2种不同采样方法对麦田蜘蛛群落结构的比较研究

分别于1998年11月到1999年5月和1999年11月到2000年5月间,在位于武汉市武昌区的沙湖边,使用样方和陷阱法系统采样,研究了裸粒大麦田的蜘蛛群落结构。研究结果显示,1998-1999年麦田蜘蛛群落由11科44种蜘蛛组成,1999-2000年麦田蜘蛛群落由14科59种蜘蛛组成;相同年份不同采样方法获得的蜘蛛群落优势种组成不同,陷阱法采样获得的优势种集中在皿蛛科、狼蛛科和平腹蛛科,而样方采样虽然也以皿蛛科和狼蛛科蜘蛛为主,但球蛛科、肖蛸科和园蛛科蜘蛛的比例明显上升;不同的年份使用相同的采样方法获得的蜘蛛优势种组成不同,显示了群落结构的年际变动。对2种采样方法获得的群落相似性分析显示,不同采样方法获得的群落结构相似性较小。     

陷阱法的改进及其在稻田蜘蛛取样中的应用

在稻田保水的情况下,使用传统的取样方法调查地面活动的节肢动物存在很大的困难。为了准确监测稻田地面活动节肢动物的物种及其个体数量和时间动态,对陷阱法在水稻田的应用进行了改进。以稻田地面活动的优势种狼蛛(Lycosidae)为监测对象,采用改进的陷阱法——"土堆陷阱法"取样,并以常用的吸虫器法作对比,验证土堆陷阱法的应用效果。建议以土堆陷阱法作为稻田地面节肢动物的调查采样方法。     

陷阱法和Winkler法调查土壤节肢动物多样性比较:以千岛湖岛屿封闭生境研究为例

陷阱法和Winkler法是调查土壤动物的两种常规方法,然而这两种方法的调查效率各有优劣。本研究于2010年秋季,在千岛湖中心湖区选取了15个面积不同的岛屿,同时采用Winkler法和陷阱法采集岛屿上的土壤节肢动物,在岛屿这一封闭生境中比较两种方法收集土壤节肢动物的效率。结果表明,两种方法捕获土壤动物类群丰富度差异不显著,但多样性指数差异极显著。Winkler法对常规土壤节肢动物类群的采集效率优于陷阱法,尤其对运动较缓慢、活动范围较小的土壤节肢动物类群的采集具有优势;陷阱法则更优于采集运动能力较强、活动范围较大的类群。基于样方的稀疏曲线结果说明,Winkler法能用少量样方快速获取研究区域的土壤节肢动物群落基本组成,推荐在面积较小的岛屿上使用;而在面积较大的岛屿上使用陷阱法能够获取更多的类群。ChaoJaccard相似性系数比较则显示两种方法所取的土壤节肢动物相似性在大型岛屿上差异较大,说明大样本数据的采集需要两种方法同时使用能够提高数据的完整性和可靠性。本研究的结果为土壤节肢动物研究的方法选择提供了数据支持,具有一定的实际应用性。     

相机陷阱法在潮间带底栖蟹类群落生态学中的应用研究

潮间带大型底栖动物调查是滨海湿地生物多样性监测的重要环节。目前普遍应用的传统侵入性调查方法（挖掘法、手捕法和陷阱诱捕法）存在干扰强、耗时久和劳动密集等问题,无法客观反映活动性较强的蟹类等重要功能类群的群落结构和物种多样性。对陆地野生动物研究中常用的相机陷阱法进行了符合潮间带应用条件的便携式设计,并以红树林蟹类为例,通过与3种传统侵入性调查方法进行对比,探讨相机陷阱法在潮间带底栖蟹类群落生态学研究中的应用。结果表明：（1）相机陷阱法在种群密度测定方面比挖掘法提高2.1倍,比手捕法提高10.3倍,比陷阱诱捕法提高16.3倍;（2）相机陷阱法在调查物种数方面均高于3种传统侵入性调查方法,适用于沙蟹科（Ocypodidae）和方蟹科（Grapsidae）蟹类调查;（3）相机陷阱法对个体大小选择性弱,采样更加全面;（4）相机陷阱法在群落alpha多样性（Shannon-Wiener指数）、beta多样性（样方-多度矩阵总方差Var （Y））和功能多样性（Rao二次熵和功能离散度）调查方面整体不弱于侵入性调查方法。此外,相较于侵入性调查方法,相机陷阱法对沉积物结构破坏小、不干扰蟹类群落结构,在兼顾数据丰富性的同时又具有高效性。然而,由于相机陷阱法基于蟹类底表活动性,无法适用于冬季调查、夜行性蟹类和游泳型蟹类调查。未来,相机陷阱法的发展将与基于深度学习的图像处理技术结合以满足数据处理需求。研究揭示了相机陷阱法在潮间带底栖蟹类群落中的应用优越性与局限性,为潮间带大型底栖动物群落生态学的研究提供技术支撑。     

