嗜盐古菌启动子DNA片段的功能检测

将来源于嗜盐古菌染色体DNA的启动子片段RM07或RM13插入到启动子探针载体pYLZ_2的报告基因lacZ之前,通过β_半乳糖苷酶酶活性的检测,进一步确证RM07和RM13片段在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)中的启动功能。同时用微量热技术检测了大肠杆菌DH5α及其重组菌株在LB培养基中37℃生长过程的热输出功率。T2(pYLZ_2)、TE07(pYL726)、TE07_2(pYL702)、TE131(pYL131)和TE132(pYL132)菌株的生长速率分别比大肠杆菌DH5α降低了6.5%、11%4、1.1%4、7.5%和42.7%。当启动子启动了基因表达时,菌株的生长速率显著降低,热力学参数与酶活性检测结果有较好的一致性。微量热结果表明基因的表达比质粒DNA的复制过程需要消耗更多的能量,对细菌的生理代谢有较大改变。微量热技术为检测基因的表达和转录调控提供了新的方法和思路。     

ompC突变造成大肠杆菌在碱性条件下对渗透压敏感

大肠杆菌DH42突变株碱性条件下对高渗透压敏感。采用mini-Tn5转座突变质粒,同源重组构建突变菌株和DNA片段亚克隆等技术确定了造成大肠杆菌DH42在碱性条件下,对高渗透压敏感的原因是ompC基因突变。通过P1转导,构建了大肠杆菌D9（W3110 ompC：：kan）菌株。比较D9菌株和DH42菌株在不同pH和不同盐浓度条件下的生长,发现大肠杆菌ompC基因是大肠杆菌在碱性条件下应对高渗透压环境胁迫的必须基因。     

海藻酸钠/壳聚糖微胶囊固定化大肠杆菌的研究

本文以大肠杆菌ＤＨ5α为模型体系 ,探索了大肠杆菌ＤＨ5α用海藻酸钠 壳聚糖 (ＡＣＡ)微胶囊培养的可行性 ,并观察了微囊化大肠杆菌ＤＨ5α细胞生长与物料渗透性能 ,通过将ＡＣＡ微胶囊移植到实验组小鼠体内 ,考察了ＡＣＡ微胶囊作为口服药物载体的可能性。1　材料和方法1.1　材料壳聚糖 ,本实验室改性所得 ;海藻酸钠 ,ＫｅｌｃｏＤｉｖｏｆＭｅｒ ｃｋＣｏ .Ｉｎｃ .ＵＳＡ ;其它试剂均为国产分析纯。大肠杆菌ＤＨ5α ,长春生物制品所 ;ＬＢ培养基 ,华美生物制品公司提供。昆明系小白鼠 18～ 2 0ｇ ,解放军大连高等医学专科学校实验动物中…     

Decolorizing kinetics of a recombinant Escherichia coli SS125 strain harboring azoreductase gene from Bacillus latrosporus RRK1

PCR amplified product containing gene responsible for dye decolorization was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The resulting recombinant strain E. coli SS125 decolorized 200mg/l azo dye (Remazol Red) at 30 degrees C at 255 mg cell/l/h, while the host E. coli (DH5 alpha) had no color removal ability. The dependence of the decolorization rate on initial dye concentration and the maximum rate occurred with the dye at 100 mg l(-1). The decolorization rate of E. coli SS125 was optimal at 37-45 degrees C. Aeration strongly-inhibited the decolorization, but decolorization occurred effectively under static and anaerobic incubation conditions. The E. coli SS125 strain also exhibited excellent stability during reported batch operation.     

Modified Escherichia coli B (BL21), a superior producer of plasmid DNA compared with Escherichia coli K (DH5alpha)

Plasmid DNA (pDNA) is an emerging experimental vaccine, produced in E. coli, initially targeted for viral diseases. Unlike traditional protein vaccines whose average dose is micrograms, the average dose of pDNA is on the scale of milligrams. Production yields are, therefore, important for the future development of this vaccine. The E. coli strains currently used for pDNA production, JM109 and DH5alpha, are both suitable for production of stable pDNA due to the deletion of recA and endA, however, these two E. coli K strains are sensitive to growth conditions such as high glucose concentration. On the other hand E. coli BL21 is less sensitive to growth conditions than E. coli JM109 or DH5alpha, this strain grows to higher densities and due to its active glyoxylate shunt and anaplerotic pathways is not sensitive to high glucose concentration. This strain is used for recombinant protein production but not for pDNA production because of its inability to produce stable pDNA. To adapt E. coli BL21 for stable pDNA production, the strain was mutated by deleting both recA and endA, and a proper growth and production strategy was developed. Production values, reaching 2 g/L were obtained using glucose as a carbon source. The produced plasmid, which was constructed for HIV clinical study, was found to have identical properties to the plasmid currently produced by E. coli DH5alpha.     

