羊草种群生物量和能量生殖分配的研究

从构件入手,研究了生长季羊草种群根茎、营养枝和生殖枝及其构件的生物量和能量分配及季节动态,结果表明种群营养枝和生殖枝的生物量和能量分配没有显著的颉抗关系,但营养枝和根茎生物量和能量分配比例间呈显著的颉抗关系。研究结果还表明种群根茎、营养枝和生殖枝及构件的生物量和能量分配比例间的差异基本不显著,而且季节动态趋势一致,即生物量分配和能量分配是等价的。     

冷蒿(Atemisia frigida)种群在放牧干扰下构件的变化

对放牧干扰下冷蒿种群构件的变化进行了研究.结果表明：在放牧干扰下,冷蒿种群营养枝和生殖枝高度在轻度放牧时缓慢下降,在中度、重度放牧后,枝条高度迅速下降.随着放牧强度的增加,冷蒿种群的营养枝密度和不定根密度增加,分枝密度和个体大小之间存在一定补偿特性,营养枝密度的回归曲线表明重牧下冷蒿的营养枝密度已接近补偿阈值.随着放牧强度的增加,冷蒿种群匍匐茎长度显著地增加;生殖枝密度在轻度放牧增加,到中度放牧后生殖枝数急剧减少,重度放牧下生殖枝基本消失.枝条的性别分化发生变化,生殖枝的分化率（生殖枝密度/总枝条密度）降低.与此同时,营养枝的分化率却随着放牧强度的增加而增加.伴随之,冷蒿种群繁殖格局也发生了重大的调整.     

红松雌球果发育对枝叶营养生长和生物量积累的影响

通过对红松生殖枝和营养枝当年的枝叶生长及生物量积累差异的分析,研究2年生雌球果发育对枝叶营养生长和生物量积累的影响。结果表明:2年生雌球果抑制了1年生雌球果的发育,生殖枝当年的营养生长比营养枝当年的营养生长旺盛;生殖枝当年的生长量(顶枝芽除外)与母枝的枝长和基径呈显著正相关(P0.05),生殖枝当年的顶枝和侧枝生物量与母枝的枝生物量呈显著正相关(P0.05); 2年生雌球果数量与生殖枝当年的顶枝基径、侧枝长、侧枝基径、侧枝芽数量和侧枝数量呈显著正相关(P0.05),2年生雌球果生物量与当年的顶枝和侧枝生物量及总生物量呈显著正相关(P0.05),说明2年生雌球果的发育促进了生殖枝当年的营养生长和生物量积累;生殖枝当年的总生物量中分配给顶枝、侧枝、顶枝针叶、侧枝针叶的生物量比营养枝多,生殖枝中超过87%的当年生物量分配给2年生雌球果,仅有0.22%的比例分配给1年生雌球果;通径分析表明,2年生雌球果的生物量积累直接影响生殖枝母枝的生物量积累,对生殖枝和营养枝当年生物量积累没有直接影响,而生殖枝母枝的生物量直接影响生殖枝和营养枝当年的生物量积累。     

不同生境条件下羊草种群无性系和有性生殖特征的比较研究

比较研究了东北草原不同生境条件下4个羊草种群无性系和有性生殖数量特征的差异,结果表明,由于各种群所处立地的资源差异(特别是土壤水分),导致各种群在无性系(包括营养枝和根茎芽密度)和有性生殖(生殖枝密度、生殖枝分化率、生殖贡献)等数量特征方面差异显著,尤其在低平原种群与沙丘种群之间最为显著.与沙丘种群相比,低平原种群营养枝平均密度高50%;根茎芽平均密度高30%以上;生殖枝密度平均值高200%以上.     

