河北沿海发现小凤头燕鸥

正2017年7月25日,在河北省唐山市海港开发区金沙岛一季节性水塘(39°10′26″N,118°58′16″E)观察到1只小凤头燕鸥(Thalasseus bengalensis),该鸟停歇约10 min后飞离该地。至8月7日,在该地点多次记录到单只小凤头燕鸥停歇洗浴。附近亦有普通燕鸥(Sterna hirundo)、白额燕鸥(S.albifrons)、反嘴鹬(Recurvirostra avosetta)、环颈鸻(Charadrius alexandrinus)、青脚滨鹬(Calidris temminckii)等水鸟在此停歇或觅食。所发现的小凤头燕鸥     

黑嘴端凤头燕鸥北方群体初析

黑嘴端凤头燕鸥(Thalasseus bernsteini),今又称中华凤头燕鸥,因其群体数量殊微自鸟种受胁状态定量评估以来一直被视为极危物种。尽管近些年来只观测报道了该种在台湾海峡和大舟山群岛的两个群体,作者2010年撰文指出应视其北方群体依然存在。2016年8月8日,韩国政府发布公报称,在韩国西南部的近海无人岛屿上观察记录到有黑嘴端凤头燕鸥繁殖,同年自8月初至9月上旬,在中国江苏如东和山东胶州湾相继发现记录到黑嘴端凤头燕鸥成鸟引领当年幼鸟并成鸟结小群停歇的多起实例。据此,对黑嘴端凤头燕鸥北方群体的存在应再无争议且对该种繁殖分布态势之拼图板的认知亦初显完整。但诘问依然是:就黑嘴端凤头燕鸥群体总量而言,被人类所知晓的,或者换言之,处在人类监控或掌控之下的,其比例究竟如何?     

浙江韭山列岛的黑嘴端凤头燕鸥繁殖群调查初报

2004年7月28日～8月2日,在考察浙江象山韭山列岛省级海洋生态自然保护区时,发现了正处于繁殖中期的黑嘴端凤头燕鸥(Sterna bernsteini)的群体混群于大凤头燕鸥(S．bergii)的繁殖群中。据估测,大凤头燕鸥的种群数量为3500～4500只,黑嘴端凤头燕鸥的种群数量为10～20只。这是目前继2000年马祖群岛发现黑嘴端凤头燕鸥繁殖群之后的第2个繁殖群体。     

朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)的繁殖习性

文章概述了朱鹮的濒危状况及陕西省洋县1981—1986年的繁殖数量,计6年9窝27幼,已知死亡4只,人工喂养3只。 朱鹮在洋县为留鸟,越冬期间偶尔返回繁殖地,2月中旬后不再离开。有显著的领域性。3月上旬开始营巢,中旬至4月初产卵,多数3枚(1—4枚)。孵卵期30天左右,育雏期约为40天,均由雌雄亲鸟共同承担。6月中下旬全窝育成后一起飞离巢区。     

Climate change leads to decreasing bird migration distances

Global climate change has led to warmer winters in NW Europe, shortening the distance between suitable overwintering areas and the breeding areas of many bird species. Here we show that winter recovery distances have decreased over the past seven decades, for birds ringed during the breeding season in the Netherlands between 1932 and 2004. Of the 24 species included in the analysis, we found in 12 a significant decrease of the distance to the wintering site. Species from dry, open areas shortened their distance the most, species from wet, open areas the least, while woodland species fall in between the other two habitats. The decline in migration distance is likely due to climate change, as migration distances are negatively correlated with the Dutch temperatures in the winter of recovery. With a shorter migration distance, species should be better able to predict the onset of spring at their breeding sites and this could explain the stronger advancement of arrival date found in several short distance species relative to long-distance migrants.     

First record of Cephalopholis taeniops (Valenciennes) in the Mediterranean Sea

Two specimens of African hind Cephalopholis taeniops (Valenciennes, 1828) are recorded for the first time in the Mediterranean Sea, in the coastal area of Gulf of Syrte, Libya. This finding represents an additional case of a tropical species of fish of West African origin in the Mediterranean Sea.     

环境因子对笼养朱鹮自然繁殖的影响

2004年3~7月,在陕西省洋县对人工饲养条件下朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)的自然繁殖进行了研究。18对繁殖鸟的窝卵数平均为(3.10±0.54)枚,孵化率26.2%,育雏成功率64.7%。当笼舍面积低于某一阈值时,窝卵数与笼舍面积呈明显正相关(Pearson,r=0.591,P<0.01)。出壳数、出飞数均与巢距遮荫树的距离呈负相关(Pearson,r1=-0.674,P1<0.05;r2=-0.677,P2<0.05)。亲鸟的繁殖经验对繁殖成功率没有显著影响,营巢环境是影响自然繁殖成功率的重要因素。     

A milestone in migration studies – answering and raising questions

Capsule The recently published Migration Atlas provides a valuable source of ideas for future research on bird movements.     