Proteus mirabilis amino acid deaminase: cloning, nucleotide sequence, and characterization of aad.

Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella species produce deaminases that generate alpha-keto acids from amino acids. The alpha-keto acid products are detected by the formation of colored iron complexes, raising the possibility that the enzyme functions to secure iron for these species, which do not produce traditional siderophores. A gene encoding an amino acid deaminase of uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis was identified by screening a genomic library hosted in Escherichia coli DH5 alpha for amino acid deaminase activity. The deaminase gene, localized on a cosmid clone by subcloning and Tn5::751 mutagenesis, was subjected to nucleotide sequencing. A single open reading frame, designated aad (amino acid deaminase), which appears to be both necessary and sufficient for deaminase activity, predicts a 473-amino-acid polypeptide (51,151 Da) encoded within an area mapped by transposon mutagenesis. The predicted amino acid sequence of Aad did not share significant amino acid sequence similarity with any other polypeptide in the PIR or SwissProt database. Amino acid deaminase activity in both P. mirabilis and E. coli transformed with aad-encoding plasmids was not affected by medium iron concentration or expression of genes in multicopy in fur, cya, or crp E. coli backgrounds. Enzyme expression was negatively affected by growth with glucose or glycerol as the sole carbon source but was not consistent with catabolite repression.     

短双歧杆菌α-D-半乳糖苷酶基因aga1在大肠杆菌中的高效表达

短双歧杆菌（Bifidobacterium breve 203）α_D_半乳糖苷酶基因(aga1)被克隆到大肠杆菌温度诱导表达质粒pBV220中,构建重组质粒pBVaga1,转入大肠杆菌进行温度诱导表达,得到的重组酶Aga1在大肠杆菌DH5α、DH10B和BL21中的比活分别为28.08、19.44和13.85U/mg, 均高于短双歧杆菌α_D_半乳糖苷酶的比活1.76U/mg。重组质粒pBVaga1在E. coli BL21中稳定性较好。重组酶Aga1蛋白亚基分子量约67kD,最适反应温度为45℃,酶在40℃以下稳定,60℃仅剩余约5%的酶活性,70℃时酶全部失活;最适反应pH为4.0～4.4,酶在pH 3.6～6.0范围内稳定;酶对p_硝基苯酚_α_半乳糖苷的Km＝1.43mmol/L,Vmax＝35.71μmol/(L·min),对蜜二糖的Km＝261mmol/L,Vmax＝63.69μmol/(L·min);酶在蜜二糖、棉子糖水解体系中不显示转糖基活性。结果说明Aga1与已经报道的一种短双歧杆菌的α_D_半乳糖苷酶不同,是新发现的一种短双歧杆菌的α_D_半乳糖苷酶。     

Sequence analysis of the Legionella micdadei groELS operon

A 2.7 kb DNA fragment encoding the 60 kDa common antigen (CA) and a 13 kDa protein of Legionella micdadei was sequenced. Two open reading frames of 57,677 and 10,456 Da were identified, corresponding to the heat shock proteins GroEL and GroES, respectively. Typical -35, -10, and Shine-Dalgarno heat shock expression signals were identified upstream of the L. micdadei groEL gene. Further upstream, a poly-T region, also a feature of the sigma 32-regulated Escherichia coli groELS heat shock operon, was found. Despite the high degree of homology of the expression signals in E. coli and L. micdadei, Western blot analysis with an L. micdadei specific anti-groEL antibody did not reveal a significant increase in the amount of the GroEL protein during heat shock in L. micdadei or in the recombinant E. coli expressing L. micdadei GroEL.     