核苷酸序列比对在生物系统发育研究中的应用

作为确定分子数据初级同源性(primary homology)的过程,比对的重要性在于后续算法的选择.本文对其在生物系统发育研究中的作用及其基本步骤与算法做了简要说明;从理论与实践相结合的角度介绍了使用最为广泛的软件,讨论了其中的空位(gap)问题、参数问题和比对结果校正等问题;并且对此领域中前沿的基因组比对研究进展做了概述.     

激光对生物粒子的操纵

本文介绍了有关激光操纵生物粒子研究进展,包括用单光束梯度力陷阱俘获生物细胞,对细胞内细胞器以及对单个生物大分子进行操纵等的研究,文章最后指出激光陷阱将被作为一种“光学镊子”来自由地操纵和研究单个生物大分子,从而为分子生物学,生物分子工程提供一个崭新的研究手段。     

鲸类远距离活体采样技术发展概述及其在中国鲸类研究中的应用前景

鲸类位于海洋生态系统食物链的顶端,在国际海洋环境保护研究中备受关注。鲸类的生活环境使得科研人员难以接近它们,为了在保证动物生命安全的前提下进行采样研究,科研人员发明了鲸类远距离活体采样技术。鲸类远距离活体采样工具出现于1973年,由捕鲸鱼叉改制而来,其后40余年,鲸类活体采样工具先后经历了捕鲸鱼叉、十字弓、复合弓、气枪、手持杆等多种不同动力的采样系统交替出现的发展历程。活体采样技术对动物的影响是科研人员关注的核心问题,为此,科研人员开展了大量研究对活体采样技术的风险性进行评价,并最终认可了这一技术的无损伤性。现今,鲸类远距离活体采样技术已成为国际鲸类研究的重要手段。我国是鲸类资源相对丰富的国家,但该技术在我国鲸类研究中的应用仍处于起步阶段,仅在香港海域的中华白海豚（Sousa chinensis）研究中进行过尝试,鲸类远距离活体采样技术在我国有着广泛的应用前景和发展空间。本文详细介绍了鲸类远距离活体采样技术的发展历程和科研应用,并从遗传学、毒理学、细胞生物学和内分泌学方面对该技术在我国鲸类研究中的应用前景做了展望。     

鲸类远距离活体采样技术发展概述及其在中国鲸类研究中的应用前景

鲸类位于海洋生态系统食物链的顶端,在国际海洋环境保护研究中备受关注。鲸类的生活环境使得科研人员难以接近它们,为了在保证动物生命安全的前提下进行采样研究,科研人员发明了鲸类远距离活体采样技术。鲸类远距离活体采样工具出现于1973年,由捕鲸鱼叉改制而来,其后40余年,鲸类活体采样工具先后经历了捕鲸鱼叉、十字弓、复合弓、气枪、手持杆等多种不同动力的采样系统交替出现的发展历程。活体采样技术对动物的影响是科研人员关注的核心问题,为此,科研人员开展了大量研究对活体采样技术的风险性进行评价,并最终认可了这一技术的无损伤性。现今,鲸类远距离活体采样技术已成为国际鲸类研究的重要手段。我国是鲸类资源相对丰富的国家,但该技术在我国鲸类研究中的应用仍处于起步阶段,仅在香港海域的中华白海豚（Sousa chinensis）研究中进行过尝试,鲸 类远距离活体采样技术在我国有着广泛的应用前景和发展空间。本文详细介绍了鲸类远距离活体采样技术的发展历程和科研应用,并从遗传学、毒理学、细胞生物学和内分泌学方面对该技术在我国鲸类研究中的应用前景做了展望。     

