真菌与植物共生机制研究进展

真菌与植物共生是一种非常普遍、复杂和重要的生物学现象。真菌与植物共生部位、共生类型和共生结构的多样性,以及参入共生的真菌和植物多样性奠定真菌与植物共生的生物学基础。真菌与植物首先通过分子"对话"的生化机制相互识别构建共生体,进而由真菌和植物双方生理机制调控共生体发育及其生理功能,以构建稳定有效的共生体。真菌与植物的空间、营养和功能生态位很多是相近的,双方均面临相同的生态选择压力,需要共同抵抗不良生境,以适应更多环境。因此,真菌和植物通过两者共生的生态学机制增强植物抗逆性,减轻有害生物危害,提高其竞争力和生境的适应能力。真菌和植物长期的协同演化过程中,种群间的基因交流及其差异导致不同的基因组合,奠定了共生体多样化的基础与资源。此遗传学机制形成的多种遗传组合的共生体不仅使真菌和植物在各环境压力下共存,还可以不断进化发展。真菌和植物共生研究方面已形成较为完善的体系,加强真菌与植物共生理论的研究,特别是该类共生体遗传背景、基因与环境互作效应及其机制的阐明,将有助于诠释真菌与植物共生的生物学机制。     

Factors Affecting the Prolongation of NMR Relaxation Times of Water Protons in Leaves of Woody Plants Affected by Formation of Insect Galls

Changes in NMR relaxation times (T₁) of water protons and watercontents of leaves of woody plants affected by formation ofinsect galls were studied in Machilus, Zelkova and Cinnamomumparasitized with a gall-midge, an aphid and two different Triozinepsyllids, respectively. The presence of galls in Machilus leavesincreased both T₁ and water contents in the galled leaf tissues,while such tissues in Zelkova showed only increases in T₁. Similartrends for both parameters were also observed in gall-bearingleaf tissues of Machilus and Cinnamomum, with galls caused bytwo different psyllids. It seems that it is the particular characteristicsof leaf tissues of the host plant that determine whether thesystemic effect of the presence of galls is reflected both inT₁ and in water content, or only in T₁. Histologic features,including the presence of tannins in and leakage of electrolytesfrom these materials, were compared with those of normal (ungalled)leaves to determine possible causative factors involved in theprolongation of T₁ relaxation times that were associated withthe presence of insect galls. The eco-physiological implicationof tannins with respect to the host-parasite relationship isalso discussed. (Received October 27, 1989; Accepted April 24, 1990)     

Aphid Herbivory Drives Asymmetry in Carbon for Nutrient Exchange between Plants and an Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus

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The Relationship between Parasite Fitness and Host Condition in an Insect - Virus System

Research in host-parasite evolutionary ecology has demonstrated that environmental variation plays a large role in mediating the outcome of parasite infection. For example, crowding or low food availability can reduce host condition and make them more vulnerable to parasite infection. This observation that poor-condition hosts often suffer more from parasite infection compared to healthy hosts has led to the assumption that parasite productivity is higher in poor-condition hosts. However, the ubiquity of this negative relationship between host condition and parasite fitness is unknown. Moreover, examining the effect of environmental variation on parasite fitness has been largely overlooked in the host-parasite literature. Here we investigate the relationship between parasite fitness and host condition by using a laboratory experiment with the cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni and its viral pathogen, AcMNPV, and by surveying published host-parasite literature. Our experiments demonstrated that virus productivity was positively correlated with host food availability and the literature survey revealed both positive and negative relationships between host condition and parasite fitness. Together these data demonstrate that contrary to previous assumptions, parasite fitness can be positively or negatively correlated with host fitness. We discuss the significance of these findings for host-parasite population biology.     

Orientation of lutein in a lipid bilayer - revisited

Lutein is present in the human retina and lens, where it plays a protective role. As lutein is associated with the lipid matrix of biomembranes, the role depends on its membrane location. Experimental studies predicted two orientations of lutein in a phosphatidylcholine (PC) bilayer: vertical and horizontal. Using a molecular dynamics simulation, we observed, in two different PC bilayers, both orientations of lutein, and in each bilayer, a single change from vertical to horizontal orientation or vice versa. Both orientations were stabilized by hydrogen bonding of lutein OH groups with mainly carbonyl but also phosphate oxygen atoms of PC.     

塔里木荒漠优势树种气体交换特性与环境因子的关系研究

在自然条件下对塔里木荒漠区优势树种--胡杨、灰叶胡杨的气体交换特性及其与环境因子的关系进行研究.结果表明:(1)在6～9月生长季,胡杨和灰叶胡杨的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr,除8月)日进程均为单峰曲线,胞间CO2浓度(GI)呈"V"字型曲线,Pn的峰值出现在12:00,Tr峰值明显滞后于Pn.生长季内胡杨各月份的Pn、水分利用率(WUE)、光能利用率(LUE)均高于灰叶胡杨,而Tr低于灰叶胡杨,气孔导度(Gs)相近.(2)气体交换与环境因子的统计分析表明,光量子通量密度(PPFD)是决定胡杨和灰叶胡杨Pn和Tr的主要环境因子,其次为气温(Tair).(3)灰叶胡杨对PPFD、Tair,、空气相对湿度(RH)的敏感性强于胡杨,通过高蒸腾耗水、低WUE来减轻高温干旱的伤害;胡杨通过主动调节Gs来控制蒸腾失水、提高光合效率,以较高的WUE和LUE适应日益干旱的荒漠环境,表现出较强的生态适应性.     