施肥对降香黄檀营养生长和生殖生长的影响

研究施肥对降香黄檀（Dalbergia odorifera T.Chen.）营养生长和生殖生长的影响,为不同经营目标的降香黄檀人工林培育提供技术支撑。本研究以8年生降香黄檀为对象,设置N（185.6 g N/株）、P（120 g P₂O₅/株）、K（120 g K₂O/株）、PK（120 g P₂O₅+120 g K₂O/株）、NPK（185.6 g N+120 g P₂O₅+120 g K₂O/株）以及不施肥（对照）等六个处理,调查施肥后盛花期内一年生新梢、叶、花的生长情况。结果表明：6个施肥处理间降香黄檀营养生长和生殖生长均差异显著（P<0.05）。N处理的营养枝率、营养枝复叶数和小叶宽分别比对照提高40.25%、21.75%和9.52%,花序直径和花序生物量则降低12.75%和48.63%,显示N肥能促进降香黄檀营养生长,抑制生殖生长,有利于大径材培育;P、PK处理的营养枝率较对照显著降低47.96%和46.84%,表明P肥和K肥能促进生殖生长,有利于良种选育;NPK处理能同时显著促进营养生长和生殖生长,其营养枝率、营养枝长度、营养枝复叶数、营养枝小叶长、宽和枝生物量比对照提高26.04%、68.16%、32.98%、15.20%、11.40%和83.60%,花序数量和花序生物量亦提高54.20%和49.84%。因此,在降香黄檀人工林培育实践中,可通过调整肥料的NPK配比（偏向N或PK）以实现营养生长或生殖生长调控之目的。     

双岛湾大叶藻的有性生殖特征

对威海双岛湾大叶藻(Zostera marina L.)种群的有性生殖特性进行了研究。结果表明:该水域中,大叶藻种群于3月下旬或4月上旬进入生殖枝始现期,5月上旬进入始花期,6月下旬进入种子散落高峰期,7月上旬进入生殖枝死亡始期,7月下旬生殖期结束,其有性生殖物候进程与水温密切相关,15℃是其开花适宜水温;生殖枝的侧枝数和扇状聚伞花序数在进入始花期时达到最大,分别为4.4和4.9个·株-1,佛焰苞数和生殖枝高度均在种子散落始期最大,分别为18.6个·株-1和96.2 cm,种子败育率较高,平均为40%,成熟种子产量为44.8粒·株-1;生殖枝密度在始花期时达到最大,为64株·m-2,生殖枝分化率平均仅有12.6%,有性生殖期间营养枝密度和种群总密度的下降幅度超过40%;生殖枝生物量在初果期达到最大(27.9 g·m-2),从始花期至种子散落高峰期平均种群生物量分配格局为地下部38.4%,营养枝52.4%,生殖枝9.2%,生殖分配较低,成熟种子产量为1859粒·m-2。     

长白山区华北翦股颖无性系构件的结构及生长

采用大样本随机挖取单个无性系的调查和测定方法,分析了长白山区华北翦股颖无性系构件的结构及生长规律.结果表明,在籽实乳熟期,华北翦股颖无性系构件是由营养枝和生殖枝组成,其中,以生殖枝数量和生物量所占比例最大,分别为93.3%和97.1%.华北翦股颖无性系构件的关系中,生殖枝数量和生物量以及分株总数量和总生物量均随着丛径的增加呈幂函数异速生长(R2=0.661～0.712).生殖枝数量与分株总数量之间以及生殖枝生物量与分株总生物量之间均呈极显著线性正相关(R2为0.997和0.965).     

内蒙古中东部草原不同生境克氏针茅（Stipa krylovii Roshev.）种群的形态差异分析

对内蒙古中东部草原分布的克氏针茅进行了种群内和种群间的形态差异分析。结果表明：（1）种群内不同的形态性状存在不同程度的差异;（2）种群间生殖枝中的一部分形态性状以及营养枝高度和营养枝干重均存在较大差异;（3）每穗小花数、每穗籽粒数、每穗小穗数、生殖枝高、穗干重、生殖枝干重、每穗种子重、种子重/生殖枝重比等性状的变化趋势相同,均表现为随生境条件变差而增加,即在生殖上投入增加以增大适合度;（4）主成分分析表明穗长、种子重/生殖枝重比、每穗小花数、每穗籽粒数、生殖枝高、基盘长、第二芒柱长、营养枝高、千粒重、芒针长是不同种群差异的主要指标。这些形态性状的差异可以看作克氏针茅对不同生境的适应性表现。     