鲸类远距离活体采样技术发展概述及其在中国鲸类研究中的应用前景

鲸类位于海洋生态系统食物链的顶端,在国际海洋环境保护研究中备受关注。鲸类的生活环境使得科研人员难以接近它们,为了在保证动物生命安全的前提下进行采样研究,科研人员发明了鲸类远距离活体采样技术。鲸类远距离活体采样工具出现于1973年,由捕鲸鱼叉改制而来,其后40余年,鲸类活体采样工具先后经历了捕鲸鱼叉、十字弓、复合弓、气枪、手持杆等多种不同动力的采样系统交替出现的发展历程。活体采样技术对动物的影响是科研人员关注的核心问题,为此,科研人员开展了大量研究对活体采样技术的风险性进行评价,并最终认可了这一技术的无损伤性。现今,鲸类远距离活体采样技术已成为国际鲸类研究的重要手段。我国是鲸类资源相对丰富的国家,但该技术在我国鲸类研究中的应用仍处于起步阶段,仅在香港海域的中华白海豚（Sousa chinensis）研究中进行过尝试,鲸类远距离活体采样技术在我国有着广泛的应用前景和发展空间。本文详细介绍了鲸类远距离活体采样技术的发展历程和科研应用,并从遗传学、毒理学、细胞生物学和内分泌学方面对该技术在我国鲸类研究中的应用前景做了展望。     

鲸类远距离活体采样技术发展概述及其在中国鲸类研究中的应用前景

鲸类位于海洋生态系统食物链的顶端,在国际海洋环境保护研究中备受关注。鲸类的生活环境使得科研人员难以接近它们,为了在保证动物生命安全的前提下进行采样研究,科研人员发明了鲸类远距离活体采样技术。鲸类远距离活体采样工具出现于1973年,由捕鲸鱼叉改制而来,其后40余年,鲸类活体采样工具先后经历了捕鲸鱼叉、十字弓、复合弓、气枪、手持杆等多种不同动力的采样系统交替出现的发展历程。活体采样技术对动物的影响是科研人员关注的核心问题,为此,科研人员开展了大量研究对活体采样技术的风险性进行评价,并最终认可了这一技术的无损伤性。现今,鲸类远距离活体采样技术已成为国际鲸类研究的重要手段。我国是鲸类资源相对丰富的国家,但该技术在我国鲸类研究中的应用仍处于起步阶段,仅在香港海域的中华白海豚（Sousa chinensis）研究中进行过尝试,鲸类远距离活体采样技术在我国有着广泛的应用前景和发展空间。本文详细介绍了鲸类远距离活体采样技术的发展历程和科研应用,并从遗传学、毒理学、细胞生物学和内分泌学方面对该技术在我国鲸类研究中的应用前景做了展望。     

Distribution and dynamics of surface-dwelling spiders across a pasture-plantation ecotone

The influence of the interface between different vegetation types on the surface active spider fauna within a grass pasture-coniferous plantation ecotone was sampled by pitfall trapping Species abundance, richness and diversity relative to pitfall traps were measured along a transect across the ecotone Spider species were classified into six categories based on their habitat preference and the influence of the non-preferred habitat The number of individuals trapped progressively decreased from the pasture across the interface to the plantation habitat Species richness increased by some 12 and diversity by some 141% at the interface These increases were attributable to both the overlap of pasture and plantation species invading the non-preferred habitat across the interface and to the presence of species with a preference for the ecotone The overlap of pasture and plantation species was found to be the larger part of the spider community at the interface, species classed as ecotone accounting for only 25% of the catch at the interface Distinct spider species assemblages were found in the pasture and plantation habitats, and the interface species composition was more similar to the plantation than to the pasture The variation in physical and biological characteristics which the interface induces, and their influence on the spider assemblages found, are discussed in relation to other ecotone studies     

Can Malaise traps be used to sample spiders for biodiversity assessment?

Malaise traps are typically used to sample a range of flying insect groups; however non-target taxa such as spiders may also be collected in large numbers. In this study, spiders were sampled in peatlands and wet grasslands and catches in Malaise and pitfall traps were compared in order to determine the adequacy of Malaise traps for use in spider biodiversity assessment. Overall, the number of species and individuals caught in Malaise and pitfall traps were comparable, although more species were sampled in Malaise traps in locations with a greater structural diversity of the vegetation. The spider fauna sampled by the Malaise traps differed from that of the pitfall traps, but both methods consistently separated the species assemblages by biotope. These results demonstrate that Malaise traps are effective at sampling spiders and indicate that they can be used in biodiversity assessment. In addition the complementary species sampled by each method mean that employing both techniques will be useful where a full inventory of the species is required. The authors do not suggest that Malaise traps should be used solely to sample spiders; however, if traps are set to collect insects, identification of the spiders sampled may reduce the need to employ additional sampling techniques.     

