四川九寨沟国家级自然保护区大中型兽类多样性研究

2002~2003年,对九寨沟国家级自然保护区的大中型兽类进行了6次大规模的调查。共调查大中型动物样线82条,实际调查记录到大中型兽类20种,样线上遇见各种大中型兽类痕迹或实体总计223次,均用GPS进行精确定位。统计表明,针叶林生境中物种最丰富;随海拔增高,总的趋势是古北界种类所占比例呈现增加趋势,但在海拔3600~4000 m之间,东洋界种类所占比例仍然较大(50%),动物区系呈现广泛的过渡性;随着海拔升高古北界种类样线的遇见率明显增加,3200 m以上这种趋势更为明显。在记录到的20种大中型兽类中,豹猫(Felis bengalen-si)分布的海拔跨度最大,为保护区的广布种;牛羚(Budorcas taxicolor)的遇见次数最多,是保护区的优势种。     

九寨沟自然保护区森林植物的数量分类

九寨沟自然保护区森林植物的数量分类杨远兵刘玉成方任吉（西南师范大学生命科学系,重庆６３０７１５）ＮｕｍｅｒｉｃａｌＣｌａｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅＦｏｒｅｓｔＶｅｇｅｔａｔｉｏｎｉｎｔｈｅＪｉｕｚｈａｉｇｏｕＮａｔｕｒｅＲｅｓｅｒｖｅ．ＹａｎｇＹ...     

四川九寨沟自然保护区浮游动物调查

2002年5～6月、7～8月和2003年7月分3次对九寨沟自然保护区四条主沟的浮游动物多样性进行了调查。结果表明：九寨沟主要水体浮游动物由3门、5纲、11目、20科、34属、71种组成。区系特点以原生动物种类最丰富,有34种,占浮游动物种类组成的47．8％,其中根足纲种类最多,达29种,占全部浮游动物的40．8％;其次为节肢动物有21种,占29．6％;种类最少的类群属轮虫,仅16种,占22．5％。分布以长海、熊猫海、珍珠滩种类最多,数量最大。     

Relationships between Stand Composition and Ectomycorrhizal Community Structure in Boreal Mixed-Wood Forests

We investigated the community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungi under varying overstory tree compositions in the southern mixed-wood boreal forest of Quebec. Sampling took place at two locations of differing postfire ages and nine 100-m² plots were sampled per location. The dominant overstory tree species in the plots were trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) or white spruce [Picea glauca (Moench) Voss], and balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.]. Mycorrhizae were analyzed using morphological as well as molecular methods, employing fungal-specific primers to amplify ribosomal DNA for subsequent cloning and sequencing. A total of 1800 mycorrhizal root tips collected from the 18 plots were morphologically classified into 26 morphotypes, with Cenococcum geophilum dominating (36% of root tips). A second set of root tips, selected from the same 18 samples on which the morphological analysis was based, were analyzed using molecular methods. From this analysis, 576 cloned polymerase chain reaction products were screened by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and a total of 207 unique types were found. No one type dominated the system and 159 occurred only once. Sequence analysis of the types that occurred more than once revealed that Piloderma sp., Russula sp., Cortinarius sp., and Lactarius sp. were the most common mycorrhizae. The ectomycorrhizal fungal community structure revealed by the rDNA analysis differed from that observed using morphological methods. Canonical correspondence analyses of the sequenced restriction types and % overstory composition indicate that the distributions of ectomycorrhizal fungi are influenced by the relative proportions of host tree species. The distinct fungal assemblages found in the different plots supported by the different combinations of host tree species provides further support for the need to conserve stand diversity in the southern boreal forest.     