羊草种群能量生殖分配的研究

对羊草种群能量生殖分配规律研究表明,在羊草种群中,各构件热值的大小顺序为穗〉营养枝叶鞘〉生殖枝叶鞘〉营养枝叶〉营养枝茎〉生殖枝茎〉生殖枝叶〉凋落物;营养生长和生殖生长的能量分配比例的大小顺序为营养枝〉根茎〉凋落物〉生殖枝;各构件能量分配比例的季节动态也有差异,在羊草种群的生殖枝构件中,茎和叶鞘的分配比例较大,而穗和叶的能量分配比例较小。     

羊草种群生物量生殖分配的初步研究

对羊草种群生物量生殖分配的研究表明,在生殖生长过程中,种群用于根茎和营养生长的生物量生殖分配占有绝对优势比例,而用于有性生殖的生物量生殖分配比例较小,在10%以下。在羊草种群构件生物量生殖分配中,根茎和营养枝的叶占有较大比例(20%～40%),而用于有性繁殖体种子生产的比例很小,在1.5%以下。对有性繁殖的小比例投资是导致羊草种群有性繁殖体种子产量低的重要原因.     

Mixed chloride–phosphine complexes of the dirhenium core: 9. The first mixed monodentate phosphine complex, 1,2,7,8-Re2Cl4(PMe2Ph)3(PEt2H)

The reduction of the Re₂ ⁵⁺ core in 1,2,7-Re₂Cl₅(PR₃)₃ molecules, followed by addition of 1 equiv. of a different phosphine ligand, PR₃ ′, allows the preparation of the mixed monodentate phosphine compounds of the Re₂ ⁴⁺ type, namely 1,2,7,8-Re₂Cl₄(PR₃)₃(PR₃ ′). The stereochemistry of the starting materials dictates the stereochemistry of the final products. The one-electron reduction of the 1,2,7-isomer of Re₂Cl₅(PMe₂Ph)₃ with KC₈ to the corresponding anion, [1,2,7-Re₂Cl₅(PMe₂Ph)₃]⁻ (1), followed by non-redox substitution of one chloride ion by one diethylphosphine, PEt₂H, afforded the first mixed monodentate phosphine compound of the dirhenium(II) core, Re₂Cl₄(PMe₂Ph)₃(PEt₂H) (2), in good yield. Crystal structure determination as well as other physical methods and elemental analysis unambiguously confirmed the formation of 2. The related system 1,2,7-Re₂Cl₅(PMe₃)₃---Co(C₅H₅)₂---PEt₂H leads to several products, one of which is 1,2,7,8-Re₂Cl₄(PMe₃)₃(PEt₂H) (3).     

Carbonyl ligand substitution at rhodium in the heterometallic cluster [PPN]2[Re7C(CO)21Rh(CO)2]. A reactivity comparison with mononuclear (n-C5H5Rh(CO)2 and related compounds

The heteometallic cluster compound [PPN]₂[Re₇C(CO)₂₁Rh(CO)₂] reacts with tertiary phosphines and phosphites selectively at the rhodium center to form the mono-substituted products [PPN]₂[Re₇C(CO) (L)]. Isolated compounds have been characterized by standard analytical and spectroscopic methods. Kinetics studies have shown that the reaction proceeds by an overall second-order process, first order in complex and first order in nucleophile. The second-order rate constants have been analysed in terms of electronic and steric effects. The substitution rates at the rhodium center in the cluster are compared with those for the analogous mononuclear complexes (n⁵-C₅H₄X)Rh(CO)₂ previously studied by Basolo and co-workers.     