一氧化氮:植物体内一种新的生长调控因子

一氧化氮是具有生物活性,自然界存在的10种最小分子之一。越来越多的证据显示,一氧化氮是生物体内一种广泛分布的信号传导分子。一氧化氮参与植物生长发育调控和对生物与非生物环境胁迫的应答反应。该文重点讨论一氧化氮在植物体内的产生,基本功能以及在信号传导网络系统中与Ca^2 的相互作用。     

Non-Indigenous Woody Invasive Plants in a Rural New England Town

We investigated the abundance of non-indigenous woody invasive plants in Farmington, Maine, a rural New England town in a forested landscape. We found 12 invasive species and more than 7 patches per km from surveys on 33 transects (54.3 km) along field edges, abandoned railroad right-of-ways, roadsides, and riparian zones. Invasive abundance was apparently lower than for more developed areas of the northeastern US, where, in contrast to western Maine, invasives have extensively penetrated forest interiors. Invasive abundance increased with the amount of landscaping and proximity to town, suggesting a close association between local horticulture and the spread of woody invasives. Invasive abundance and diversity were highest in riparian areas, probably due to relatively high levels of propagule pressure. Species differed in the extent of invasiveness, ranging from those still dependent on planted parent trees to fully invasive populations. The invasive species recorded in this study have caused environmental and economic damage elsewhere. The lower levels of invasiveness in Farmington are likely a result of the isolation, small human population, and forested landscape rather than low levels of invasibility. This suggests the potential for future risks, and the importance of intervention while populations can still be eradicated or controlled.     

Fructan as a New Carbohydrate Sink in Transgenic Potato Plants

Fructans are polyfructose molecules that function as nonstructural storage carbohydrates in several plant species that are important crops. We have been studying plants for their ability to synthesize and degrade fructans to determine if this ability is advantageous. We have also been analyzing the ability to synthesize fructan in relation to other nonstructural carbohydrate storage forms like starch. To study this, we induced fructan accumulation in normally non-fructan-storing plants and analyzed the metabolic and physiological properties of such plants. The normally non-fructan-storing potato plant was modified by introducing the microbial fructosyltransferase genes so that it could accumulate fructans. Constructs were created so that the fructosyltransferase genes of either Bacillus subtilis (sacB) or Streptococcus mutans (ftf) were fused to the vacuolar targeting sequence of the yeast carboxypeptidase Y (cpy) gene. These constructs were placed under the control of the constitutive cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and introduced into potato tissue. The regenerated potato plants accumulated high molecular mass (>5 [times] 106 D) fructan molecules in which the degree of polymerization of fructose units exceeded 25,000. Fructan accumulation was detected in every plant tissue tested. The fructan content in the transgenic potato plants tested varied between 1 and 30% of dry weight in leaves and 1 and 7% of dry weight in microtubers. Total nonstructural neutral carbohydrate content in leaves of soil-grown plants increased dramatically from 7% in the wild type to 35% in transgenic plants. Our results demonstrated that potato plants can be manipulated to store a foreign carbohydrate by introducing bacterial fructosyltransferase genes. This modification affected photosynthate partitioning in microtubers and leaves and increased nonstructural carbohydrate content in leaves.     

External Mechanical Cues Reveal a Katanin-Independent Mechanism behind Auxin-Mediated Tissue Bending in Plants

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Interaction between Her2 and Beclin-1 Proteins Underlies a New Mechanism of Reciprocal Regulation

Beclin-1 is a key regulator of autophagy that functions in the context of two phase-specific complexes in the initiation and maturation of autophagosomes. Its known interacting proteins include autophagy effectors, Bcl-2 family members, and organelle membrane anchor proteins. Here we report a newly identified interaction between Beclin-1 and the protein tyrosine kinase receptor Her2. We demonstrate that in Her2-expressing breast carcinoma cells that do not succumb to lapatinib, this Her1/2 inhibitor disrupts the cell surface interaction between Her2 and Beclin-1. The data suggest that the ensuing autophagic response is correlatively associated with the release of Beclin-1 from its complex with Her2 and with the subsequent increase in cytosolic Beclin-1. Upon its interaction with Her2, Beclin-1 up-regulates the phosphorylation levels of Her2 and Akt. The Beclin-1 evolutionarily conserved domain is required both for the interaction of Beclin-1 with Her2 and for the increased Her2 and Akt phosphorylation. These findings shed new light on mechanisms involved in lapatinib-mediated autophagy in Her2-expressing breast carcinoma cell lines and in Beclin-1 signaling in these cells.     

5-Aza-CdR对低氧NG108-15细胞的影响机制研究

通过使用DNA甲基转移酶(DNA methyltransferases,DNMTs)抑制剂5-氮-2'脱氧胞苷(5-aza-2'deoxycytidine,5-Aza-Cd R)和低氧干预神经细胞系NG108-15,旨为揭示5-Aza-Cd R、低氧、低氧预适应对NG108-15细胞增殖和细胞周期影响的相关机制。利用5-Aza-Cd R(10.0μmol/L)孵育NG108-15细胞后进行低氧与低氧预适应处理;使用倒置显微镜观察细胞形态的变化;通过RTCA分析细胞增殖指数;收集细胞后使用流式细胞仪检测各组细胞周期和细胞凋亡的变化情况;利用Real-time PCR检测甲基转移酶DNMTs和细胞周期相关基因在m RNA水平的表达变化情况。结果表明,5-Aza-Cd R和低氧抑制NG108-15细胞增殖,促进细胞早期和晚期凋亡,低氧预适应促进细胞的增殖。然而,5-Aza-Cd R处理后再低氧与低氧预适应,DNMTs和细胞相关周期基因的m RNA转录增加(P0.05)。10.0μmol/L的5-Aza-Cd R联合低氧处理抑制细胞的增殖,低氧预适应对细胞的增殖有促进作用。