海南岛东寨港国家级自然保护区鸟类组成和区系的研究

报道了东寨港红树林自然保护区鸟类资源的调查,记录了该保护区鸟类１１８种,隶属１３目３５科,其中有５９种属冬候鸟,５７种属留鸟和２种属夏候鸟。根据中国动物地理区,东寨港保护区有６０种鸟类属古北界物种、４３种是东洋界物种和１５种是广布种。还分析了该保护区鸟类组成区系和鸟类生态群的特征。     

凉水自然保护区阔叶红松林林分空间结构特征及其与影响因子关系简

根据凉水自然保护区28块典型阔叶红松林样地的5个林分空间结构参数和18个影响因子数据,采用典范对应分析（CCA）方法,对凉水自然保护区阔叶红松林林分空间结构与影响因子间关系进行分析。研究结果表明：（1）研究区域阔叶红松林整体具有较好的林分空间结构,其水平分布格局主要表现为随机分布,树木生长整体处于中庸状态,林木的整体混交程度较高;（2）林分空间结构的CCA排序较好的揭示了该区林分空间结构与影响因子的关系;CCA第一排序轴反映了林龄、坡度、阔叶比和坡向的变化,第二排序轴反映了坡向、土壤有机质和平均胸径的变化,上述6因子的组合是决定林分空间结构特征的主要影响因子;（3）影响林分空间结构的变量中,地形、土壤和林分因子共解释了林分空间结构变化的59.20%,其中纯地形因子占30.68%,纯林分因子占19.01%,纯土壤因子占8.21%,未能解释部分为40.80%。     

四川王朗国家级自然保护区鸟类多样性与区系组成

生物多样性编目与监测是我国各级自然保护区的基础工作。本研究收集整理了四川王朗国家级自然保护区2004—2019年基于实地调查与观测的鸟类记录,数据来源包括公众科学活动、红外相机调查和自动录音记录。共记录鸟类16目55科271种,其中,东洋界物种147种(54.24%),古北界物种94种(34.69%),广布种30种(11.07%);留鸟165种(60.89%),冬候鸟14种(5.17%),夏候鸟67种(24.72%),旅鸟22种(8.12%),迷鸟3种(1.11%);国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物5种:鸡形目Galliformes雉科Phasianidae斑尾榛鸡Tetrastes sewerzowi、红喉雉鹑Tetraophasis obscurus、绿尾虹雉Lophophorus lhuysii和鹰形目Accipitriformes鹰科Accipitridae胡兀鹫Gypaetus barbatus、金雕Aquila chrysaetos;国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物23种;列入世界自然保护联盟红色名录的10种,列入中国脊椎动物红色名录的34种。结果表明,保护区鸟类区系组成总体上具有南北混杂...     

广东象头山国家级自然保护区蛇类多样性及保护研究

目的了解广东象头山国家级自然保护区蛇类多样性现状,探讨保护区蛇类资源的有效保护对策。方法采用访问调查和野外样带调查相结合的方法。结果该保护区现已纪录蛇类有5科45种,占中国已纪录蛇类物种数的22．0％,占广东省已纪录蛇类物种数的46．4％,区系组成以东洋界华中区和华南区共有种为主,占82．2％。保护区有国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物蚺双带亚种（蟒蛇）（Python molurus bivittatus）,以及舟山眼镜蛇（Najaatra）、眼镜王蛇（Ophiophagus hannah）、灰鼠蛇（Ptyas korros）和滑鼠蛇（Ptyas mucosus）等15种重要经济蛇类。结论广东象头山国家级自然保护区蛇类物种多样性十分丰富,但长期过度猎捕和栖息地遭破坏导致保护区一些蛇类种群数量明显减少,需加强保护。本文针对保护区蛇类保护问题提出5点建议。     

湖南小溪自然保护区种子植物区系研究

在野外调查及取得最新区系研究的基础上,对小溪国家级自然保护区种子植物科属种的组成及区系特征进行了调查研究.结果表明:(1)小溪共有种子植物174科、803属、2 252种,其中裸子植物7科16属20种;被子植物167科787属2 232种,含单种和少种的科和属所占比例较大,特有种和珍稀濒危种丰富;(2)本区植物属包括14个地理分布类型,温带成分稍占优(368属,占45.94%),热带成分丰富(334属,占41.60%),表现出从温带向热带过渡的性质;(3)种的地理成分中,中国特有分布占据绝对优势(占56.85%),温带区系成分得到进一步发展,华中区、武陵山区、小溪地区特有种分别为194种、94种、10种,体现了中国低海拔常绿阔叶林的植物区系的基本特性;(4)与其相邻地区相比,小溪的综合系数在武陵山是最高的,聚类分析表明小溪与壶瓶山、武陵源的关系最近,与神农架的关系最远.小溪植物种类丰富,可以看作是武陵山地区低海拔植物区系的缩影,华中地区植被类型的代表地区之一,具有重要的保护价值.     