三角褐指藻在磷营养限制胁迫下的补偿生长效应

以三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)为研究材料,设置了5个磷营养限制处理:磷营养分量分别设为f/2培养基的1/20(P₁)、1/10(P₂)、1/8(P₃)、1/4(P₄)、1/2(P₅),以f/2为对照(P_ck),在磷限制胁迫下培养10d,然后均以相同密度(2.5×10⁵cells·mL^-1)接种在f/2条件下恢复培养16d,测定了三角褐指藻在磷限制胁迫下和恢复培养阶段的生长状况。结果表明,三角褐指藻在受到磷限制胁迫后,细胞密度、蛋白质和可溶性糖含量都显著低于对照(p<0.05);恢复阶段,P₁、P₂和P₃处理组的细胞密度、平均相对生长率及生物量在恢复培养的中前期显著高于对照(p<0.05),最高平均相对生长率分别为0.73、0.70、0.68d^-1,显著高于对照(0.55d^-1)(p<0.05);P₄处理组的细胞密度和生物量与对照无显著差异;P₅处理组的细胞密度和生物量在恢复培养的中前期显著低于对照(p<0.05);随着培养时间的推移,各处理组与对照之间的差异逐渐缩小,处理组和对照的细胞密度、生物量、蛋白质和可溶性糖含量等均无显著差异。     

The influence of elevated CO2 on species phenology, growth and reproduction in a Mediterranean old-field community

We studied the effects on the phenology, growth and reproduction of 19 Mediterranean species, of elevating the atmospheric CO₂ concentration ([CO₂]) to twice-ambient. Intact monoliths were taken from an old-field and put, during a six month growing season, into growth chambers in which external climatic conditions were mimicked and [CO₂] was regulated. Fruit set time was significantly changed in six species under elevated [CO₂] and leaf and branch senescence accelerated in most species. Grasses had fewer leaves and legumes were more branched at peak production under elevated [CO₂] than under ambient. Plant seed number was not significantly changed under elevated [CO₂], whereas the reproductive effort of grasses was significantly depressed. Reproductive and vegetative characteristics showed related responses to [CO₂], as species with enhanced biomass had a hastened fruit set time, a higher number of fruits per plant and a higher reproductive biomass under elevated [CO₂] than under ambient conditions, while species with depressed biomass had a delayed fruit set time, a lower number of fruits per plant and a lower reproductive biomass. Our results also show a high interspecific variability in [CO₂] response, but some trends emerged at the family level: the production of vegetative and reproductive modules were depressed in grasses and slightly stimulated in legumes.     

滨海滩涂地带乌哺鸡竹和淡竹离子含量变化及其与生长及光合作用的关系

在沿海滩涂防护林带低盐区(0.1%)、中盐区(0.2%)和重盐区(0.4%) 3个盐分梯度下,研究了栽植10年的乌哺鸡竹和淡竹Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺含量变化及其与生长和光合作用的相关关系.结果表明: 从低盐区到重盐区,乌哺鸡竹的立竹密度和地径分别下降30.4%和28.8%,降幅低于淡竹的44.1%和31.2%;两竹种单株生物量下降,地上器官生物量降幅均显著高于地下器官;乌哺鸡竹和淡竹净光合速率(P_n)和PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)分别下降57.6%和67.7%、6.1%和7.4%,乌哺鸡竹耐盐能力比淡竹强.随着土壤含盐量的增大,乌哺鸡竹和淡竹各器官Na⁺含量逐渐增加,K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺含量逐渐降低.两竹种根Na⁺积累较多,而地上部分K⁺含量较高.盐胁迫环境导致乌哺鸡竹根Ca²⁺含量与淡竹叶片Mg²⁺含量明显下降.两竹种的生物量、P_n、F_v/F_m与Na⁺含量呈显著负相关,与K⁺、Ca²⁺含量呈显著正相关.     

Elevated atmospheric CO2 alters wood production, wood quality and wood strength of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L) after three years of enrichment

Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) trees were grown in open top chambers for three years under ambient and elevated CO₂ concentrations. The trees were aged 3 y at the beginning of the CO₂ exposure, and the effects of the treatment on total stem volume, stem wood biomass, wood quality and wood anatomy were examined at the end of the exposure. The elevated CO₂ treatment lead to a 49% and 38% increase in stem biomass and stem wood volume, respectively. However, no significant effects of the elevated CO₂ treatment on wood density were observed, neither when green wood density was estimated from stem biomass and stem volume, nor when oven-dry wood density was measured on small wood samples. Under elevated CO₂ significantly wider growth rings were observed. The effect of elevated CO₂ on growth ring width was primarily the result of an increase in earlywood width. Wood compression strength decreased under elevated CO₂ conditions, which could be explained by significantly larger tracheids and the increased earlywood band, that has thinner walls and larger cavities. A significant decrease of the number of resin canals in the third growth ring was observed under the elevated treatment; this might indicate that trees produced and contained less resin, which has implications for disease and pest resistance. So, although wood volume yield in Scots pine increased significantly with elevated CO₂ after three years of treatment, wood density remained unchanged, while wood strength decreased. Whilst wood volume and stem biomass production may increase in this major boreal forest tree species, wood quality and resin production might decrease under future elevated CO₂ conditions.     

施氮量对测墒补灌小麦冠层不同层次光截获和干物质分布的影响

以大穗型小麦品种‘山农23’为材料,在大田拔节期和开花期土壤相对含水量分别补灌至70%和65%的条件下,设置4个施氮水平0 (N₀)、180 (N₁)、240 (N₂)和300 kg·hm^-2 (N₃),研究施氮量对小麦冠层不同层次光合有效辐射(PAR)截获和干物质分布的影响.结果表明: N₂处理开花期群体总茎数、开花后10、20和30 d的叶面积指数、开花后20 d冠层上层和中层及冠层总的PAR截获率和截获量显著高于N₀和N₁,施氮量增加至N₃,上述指标无显著增加.N₂处理成熟期各层次营养器官干物质积累量显著高于N₀和N₁,籽粒干物质积累量和植株总干物质积累量比N₀分别高36.7%和35.4%,比N₁分别高9.5%和10.2%,与N₃处理无显著差异.各层次营养器官干物质积累量、籽粒干物质积累量和植株总干物质积累量与上层和中层PAR截获率呈显著正相关,与下层PAR截获率无显著相关;各层次营养器官干物质积累量与籽粒干物质积累量均呈显著正相关.施氮量为240 kg·hm^-2的N₂处理是本试验条件下的最优处理.     

Influence of Growth and High Mould Concentration on the Pressure Drop in Solid State Fermentations

Aspergillus niger was grown on Amberlite IRA-900 imbibed with a solution containing high concentrations of sucrose (S_i = 100, 200, 300 and 400 g/litre) in static aerated fermentors. Growth was followed in dry biomass, biomass protein, CO₂ production and pressure drop (DP). The DP allowed the monitoring of germination, vegetative growth, limitation and the onset of sporulation for the four concentrations of sucrose studied. Concentrations up to 103 mg dry biomass/g dry support were obtained with S_i = 400 g/litre and these reduced the relative intrinsic permeability to 0·0125. Under this condition the mould occupies 34% of the free space. DP increase was related to CO₂ production.     

盐碱胁迫对平欧杂种榛枝条电阻抗图谱参数及离子含量的影响

为探讨平欧杂种榛枝条对盐碱胁迫的适应性,测定‘辽榛3号’当年生枝条在中性盐(NaCl)、碱性盐(Na₂CO₃)及混合盐3种盐碱胁迫下各项电阻抗图谱(EIS)参数的变化及主要矿质元素含量,分析各电阻抗参数及矿质离子含量的相关性.结果表明： 随着NaCl浓度的增加,电阻抗参数高频电阻率(r)、低频电阻率(r₁)、胞内电阻率(r_i)和胞外电阻率(r_e)均表现出先降低后增加再降低的变化趋势;Na₂CO₃胁迫下,各参数则呈现持续上升的变化规律;混合盐碱胁迫下,r₁、r_e随盐浓度增加持续降低,Na⁺含量在3种类型盐碱胁迫下均随浓度的增加而上升,且NaCl胁迫>混合盐碱胁迫> Na₂CO₃胁迫;Na₂CO₃胁迫导致了Zn、B、Ca 3种元素含量的降低.5种阳离子总量与r₁、r_e、弛豫时间(τ)、弛豫时间分布系数(Ψ)呈显著负相关.平欧杂种榛枝条能耐200 mmol·L^-1碱性盐胁迫,而对中性盐的忍耐能力介于100～150 mmol·L^-1.