Effect of pretreatment with hydrogen sulfide donor sodium hydrosulfide on heat tolerance in relation to antioxidant system in maize (Zea mays) seedlings

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is a signal molecule that is involved in plant growth, development and the acquisition of stress tolerance including heat tolerance, but the mechanism of H₂S-induced heat tolerance is not completely clear. In present study, the effect of sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), a H₂S donor, treatment on heat tolerance of maize seedlings in relation to antioxidant system was investigated. The results showed that NaHS treatment improved survival percentage of maize seedlings under heat stress in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating that H₂S treatment could improve heat tolerance of maize seedlings. To further study mechanism of NaHS-induced heat tolerance, catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities, and glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid (AsA) contents in maize seedlings were determined. The results showed that NaHS treatment increased the activities of CAT, GPX, SOD and GR, and GSH and AsA contents as well as the ratio of reduced antioxidants to total antioxidants [AsA/(AsA+DHA) and GSH/(GSH +GSSG)] in maize seedlings under normal culture conditions compared with the control. Under heat stress, antioxidant enzymes activities, antioxidants contents and the ratio of the reduced antioxidants to total antioxidants in control and treated seedlings all decreased, but NaHS-treated seedlings maintained higher antioxidant enzymes activities and antioxidants levels as well as the ratio of reduced antioxidants to total antioxidants. All of above-mentioned results suggested that NaHS treatment could improve heat tolerance of maize seedlings, and the acquisition of this heat tolerance may be relation to enhanced antioxidant system activity.     

Combined action of antioxidant defense system and osmolytes in chilling shock-induced chilling tolerance in Jatropha curcas seedlings

Low non-freezing temperature is one of the major environmental factors affecting growth, development and geographical distribution of chilling-sensitive plants, Jatropha curcas is considered as a sustainable energy plants with great potential for biodiesel production. In this study, chilling shock at 5 °C followed by recovery at 26 °C for 4 h significantly improved survival percentage of J. curcas seedlings under chilling stress at 1 °C. In addition, chilling shock could obviously enhance the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR), and the levels of antioxidants ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione (GSH), as well as the contents of osmolytes proline and betaine in leaves of seedlings of J. curcas compared with the control without chilling shock. During the process of recovery, GR activity, AsA, GSH, proline and betaine contents sequentially increased, whereas SOD, APX and CAT activities gradually decreased, but they markedly maintained higher activities than those of control. Under chilling stress, activities of SOD, APX, CAT, GR and GPX, and contents of AsA, GSH, proline and betaine, as well as the ratio of the reduced antioxidants to total antioxidants [AsA/(AsA + DHA) and GSH/(GSH + GSSG)] in the shocked and non-shock seedlings all dropped, but shocked seedlings sustained significantly higher antioxidant enzyme activity, antioxidant and osmolyte contents, as well as ratio of reduced antioxidants to total antioxidants from beginning to end compared with control. These results indicated that the chilling shock followed by recovery could improve chilling tolerance of seedlings in J. curcas, and antioxidant enzymes and osmolytes play important role in the acquisition of chilling tolerance.     

锰污染对酸模叶蓼生长、锰吸收及抗氧化物活性的影响

采用土培方法,研究了广西某锰矿区未开采区、探矿区、恢复区、开采区和尾矿坝的土壤对酸模叶蓼(Polygonum lapathifolium Linn.)的生长、Mn吸收及抗氧化酶系统的影响。结果表明,酸模叶蓼的根、茎、叶中Mn含量随着土壤Mn浓度的增加而增加,Mn含量依次为根茎叶;尾矿坝土壤中(T6处理),叶片Mn含量达到最大值5566.9 mg/kg。锰污染显著提高了酸模叶蓼叶片中H_2O_2和MDA的含量,但锰污染对酸模叶蓼的生物量无显著影响。锰污染土壤显著降低了酸模叶蓼叶片中SOD、POD、APX和As A等抗氧化物的活性,而CAT的活性则呈先上升后下降的趋势,表明Mn污染促使酸模叶蓼启动了抗氧化酶系统;Mn污染同时显著提高了酸模叶蓼叶片中-SH、GSH和PCs的含量,表明-SH、GSH和PCs在解毒酸模叶蓼Mn毒害的过程中起重要作用。     

