关系(R=0.92,P0.01)。     

吐鲁番沙漠植物园及其周围地区鼠类群落结构调查

2005年4月15日~2005年6月3日对中国科学院吐鲁番沙漠植物园及其周围地区的鼠类群落进行了调查,采用样线铗捕法,共捕获鼠类373只,隶属于3科3属4种。用种类(S)、多样性指数(H′)、均匀性指数(E)、优势度(D)等4个指标对灌木林、园林、沙地、废弃耕地、农田等5种不同生境类型的鼠类群落进行统计分析和对比。结果发现,不同生境类型的鼠类群落在群落组成、多样性、均匀性和优势度等方面存在着明显的差异;废弃耕地多样性和均匀性最高而优势度最低;园林多样性最低,农田均匀性最低,灌木林优势度最高。红尾沙鼠(Meriones libycus)和子午沙鼠(M.meridianus)分别占以上5种类型鼠类群落总生物量的59.5%和37.5%,可以确定为吐鲁番沙漠植物园及其周围地区鼠类群落的优势种。     

Effects of Viruses and Predators on Prokaryotic Community Composition

Dialysis bags were used to examine the impact of predation and viral lysis on prokaryotic community composition (PCC) over a 5-day experiment in the oligomesotrophic Lake Pavin (France). The impact of the different predator communities (protists and metazoans) of prokaryotes was estimated by water fractionation (<5 μm: treatment filtered on 5 μm, without ciliates and metazoans; UNF: unfiltered treatment with all planktonic communities). Enrichments of natural viruses (<1.2 μm: with a natural virus concentration; <1.2 μm V and VV: with enrichment leading to a double or triple concentration of viruses, respectively) were used to indirectly assess the control of virioplankton. Viral activity was estimated from the frequency of visibly infected cells (FVIC). PCC was determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP). In this study, PCC was affected by the eukaryote communities (especially flagellates), and viruses to a lesser extent. Cyanobacteria declined significantly during the experiment and were highly correlated with the FVIC. In addition, the 503-bp terminal restriction fragment (T-RF) disappeared in treatments with virus enrichments, suggesting possible viral-associated mortality processes, whereas the 506-bp T-RF was not affected in these treatments. On one hand, these results suggest a control of the PCC: first, by viral lysis of some dominant phylotypes and second, by interspecific competition between resistant strains for the uptake of substrates released by this lysis. The increase of Archaea may suggest that these cells benefit such resources. On the other hand, the disappearance and the stable proportion of some dominant phylotypes suggested a selection pressure due to the predatory activity on prokaryotes. In conclusion, prokaryotic abundance appears to be mainly controlled by flagellate protists, which also affected PCC, whereas viruses seemed to be essentially responsible for profound changes in PCC via direct and indirect actions.     

降水差异对内蒙古温带草原植物根系和叶片功能性状的影响北大核心CSCD

植物能够调整叶片或根系功能性状的变化来适应气候变化,从而形成多样性的环境适应策略。该研究以内蒙古温带草原降水量存在差异的草原群落(较为湿润的多伦草原和较为干旱的正镶白旗草原)为研究对象,分别测定两个草原群落优势种(多伦20种和正镶白旗13种)和共有种(8种)的根系功能性状(根直径、比根长和根组织密度)和叶片功能性状(叶面积、比叶面积、叶干物质含量、叶碳含量、叶氮含量),分析根叶性状的变异规律及其关系,以探究草种对不同降水环境的适应策略,为不同降水区域草种的选择以及草原经营管理提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)随着降水量的变化,草种的根性状在两个群落间无显著差异,多伦草原植物的比叶面积显著高于正镶白旗草原,而叶干物质含量和叶碳含量则呈相反趋势;两个草原群落的单子叶禾草类植物根直径最小,比根长最大,叶干物质含量最高;单子叶百合科类植物的根组织密度最小,叶干物质含量和叶氮含量最低;双子叶非禾草类植物的根组织密度最大,比叶面积最高而叶面积最低。(2)随降水量的减少,两个群落共有种的叶面积、比叶面积降低,叶干物质含量和叶碳含量增加;其中,羊草、冰草、糙隐子草的直径增加,比根长和根组织密度降低,而猪毛蒿的直径和比根长则呈相反的趋势;糙隐子草、羊草、猪毛蒿的叶氮含量增加,冰草、克氏针茅叶氮含量降低。(3)主成分分析表明,单个草原或综合两个草原的植物根与叶性状几乎不相关。研究表明,单子叶禾草类植物的根系性状在降水变化中差异较为明显,而双子叶非禾草类植物基本没有变化;干旱对植物叶性状的影响大于根性状;在不同降水环境下,草原植物根系存在独特的资源获取方式,根与叶性状对环境变化的适应策略均具有独立性。     

不同降水条件下荒漠草原植物的养分含量及回收对增温和氮素添加的响应

为了探讨荒漠草原植物养分回收特征对长期增温和氮素添加的响应以及自然降水变异对其的调控作用,该研究依托实施12年的模拟增温和氮素添加实验平台,在相对多雨的2016年(超过长期均值52%)和相对少雨的2017年(低于长期均值16%),以常见C_3植物银灰旋花(Convolvulus ammannii)和C_4植物木地肤(Kochia prostrata)为研究对象,测定分析绿叶和枯叶的氮磷含量及回收效率。结果表明:(1)在相对多雨年(2016年),增温使2种植物的绿叶氮、枯叶氮、绿叶磷、枯叶磷含量分别增加了14.32%、25.45%、17.97%和46.47%,氮、磷回收效率分别显著减小了9.41%和16.99%(P0.05);氮素添加使2种植物的绿叶氮、枯叶氮、绿叶磷、枯叶磷含量分别提高了17.32%、25.62%、20.21%和51.41%,而氮、磷回收效率显著降低了9.33%和18.89%(P0.05);增温+氮素添加共同处理显著增加了植物氮磷含量、降低了氮磷回收效率。(2)在相对少雨年(2017年),增温、氮素添加、增温+氮素添加处理对植物叶片氮磷含量、回收效率均无显著影响。(3)叶片氮磷含量在物种间差异极显著(P0.000 1),而氮磷回收效率在物种间无显著差异。(4)回归分析表明,植物叶片氮磷含量随着土壤无机氮、有效磷及含水量的增加而增加,植物氮磷回收效率则随着土壤养分和水分的可利用性的增加而降低。研究认为,荒漠草原植物养分回收对全球变化的响应受自然降水变异的调控。