Co-expression of chaperonin GroEL/GroES enhances in vivo folding of yeast mitochondrial aconitase and alters the growth characteristics of Escherichia coli

Over last two decades many researchers have demonstrated the mechanisms of how the Escherichia coli chaperonin GroEL and GroES work in the binding and folding of different aggregation prone substrate proteins both in vivo and in vitro. However, preliminary aspects, such as influence of co-expressing GroEL and GroES on the over expression of other recombinant proteins in E. coli cells and subsequent growth aspects, as well as the conditions for optimum production of recombinant proteins in presence of recombinant chaperones have not been properly investigated. In the present study we have demonstrated the temperature dependent growth characteristics of E. coli cells, which are over expressing recombinant aconitase and how the co-expression of E. coli chaperonin GroEL and GroES influence the growth rate of the cells and in vivo folding of recombinant aconitase. Presence of co-expressed GroEL reduces the aconitase over-expression drastically; however, exogenous GroEL & GroES together compensate this reduction. For the aconitase over-expressing cells the growth rate decreases by 30% at 25 degrees C when compared with the M15 E. coli cells, however, there is an increase of 20% at 37 degrees C indicating the participation of endogenous chaperonin in the folding of a fraction of over expressed aconitase. However, in presence of co-expressed GroEL and GroES the growth rate of aconitase producing cells was enhanced by 30% at 37 degrees C confirming the assistance of exogenous chaperone system for the folding of recombinant aconitase. Optimum in vivo folding of aconitase requires co-production of complete E. coli chaperonin machinery GroEL and GroES together.     

Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of GroEL (hsp60) of Streptococcus pneumoniae against lethal infection in mice

The present study was carried out to evaluate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of GroEL (hsp60) of Streptococcus pneumoniae , by expressing full length GroEL in heterologous host Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). PCR-amplified groEL was ligated in pQE 30 expression vector and subsequently transformed in E. coli DH5α strains. Cloning of groEL was confirmed by double digestion, followed by DNA sequencing. The His-tag containing recombinant GroEL was purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. To determine the immunogenicity of GroEL, the mice were immunized by injecting 40 μg GroEL protein per mouse intraperitoneally. The results showed a significant increase in antibody titre and lymphocyte proliferation in animals immunized with GroEL as compared with control. Further, there was an appreciable increase in interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-4 production in lymphocytes isolated from immunized mice as compared with control. To determine the efficacy of GroEL in eliciting protection, the mice were challenged with the lethal dose of S. pneumoniae A66 type 3 capsular strain intranasally after the seventh day of the last immunization. In the GroEL-immunized mice the onset of death was insignificantly delayed and all the mice died by the seventh day postinfection.     

大肠杆菌DH5α耐乙酸突变株的选育及其代谢特性研究

大肠杆菌DH5α是基因工程常用的宿主菌之一,但由于对代谢副产物乙酸十分敏感,影响外源基因的表达效率。为了提高E. coli DH5α乙酸耐受力,采用60Co诱变结合连续培养,逐步提高稀释率和乙酸钠选择压力,于含乙酸钠平板进一步筛选,得到5株对乙酸耐受能力显著增强的突变菌株,具有良好的遗传稳定性,其中DA19显示最强的耐受性能。DA19与DH5α相比,在复合培养基YPS和YPS2G中菌体浓度分别提高17％和5％,最大比生长速率分别提高8％和27％,产乙酸分别减少为6％和59％;在基本培养基中的细胞浓度提高24倍,在含10g/L乙酸钠培养基中达到的细胞浓度与不加乙酸钠DH5α的细胞浓度相当。     

山梨醇脱氢酶的克隆、表达及活性检测

目的:从氧化葡糖杆菌H24中克隆山梨醇脱氢酶基因进行表达并检测其活性。方法:以氧化葡糖杆菌H24基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增包括启动子、结构基因及其后的终止序列在内的山梨醇脱氢酶基因;将PCR产物插入pMD18T载体,转化大肠杆菌DH5α;通过活性电泳检测山梨醇脱氢酶在大肠杆菌中的表达及活性。结果:从氧化葡糖杆菌H24中扩增得到山梨醇脱氢酶基因并在大肠杆菌中实现表达,重组菌株经活性电泳检测具有醇糖转化活性。结论:原核表达的山梨醇脱氢酶具有很强的醇糖转化活性。     

A nonconserved carboxy-terminal segment of GroEL contributes to reaction temperature