Partial oxidative protection by enzymatic and non-enzymatic components in cashew leaves under high salinity

The work evaluated the role of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in cashew (Anacardium occidentale) leaves under 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM NaCl. Salt stress increased protein oxidation and decreased the lipid peroxidation, indicating that lipids are less susceptible to oxidative damage. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was not changed, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity steadily decreased while the catalase (CAT) activity strongly increased with the increasing NaCl concentration. High salinity also induced alterations in the ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) redox state. The salt resistance in cashew may be associated with maintaining of SOD activity and upregulation of CAT activity in concert with the AsA and GSH antioxidants.     

Antioxidative responses to different altitudes in leaves of alpine plant Polygonum viviparum in summer

Mountain environmental stresses result in increased formation of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) in leaves of Polygonum viviparum. The activities of several antioxidative system enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7), glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR, EC 1.8.5.1) and the contents of several non-enzymatic antioxidants such as reduced form of ascorbate (ASC), dehydroascorbate (DHA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were investigated in leaves of P. viviparum, which were collected from three altitudes (2,200, 3,200, and 3,900 m) of Tianshan Mountain in China. The activities of these four antioxidative enzymes were accompanied by increases of H₂O₂ levels from 2,200 to 3,200 m. However, the activities of CAT and POD were decreased, whereas the activities of SOD and GR continually increased at 3,900 m. Analyses of isoforms of SOD, CAT, POD, and GR showed that the leaves of P. viviparum exposed different altitude conditions are capable of differentially altering the intensity. Additionally, two new isoforms of SOD were detected at 3900 m. A continual increase in the ASC, ASC to DHA ratio, GSH and GSH/[GSH + GSSG] ratio, and the activity of DHAR were observed in leaves of P. viviparum with the elevation of altitude. These results suggest that the higher contents of ASC, GSH as well as an increase in reduced redox state may be essential to antioxidation processes in the leaves of P. viviparum, whereas antioxidant enzymes system is a cofactor in the processes.     

外源α-萘乙酸对花期长期干旱大豆叶片抗氧化系统的影响

以不同耐旱型品种‘南农99-6’和‘科丰1号’大豆为材料,2012年在南京农业大学牌楼试验站进行为期110 d的盆栽试验,研究大豆花期叶面喷施α-萘乙酸(NAA)对长期干旱条件下大豆植株抗氧化系统的影响.结果表明: 干旱胁迫显著降低了大豆地上部干物质量,叶片中丙二醛(MDA)含量及活性氧(ROS)水平显著升高,同时,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（MDHAR）、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)活性,还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量及AsA/DHA(双脱氢抗坏血酸)和GSH/GSSG(氧化型谷胱甘肽)比值显著升高,其中‘科丰1号’大豆的抗氧化能力更高,从而维持较低的ROS水平和MDA含量.NAA可显著提高叶片中的APX、POD、CAT、MDHAR活性及AsA/DHA、GSH/GSSG比值,其中‘科丰1号’大豆叶片的脱氢抗坏血栓还原酶（DHAR）活性和AsA含量极显著增加.     