Spider diversity in a tropical habitat gradient in Chiapas, Mexico

This paper presents an assessment of spider diversity in a complex landscape of southern Mexico. Eighteen different habitats were identified, measured and mapped across this fragmented landscape. Habitat types were characterized by measuring various features, including number of plant forms, tree cover and litter depth. Each month from February to April (dry season) and from June to August 2002 (wet season), spiders were sampled on each habitat by using pitfall traps and direct collection. Correlations between spider diversity and habitat characteristics were carried out to explore the relative contribution of each habitat variable as related to changes in spider composition and richness. In total, 115 spider species were recorded in 18 habitat types, and the mean number and density of species per habitat were 21 (± 3, standard error of mean) and 57 (± 9), respectively. The species recorded represent 41% of the fauna recorded in the Mexican state of Chiapas and 4% of the fauna recorded in Mexico. Relatively pristine habitats (e.g. deciduous forest) contained an important proportion of spider diversity in this fragmented landscape. Epigean spider diversity was significantly correlated with tree cover and with the diversity of plant forms during the rainy season. No correlation was detected between soil spider diversity and the habitat variables measured for any season. The results of this work suggest that in highly fragmented tropical landscapes, some habitat types (e.g. coffee plantations, hedgerows) might play an important role for the persistence of spider populations. The prevalence of relatively stable conditions in some of these habitats can allow spiders species (e.g. Nephila clavipes ) to overcome adverse conditions such as a decrease in humidity and dramatic changes in temperature and wind exposure, allowing them to recolonize when favourable conditions return.     

The development of some elements of the arthropod fauna of a new polder

Summary The carabid and spider faunas of a young polder, reclaimed from a tidal flat, was studied in two areas with pitfall traps. Data are presented on the soil and the vegetation.A total of 100000 specimens of 58 carabid and 55 spider species was caught. Those catches could be compared with data from a nearby area in an older polder representing a later successional stage. The data are described with d (an index of dominance), (the index of diversity), AV (a measure of the annual variability of population growth rates), and with dominance-diversity curves. After six years the carabid and spider faunas of the polder areas were less diverse than those outside the polder. The carabid fauna was very unstable, the spider fauna less so. This indicates that carabids reflect the changes in the habitat more clearly.Principal component analysis shows the development of the vegetation to have a major influence on the saline habitat; in carabids desalination of the soil also is important. The way in which the carabid and spider faunas developed is related to the low resource levels and high adversity and to the durational instability of the polder habitat.     

Habitat associations of epigeal spiders in upland calcareous grassland landscapes: the importance for conservation

Upland calcareous grassland landscapes are typically comprised of a matrix of calcareous grassland, acid grassland and limestone heath plant communities. This matrix of habitats is produced by a combination of underlying geology, climate and management. These landscapes are typically managed through grazing, with management targeted to maintain particular plant communities in the calcareous grassland habitat, whilst patches of acid grassland and limestone heath are not targeted by conservation management. The biodiversity value of acid grassland and limestone heath patches within the calcareous grassland matrix are unknown. This study provides the first assessment of their biodiversity value by examining aspects of epigeal spider diversity supported by these non-target habitat patches in comparison to calcareous grassland. Spiders were sampled in each habitat from April to August 2014 using pitfall traps across three upland regions in Great Britain. Spider species assemblages were distinct between limestone heath and both grassland types. Distinction in species assemblages are likely due to differences in vegetation structure and microclimate, e.g., humidity, degree of shade. Each habitat type supported several rare species (e.g., Jacksonella falconeri, Agyneta subtilis) revealing the contribution to spider fauna. The distinct spider species assemblage and presence of rare species in limestone heath patches demonstrate their importance in the upland calcareous grassland matrix. This study highlights the value of monitoring biodiversity in non-target habitats within a habitat matrix alongside those that are actively targeted by management.     

The effect of a single colony of the red wood ant,Formica polyctena,on the spider fauna (Araneae) of a beech forest floor

Summary The predation on spiders in a forest ecosystem by a colony of red wood ants, Formica polyctena, was estimated using a barrier to isolate the colony. Of the ants' total prey, 4.6% were spiders. In order to estimate the effect of F. polyctena within their hunting area on the spider population, the spiders' population density was studied inside and outside the hunting area. Samples of the forest floor were taken, spider webs were counted and pitfall traps were used. No significant difference was found in density or composition of the spider fauna inside and outside the hunting area.     