Structure of the Epiphyte Community in a Tropical Montane Forest in SW China

Vascular epiphytes are an understudied and particularly important component of tropical forest ecosystems. However, owing to the difficulties of access, little is known about the properties of epiphyte-host tree communities and the factors structuring them, especially in Asia. We investigated factors structuring the vascular epiphyte-host community and its network properties in a tropical montane forest in Xishuangbanna, SW China. Vascular epiphytes were surveyed in six plots located in mature forests. Six host and four micro-site environmental factors were investigated. Epiphyte diversity was strongly correlated with host size (DBH, diameter at breast height), while within hosts the highest epiphyte diversity was in the middle canopy and epiphyte diversity was significantly higher in sites with canopy soil or a moss mat than on bare bark. DBH, elevation and stem height explained 22% of the total variation in the epiphyte species assemblage among hosts, and DBH was the most important factor which alone explained 6% of the variation. Within hosts, 51% of the variation in epiphyte assemblage composition was explained by canopy position and substrate, and the most important single factor was substrate which accounted for 16% of the variation. Analysis of network properties indicated that the epiphyte host community was highly nested, with a low level of epiphyte specialization, and an almost even interaction strength between epiphytes and host trees. Together, these results indicate that large trees harbor a substantial proportion of the epiphyte community in this forest.     

广东鼎湖山国家级自然保护区爬行动物多样性与保护

2006～2011年采用野外调查和访问调查相结合的方法,对广东鼎湖山国家级自然保护区爬行动物进行了专项调查研究。迄今,该保护区已记录爬行动物2目12科54种,其中6种为本次调查发现的新纪录,分别是截趾虎Gehyra mutilata、丽棘蜥Acanthosaura lepidogaster、棕黑腹链蛇Amphiesma sauteri、黑领剑蛇Sibynophis collaris、细白环蛇Lycodon subcinctus和乌龟Mauremys reevesii。本次调查野外发现爬行动物共38种,其中包括珍稀濒危物种平胸龟Platysternon megacephalum,16种文献有记载的爬行动物在本次调查中未发现。访问调查发现6只四眼斑水龟Sacalia quadriocellata,很可能来自鼎湖山。基于调查结果,对该保护区爬行动物多样性及受胁因素进行了探讨,并提出了4点保护管理建议。     

湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区蝶类区系组成及垂直分布的初步研究

2006年对湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区的蝶类资源进行了专题调查,共采集到蝴蝶标本1050号,初步鉴定出134种,结合文献资料记载,共记录了153种,隶属于10科85属。蛱蝶科为优势科,计30属(占35.29%)61种(39.87%)。区系成分以东洋界种类为主,计79种(51.63%),广布种60种(39.22%),而古北界种类仅14种(9.15%)。蝶类呈4个垂直带分布,但主要(88.01%)分布于海拔1100 m以下的常绿阔叶林带。多数蝴蝶适应范围比较窄,仅分布于某一垂直带内。在科级水平上,粉蝶科、眼蝶科和蛱蝶科中具多带种较多,是当地广布类群。     

湖南小溪国家级自然保护区的蝗虫区系特征

2003-2005年,先后6次对湖南小溪国家级自然保护区境内的蝗虫进行了标本采集,共鉴定出44种,隶属于3总科8科34属.其区系成分以东洋界种类占绝对优势（65.90%）,广布种也占一定的比例（29.55%）,而古北界的种类很少（4.55%）.这说明小溪国家级自然保护区的蝗虫区系具有明显的东洋界特征,但也体现了两界交汇混杂的过渡性质.造成这一区系特征的主要原因是该区具有特殊的历史地理条件.     