Responses of antioxidant defenses and membrane damage to drought stress in fruit bodies of Auricularia auricula-judae

Fruit bodies of Auricularia auricula-judae are often subjected to drought stress and became dormant. The responses of antioxidant defenses and membrane damage to drought stress were investigated in this study. Picked fruit bodies were exposed to sunlight and dehydrated naturally and samples were collected at different levels of water loss (0, 10, 30, 50, and 70 %) for determination of electrolyte leakage (EL); contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), ascorbic acid (AsA) and reduced glutathione (GSH); and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD). Results showed that membrane permeability (assessed by EL) and membrane lipid peroxidation (MDA content) remained unchanged at all levels of water loss studied. Contents of AsA and GSH showed no change at 0, 10 and 30 % of water loss, however, both of them increased significantly at 50 and 70 % of water loss. SOD activity significantly increased with the rising of water loss from 0 to 30 %, reached the peak at 30 and 50 % of water loss, and then significantly decreased at 70 % of water loss. A gradual increase in POD and CAT activities was observed when water loss rose from 0 to 50 %. As water loss went up to 70 %, POD activity remained the same as that at 50 %, but CAT activity decreased. The results indicate that the increased activities of enzymatic antioxidants (SOD, CAT and POD) and contents of non-enzymatic antioxidants (AsA and GSH) in fruit bodies of A. auricula-judae can effectively scavenge reactive oxygen species, cause no damage to cell membranes as demonstrated by the unchanged EL and MDA content, and contribute to dormancy under drought stress.     

Activities of Hydrogen Peroxide-Scavenging Enzymes in Germinating Wheat Seeds

During imbibition and germination of wheat (Triticum aestivum)in the dark over 72 h, activities of the enzymes of the ascorbate(AsA)-dependent H₂O₂-scavenging pathway, AsA peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate(MDAsA) reductase, dehydroascorbate (DHAsA) reductase and glutathione(GSSG) reductase as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalaseand guaiacol peroxidase were determined both in whole grainsand in isolated embryos and endosperm. With the exception of DHAsA reductase, activities of the otherenzymes assayed increased in germinating seeds, especially duringradicle emergence (between 24–48 h of imbibition). Theseincreases, particularly for AsA peroxidase, were much higherin the embryo than in the endosperm. Within 72 h of imbibition,activities per seed increased 116-fold for AsA peroxidase, 19-foldfor guaiacol peroxidase, 5-fold for catalase and only 1·4-foldfor SOD. In contrast to the decreases in DHAsA reductase, theother AsA recycling enzyme, MDAsA reductase, increased 5-foldwithin 72 h. The results indicate that, in wheat seeds, imbibition and germinationis associated with enhanced cellular capacity to detoxify H₂O₂.For this detoxification the operation of AsA peroxidase togetherwith the AsA-regenerating enzymes appears to be of particularimportance. Key words: Ascorbate peroxidase, germination, hydrogen peroxide detoxification, inhibition, wheat     

外源NO对铜胁迫下番茄幼苗根系抗坏血酸谷胱甘肽循环的影响

采用营养液培养方法,研究外源NO对铜胁迫下番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)幼苗根系抗坏血酸(AsA)-谷胱甘肽(GSH)循环中抗氧化物质和抗氧化酶系的影响.结果表明：外施适量NO(硝普钠)可提高铜胁迫下番茄幼苗根系AsA、GSH含量和AsA/DHA(氧化型抗坏血酸)、GSH/GSSG(氧化型谷胱甘肽),降低DHA和GSSG含量.添加100 μmol·L^-1 BSO(谷胱甘肽合成酶抑制剂)处理下,外源NO可提高铜胁迫下番茄幼苗根系的AsA含量、AsA/DHA及抗坏血酸酶(AAO)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)比活性,降低DHA、GSH、GSSG含量及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)比活性;添加250 μmol·L^-1 BSO处理下,外源NO提高了铜胁迫下番茄幼苗根系的AsA、GSH、GSSG含量、AsA/DHA及APX和GR比活性,降低了DHA含量及AAO、DHAR和MDHAR比活性.说明外源NO影响了铜胁迫下番茄根系的AsA-GSH代谢循环,并通过调节AsA/DHA、GSH/GSSG的变化来减轻氧化胁迫,从而缓解铜胁迫对番茄根系的伤害.     