Tropical ant communities are in long-term equilibrium

Communities change with time. Studying long-term change in community structure permits deeper understanding of community dynamics, and allows us to forecast community responses to perturbations at local (e.g. fire, secondary succession) and global (e.g. desertification, global warming) spatial scales. Monitoring efforts exploring the temporal dynamics of indicator taxa are therefore a critical part of conservation agendas. Here, the temporal dynamics of the Otongachi leaf litter ant community, occurring in a cloud forest in coastal Ecuador, were explored. By sampling this community six times over eleven years, I assessed how the ant fauna caught by Winkler traps (more diverse and cryptic fauna) and caught by pitfall traps (larger, more mobile fauna) changed over time. The Otongachi leaf litter ant community was dynamic. Although species richness in the community remained constant, temporal turnover of species was high: on average, 51% of the ant species in Winkler traps, and 56% of those in pitfall traps, were replaced with other ant species from one year to the other. Shifts in the rank abundance of species in the community were also large across the eleven years and, on average, shifts in the rank abundance of species collected by Winkler traps doubled those occurring in pitfall traps from one census to the other. In spite of these trends, the Otongachi ant fauna showed no (Winkler) or weak (pitfall) evidence of directional change (towards a new community). Thus, this tropical ant community can be divided in two community compartments. The Winkler compartment composed by a more diverse and cryptic ant fauna appears to be resilient and stable in time. The pitfall compartment composed by larger and more mobile ants may be prone to respond to disturbance. This study suggests that 1) species appearing/disappearing from a site may be rather the rule, difficult to separate from responses to ecological stress. 2) Conclusions made in short-term studies, or studies comparing two (e.g. before and after) snapshots of a community, should thus be revisited. Finally, 3) the ant fauna caught by pitfall traps (a rather simple and cheap survey method) is the most likely community compartment to indicate ecological perturbation. This study adds to the growing evidence that using ants as ecological indicators should incorporate long-term temporal dynamics.     

On the Relationships between Ground-dwelling Spider (Araneae) Assemblages and Dead Wood in a Northern Sugar Maple Forest

Downed woody material (fallen logs) offers ground-dwelling spiders (Araneae) ideal sites for nesting and foraging, but little is known about what characteristics of dead wood influence spider assemblages. In a maple forest of Forillon National Park, in eastern Québec (Canada), spider assemblages on, adjacent to, and away from fallen logs were compared. We also tested how log type (coniferous vs. deciduous) and decomposition stage influenced spider assemblages. Sampling was done for an intensive four-week period using both litter samples and pitfall traps. A total of 5613 spiders representing 83 species from 16 families was collected. Spiders were affected by the presence of logs, as both species diversity and total number of individuals collected were significantly higher on the log surface compared to the forest floor. Ordination analysis revealed a distinct compositional difference between the spider fauna found on the wood surface compared to the forest floor. Wood type and decomposition stage had few significant effects on spider assemblages, except that less decayed logs supported higher spider diversity than logs in advanced stages of decay. Dead wood is clearly important for generalist predators such as spiders, further supporting the conservation importance of fallen logs in northern forest ecosystems.     

Diversity and composition of epigeal arthropods using pitfall trapping method in different habitat types of Abu Dhabi Emirate,UAE

Pitfall trapping is an efficient self-sampling method for capturing epigeal arthropods for ecological and faunistic studies. During the present study, conducted between March 2009 and March 2015, pitfall trapping was undertaken in five study sites of different habitats in Abu Dhabi Emirate. During the study period a total of 94 monitoring visits were made to collect data from the pitfall traps at five sites in Abu Dhabi. A total of 36,238 individuals of ground-dwelling arthropods of 121 different species belonging to 14 orders and 46 families were recorded from all the study sites using pitfall traps. The order Coleoptera (beetles) was recorded to be the most dominant order with 46 species followed by Hymenoptera (ants, bees & wasps) with 24 species. On average 37.5 ± 3 (mean ± SE) species were recorded every month from all the study sites and number of species did not vary significantly across the months (df = 11, F = 0.48, p = 0.91 one-way – ANOVA). The arthropod fauna was recorded to be highly diversified in different habitat types, but the number of individuals were not evenly distributed across the study sites (H) 1.10, (E) 0.53, Shannon Diversity Index). The highest diversity of arthropods was recorded from a site Wadi Tarabat, followed by Al Wathba Wetland Reserve (AWWR) and Abu Al Abyed. Our findings indicate that to study ground dwelling invertebrate species, pitfall trapping is an efficient method. Moreover, capture efficiency of pitfall traps can be affected by climatic factors and habitat types of Abu Dhabi Emirate. The ideal period to encounter the highest number of species is between March to April and September to November across all the habitat types.