Life history studies of anisocentropus kirramus neboiss (trichoptera: Calamoceratidae) in a tropical Australian rainforest stream

Eggs and larvae of Anisocentropus kirramus were collected from leaf packs in riffles and pools in a small upland rainforest stream in tropical Queensland. Adults were collected in floating emergence traps. Egg masses contained 80–100 eggs. None developed in water at 12–15°C but at 22–25°C larvae hatched in 3–10 days. There were five larval instars and complete development appeared to take several months. Instars II‐V were present in all nine months sampled; instar I was present in all but one month. Adults emerged in all ten months sampled, but there was clear seasonality with peak emergence in the summer. The sex ratio of adults was 1:1.     

Diversity of Toxoplasma gondii strains shaped by commensal communities of small mammals

Commensal rodent species are key reservoirs for Toxoplasma gondii in the domestic environment. In rodents, different T. gondii strains show variable patterns of virulence according to host species. Toxoplasma gondii strains causing non-lethal chronic infections in local hosts will be more likely to persist in a given environment, but few studies have addressed the possible role of these interactions in shaping the T. gondii population structure. In addition, the absence of validated techniques for upstream detection of T. gondii chronic infection in wild rodents hinders exploration of this issue under natural conditions. In this study, we took advantage of an extensive survey of commensal small mammals in three coastal localities of Senegal, with a species assemblage constituted of both native African species and invasive species. We tested 828 individuals for T. gondii chronic infection using the modified agglutination test for antibody detection in serum samples and a quantitative PCR assay for detection of T. gondii DNA in brain samples. The infecting T. gondii strains were genotyped whenever possible by the analysis of 15 microsatellite markers. We found (i) a very poor concordance between molecular detection and serology in the invasive house mouse, (ii) significantly different levels of prevalence by species and (iii) the autochthonous T. gondii Africa 1 lineage strains, which are lethal for laboratory mice, only in the native African species of commensal small mammals. Overall, this study highlights the need to reconsider the use of MAT serology in natural populations of house mice and provides the first known data about T. gondii genetic diversity in invasive and native species of small mammals from Africa. In light of these results, we discuss the role of invasive and native species, with their variable adaptations to different T. gondii strains, in shaping the spatial structure of T. gondii genetic diversity in Africa.     

Spring migration of the Garden Warbler(Sylvia borin) across the Mediterranean Sea

Summary Information concerning the strategy adopted by passerine migrants in crossing ecological barriers is still scant, especially as far as spring migration is concerned. With the aim of investigating the pattern of desert and sea crossing in spring, capture frequency, biometry and physical conditions of Garden Warblers ringed at 18 stations spread over the Western and Central Mediterranean were analysed as a function of the geographical position of the ringing sites. The patterns of increasing capture frequency and wing length with longitude, matching those recorded within the species' wide breeding range, suggest wide-front movements across the Sahara and Mediterranean. The progressively delayed trapping hour with latitude indicates that Garden Warblers migrate actively during the day. Despite the potentially favourable spring ecological conditions, the North African coast seems not to be used substantially to restore the reserves depleted during the desert crossing. According to recent estimates of flight range, fat levels recorded at our Mediterranean stations are compatible with the absence of refuelling in North Africa, assuming a fat load at departure of about 27 g or lower fat load and some tail wind assistance.

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Frühjahrszug der Gartengrasmücke(Sylvia borin) über das Mittelmeer

Zusammenfassung Noch wie vor ist wenig bekannt, wie Singvögel große ökologische Barrieren überwinden. Dies gilt besonders für den Frühjahrszug. Um zu untersuchen, wie im Frühjahr die Wüste und das Mittelmeer überquert werden, haben wir Fangfrequenz, Biometrie und physische Kondition von Gartengrasmücken analysiert, die an 18 verschiedenen Fangstationen im zentralen und westlichen Mittelmeer gefangen wurden. Mit zunehmender geographischer Länge nahmen die Fanghäufigkeit und die Flügellänge zu. Diese Zunahmen entsprechen denen im Brutgebiet und zeigen, daß Gartengrasmücken die Sahara und das Mittelmeer in breiter Front überqueren. Die mit zunehmender geographischer Breite spätere Tagesstunde des Fangs zeigt, daß Gartengrasmücken auch tags ziehen. Ungeachtet der möglichen günstigen Rastbedingungen im Frühjahr in N-Afrika scheint die nordafrikanische Küste aber nicht zur Rast und Wiederauffüllung verbrauchter Energievorräte genutzt zu werden. Die gefundenen Fettwerte und die damit mögliche Schätzung der potentiellem Flugstrekke deuten eher darauf hin, daß die Gartengrasmücken südlich der Sahara mit einer Körpermasse von etwa 27 g oder weniger starten und unter Nutzung von Rückenwinden über Sahara und Mittelmeer ohne weiteres Auftanken ziehen.

     

朱鹮迁地保护研究

朱鹮（Nipponia mppon）是当今世界最濒危的鸟类之一,现存总数不过 40余只。由于生存环境的改变和种群生命力的脆弱,朱鹮数量急剧下降。中国自1986年开始人工繁殖朱鹮,1992年人工孵化并育活3只幼鸟,这是人工繁殖朱鹮成功的首次记录。这篇文章总结了朱鹮的野外生态,实验室研究及人工饲养、繁殖。