庞泉沟自然保护区森林群落优势种群分布格局研究

在野外调查的基础上,运用扩散系数等5种指数、聚集强度、Poisson分布和负二项分布的χ²拟合检验等方法对山西庞泉沟自然保护区森林群落优势种群的分布格局进行了研究,并用相关分析比较了6个指数间的关系。结果表明：(1)乔木层中华北落叶松、白桦、青杄、辽东栎及山杨具有较强的竞争能力和较宽的生态位而呈聚集分布,且聚集强度大;白杄和油松也呈聚集分布,但聚集程度小;红桦则表现出随机分布的趋势。(2)林下层中金银忍冬、东方草莓、披针叶苔草和中亚苔草表现出较强的聚集强度,而土庄绣线菊、美蔷薇、小红菊和糙苏等聚集强度较小;灰栒子、东北茶藨子、北方拉拉藤、山马兰等由于相对较弱的竞争能力和较窄的生态位而呈随机分布。(3)扩散系数(DI)、聚集指数(CI)、平均拥挤度(m^*)、聚块性指数(PAL)、Green指数(GI)之间存在着显著的正相关性,且在判定物种分布格局时应以方差/均值比率为主要依据,Poisson分布和负二项分布的χ²拟合检验为辅共同判定,这样能够更准确的反映出物种的格局分布。     

巴音布鲁克国家级自然保护区繁殖鸟类调查

2014—2016年每年5—6月鸟类繁殖季,对新疆天山中部的巴音布鲁克国家级自然保护区繁殖鸟类进行调查。保护区是大天鹅Cygnus cygnus、灰鹤Grus grus、斑头雁Anser indicus等珍稀鸟类的重要繁殖地,同时也是我国第一个为保护大天鹅正式成立的保护区。经过连续3年的调查,共发现繁殖鸟类61种,隶属于11目24科47属,以留鸟和夏候鸟为主。其中国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类1种,黑鹳Ciconia nigra,最多一次在2个地点记录到4只,其中2只为亚成体,证明该保护区有黑鹳的稳定繁殖种群。国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类7种,分别为大天鹅、黑鸢Milvus migrans、草原雕Aquila nipalensis、高山兀鹫Gyps himalayensis、燕隼Falco subbuteo、灰鹤、蓑羽鹤Anthropoides virgo。保护区鸟类主要分为2类:1)繁殖水鸟如大天鹅、赤麻鸭Tadorna ferruginea、红脚鹬Tringa totanus等;2)荒漠草原鸟类如角百灵Eremophila alpestris、沙Oenanthe isabellina和黄嘴朱顶雀Carduelis flavirostris等。     

A New Species of Cyrtodactylus(Squamata: Gekkonidae) from the Karst Forests of Daweishan National Nature Reserve,Yunnan, China

Cyrtodactylus geckos are one of the most speciose and diverse groups of extant lizards known, distributed throughout the Asian and Pacific realms. Using molecular phylogenetic methods and supporting morphological data,we describe a new species of Cyrtodactylus in Daweishan National Nature Reserve, Yunnan Province, China.Cyrtodactylus hekouensis sp. nov. can be morphologically distinguished from its nearby congeners by the following characters: maximum SVL 92.3 mm and TL 98.5 mm;11–12 supralabials; 11–12 infralabials; 36–57 scale rows between the fifth supralabials; 10–13 dorsal tubercles rows;3 postnasals on blunt and smooth front snout; precloacalfemoral pores in a continuous series of 33–39(females with pitted scales) located under vent/cloaca and thighs in both sexes; precloacal groove absent; 3/3 postcloacal tubercles;subdigital lamellae under the fourth finger 21 or 22, under the fourth toe 20–23; smooth midbody with smooth venter and tuberculate dorsal scale rows, tubercles from head to tail base; dorsal transverse patterns are generally large,bilaterally symmetrical. The results of the phylogenetic analysis recover specimens of this new species as sister to a clade containing C. wayakonei and C. martini. Uncorrected pairwise intraspecific distances were 1%, and distances between our new species and other Cyrtodactylus species from nearby countries ranged from 14.2% to 26.8%.     