The role of the C-terminal segment of the GroEL equatorial domain was analyzed. To understand the molecular basis for the different active temperatures of GroEL from three bacteria, we constructed a series of chimeric GroELs combining the C-terminal segment of the equatorial domain from one species with the remainder of GroEL from another. In each case, the foreign C-terminal segment substantially altered the active temperature range of the chimera. Substitution of L524 of Escherichia coli GroEL with the corresponding residue (isoleucine) from psychrophilic GroEL resulted in a GroE with approximately wild-type activity at 25 degrees C, but also at 10 degrees C, a temperature at which wild-type E. coli GroE is inactive. In a detailed look at the temperature dependence of the GroELs, normal E. coli GroEL and the L524I mutant became highly active above 14 degrees C and 12 degrees C respectively. Similar temperature dependences were observed in a surface plasmon resonance assay of GroES binding. These results suggested that the C-terminal segment of the GroEL equatorial domain has an important role in the temperature dependence of GroEL. Moreover, E. coli acquired the ability to grow at low temperature through the introduction of cold-adapted chimeric or L524I mutant groEL genes.     

GroEL/GroES-dependent reconstitution of alpha2 beta2 tetramers of humanmitochondrial branched chain alpha-ketoacid decarboxylase. Obligatory interaction of chaperonins with an alpha beta dimeric intermediate

The decarboxylase component (E1) of the human mitochondrial branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase multienzyme complex (approximately 4-5 x 10(3) kDa) is a thiamine pyrophosphate-dependent enzyme, comprising two 45.5-kDa alpha subunits and two 37.8-kDa beta subunits. In the present study, His6-tagged E1 alpha2 beta2 tetramers (171 kDa) denatured in 8 M urea were competently reconstituted in vitro at 23 degrees C with an absolute requirement for chaperonins GroEL/GroES and Mg-ATP. Unexpectedly, the kinetics for the recovery of E1 activity was very slow with a rate constant of 290 M-1 s-1. Renaturation of E1 with a similarly slow kinetics was also achieved using individual GroEL-alpha and GroEL-beta complexes as combined substrates. However, the beta subunit was markedly more prone to misfolding than the alpha in the absence of GroEL. The alpha subunit was released as soluble monomers from the GroEL-alpha complex alone in the presence of GroES and Mg-ATP. In contrast, the beta subunit discharged from the GroEL-beta complex readily rebound to GroEL when the alpha subunit was absent. Analysis of the assembly state showed that the His6-alpha and beta subunits released from corresponding GroEL-polypeptide complexes assembled into a highly structured but inactive 85.5-kDa alpha beta dimeric intermediate, which subsequently dimerized to produce the active alpha2 beta2 tetrameter. The purified alpha beta dimer isolated from Escherichia coli lysates was capable of binding to GroEL to produce a stable GroEL-alpha beta ternary complex. Incubation of this novel ternary complex with GroES and Mg-ATP resulted in recovery of E1 activity, which also followed slow kinetics with a rate constant of 138 M-1 s-1. Dimers were regenerated from the GroEL-alpha beta complex, but they needed to interact with GroEL/GroES again, thereby perpetuating the cycle until the conversion from dimers to tetramers was complete. Our study describes an obligatory role of chaperonins in priming the dimeric intermediate for subsequent tetrameric assembly, which is a slow step in the reconstitution of E1 alpha2 beta2 tetramers.     

Low temperature-induced systems failure in Escherichia coli: insights from rescue by cold-adapted chaperones

The growth of Escherichia coli cells is impaired at temperatures below 21 degrees C and stops at 7.5 degrees C; however, growth of a transgenic strain producing the cold-adapted chaperones Cpn60 and Cpn10 from the psychrophilic bacterium Oleispira antarctica is good at low temperatures. The E. coli cpn(+) transgene offers a novel opportunity for examining the essential protein for cell viability at low temperatures. By screening a large-scale protein map (proteome) of cells of K-12 and its Cpn(+) transgene incubated at 4 degrees C, we identified 22 housekeeping proteins involved in systems failure of E. coli when confronted with low temperature. Through co-immunoprecipitation of Cpn60, Northern blot, and in vitro refolding, we systematically identified that protein-chaperone interactions are key determinants of their protein functions at low temperatures. Furthermore, chromosomal gene deletion experiments suggest that the mechanism of cold-induced systems failure in E. coli is cold-induced inactivation of the GroELS chaperonins and the resulting failure to refold cold-inactivated Dps, ClpB, DnaK and RpsB proteins. These findings: (1) indicate the potential importance of chaperones in cold sensitivity, cold adaptation and cold tolerance in cellular systems, and (2) suggest the identity of a few key cold-sensitive chaperone-interacting proteins that get inactivated and ultimately cause systems failure in E. coli cells at low temperatures.