江西官山自然保护区四种雉类的生境选择差异

2009年10月—2010年11月在江西官山国家级自然保护区对白颈长尾雉、白鹇、勺鸡和灰胸竹鸡4种雉类的生境选择进行了研究:共调查了6条样线上的388个样方,选取了与这四种雉类栖息地相关的17个生态因子进行观测和测量。结果显示,4种雉类均偏好阔叶林和针阔混交林、阳坡或半阴半阳坡的生境。Kruskal-Wallistest检验表明,4种雉类在海拔、坡度、乔木盖度、灌木盖度、灌木数量、灌木高度、草本盖度、草本种类、草本数量、落叶层盖度和水源距离11个生态因子上存在极显著差异(P<0.01),乔木种类存在显著差异(P<0.05),其余生态因子无显著差异(P>0.05)。典则判别函数图显示,4种雉类在生境选择上存在一定程度的重叠,又有比较明显的差异。逐步判别表明在区分4种雉类生境选择差异方面有一系列的生态因子发挥作用,依照贡献值的大小依次为海拔、草本数量、灌木高度、水源距离、灌木盖度、乔木盖度、坡度、落叶层盖度、灌木数量、草本盖度。由这10个变量构成的方程对4种雉类生境选择差异的正确区分率为74.7%。     

利用红外相机研究卧龙国家级自然保护区绿尾虹雉的活动规律

绿尾虹雉Lophophorus lhuysii是一种仅分布在中国西部山区的珍稀雉类。由于缺乏监测研究,目前关于绿尾虹雉行为与栖息地的一手资料较少。2013年11月—2016年3月,在四川卧龙国家级自然保护区高山带布设20台红外相机,总相机工作日7 056 d,拍摄记录约12万条。其中,绿尾虹雉有效探测106次,相对多度指数15.02。统计结果显示,绿尾虹雉年活动高峰是7月;日活动高峰是08∶00—10∶00和18∶00—20∶00,日活动节律存在季节和性别差异。绿尾虹雉活动最适宜的环境温度在0~10℃,有集群和季节性垂直迁移现象,目前在保护区生存状况较好。雄性绿尾虹雉的活动强度约为雌性的2倍。本研究有助于全面了解绿尾虹雉的生态习性,为进一步保护和研究绿尾虹雉提供了基础信息。     

Fauna characteristics and ecological distribution of Carnivora and Artiodactyla in Niubeiliang National Nature Reserve, China

Niubeiliang National Nature Reserve (NNR, 108°45′–109°04′E, 33°47′–33°56′N) is located on the eastern range of the Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi Province, China and spans the southern and northern slopes of Mt. Qinling. A transect survey and investigation were carried out in NNR to determine the fauna characteristics and ecological distribution of carnivora and artiodactyla from May 2003 to August 2004. The NNR has 18 mammals (carnivore and artiodactyl), two of which belong to the first class and seven to the second class of state key protected wildlife in China. The results of this study indicated that ungulates were abundant in the NNR, as all ungulates that were distributed within Mt. Qinling could be found within the reserve. However, only 45.5% of the carnivores distributed within Mt. Qinling were detected within the NNR. Among the mammals, there were 12 oriental species (66.7%), 1 palearctic specie (5.5%) and 5 widely-distributed species (27.8%). The NNR is a crossing area of palearctic species and oriental species on the zoogeographical regions, and it is a transitional area from the oriental realm to the palearctic realm. The results of the analysis on the ecological distribution of carnivore and artiodactyl in the area showed that their elevation ranges had large differences. The species whose elevation ranges above 1 300 m, about 1 000 m, and in 450–700 m occupied one third respectively. The results also indicated that species richness for the memals in the NNR peaked at a middle elevation (rising at first, then descending with the increase in elevation). Not only on the southern slope, but also on the northern slope of Mt. Qinling, the number of species distributed in the area at 1 800–2 200 m a.s.l. was the largest (more than 80%), while the number of species distributed in the area above 2 600 m a.s.l. was the smallest (about 50%). Elevation gradients of species richness for the mammals in the NNR also embodied the mammal distributions among the vegetation types. The number of species distributed in the mixed coniferous and broadleaf deciduous forest at middle elevations was the largest, while the number of species distributed in the broadleaf deciduous forest at middle and low elevations, subalpine coniferous forest, subalpine shrubbery and meadow was relatively smaller. Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(9): 2249–2255 [译自: 生态学报]