Enhancement of antioxidant production in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Spirulina platensis</Emphasis> under oxidative stress

The present study examined the possibility of increasing the contents of some bioactive compounds of Spirulina platensis cultivated in medium containing various hydrogen peroxide concentrations (2, 4, 6 and 8 mM) as a model for environmental stress. A positive correlation was observed between the increase of H₂O₂ and increasing amounts of cellular lipophilic antioxidants (total carotenoids and α-tocopherol) and hydrophilic antioxidants [glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid (AsA)]. HPLC profile of carotenoids revealed that algae responded to the change of H₂O₂ exposure by the accumulation of higher amounts of β-carotene, astaxanthine, luteine, zeaxanthin and cryptoxanthin. S. platensis showed significant linear increase in activities of antioxidant enzymes, i.e., catalase (CAT), peroxidase (PX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), with increasing H₂O₂ concentrations. A pronounced increase of oxidative lesions’ indexes [thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and paramagnetic radical-EPR signal] was found in algal grown at 8 mM H₂O₂. These data revealed that S. platensis behaved with different strategies against H₂O₂ exposure which is dose dependent and their response strongly correlated with the scavenging enzymes (SOD, CAT, PX and APX) and antioxidant compounds (GSH, AsA, β-carotene, astaxanthine and α-tocopherol) in the antioxidant defense systems. Therefore, S. platensis could be considered as good candidates for successful cultivation in artificial open ponds under different environmental conditions, as high value health foods, functional foods and as source of wide spectrum of nutrients.     

Cd~(2+)胁迫对小桐子幼苗叶片抗氧化系统的影响

以小桐子幼苗为材料,设置不同浓度CdCl_2处理,测定Cd~(2+)胁迫对小桐子幼苗叶片中可溶性蛋白、丙二醛(MDA)含量,以及5种抗氧化酶活性和2种抗氧化剂含量的变化,探讨镉胁迫对小桐子幼苗抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明:(1)Cd~(2+)胁迫导致小桐子幼苗叶片中可溶性蛋白含量降低、MDA含量增加;(2)随着镉胁迫时间的延长,幼苗叶片中愈创木酚过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸专一性过氧化酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)等抗氧化酶活性表现出先升高然后降低的变化趋势;(3)幼苗叶片中还原型抗坏血酸(ASA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量随着胁迫时间延长而降低,但其中氧化型抗坏血酸(DHA)和氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量则升高。研究表明,镉胁迫初期能诱导小桐子幼苗抗氧化系统活性显著增强,提高其抗氧化能力,但随着胁迫时间的延长,致使其抗氧化酶的活性和抗氧物质含量下降,植株遭受明显氧化胁迫,幼苗生长受到镉的严重毒害。     

Ontogenic variation in response of Brassica campestris L. to cadmium toxicity

Abstract

Rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.) cv Pusa Gold plants, exposed to different cadmium (Cd) levels (0, 25, 50 and 100 mg kg^?1 soil) in greenhouse, pot culture experiment, were analyzed with reference to distribution of metal, accumulation of biomass and the degree of growth stage Cd-sensitivity. A significant maximum decrease in plant biomass was observed at Cd-exposed flowering stage followed by pre-flowering and post-flowering stages. Activities of enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) differentially increased; while, the concentrations of non-enzymatic antioxidants such as ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) drastically decreased in plants exposed to Cd at various growth stages. However, the concentrations of GSH and AsA decreased maximally in plant groups exposed to Cd at their flowering stage. The maximum Cd-accumulation occurred in roots followed by leaves and stem. Various Cd levels inhibited also the contents of plant nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), potassium (K) and sulfur (S) in leaves. The present endeavor hence concludes the existence of close relationships among growth parameters, Cd-sensitivity of phenological stages of the crop and the components of antioxidant system in rapeseed plants exposed at various growth stages.     

EBR预处理对盐胁迫下葡萄幼苗叶片抗氧化物质及酶活性的影响

以2年生葡萄(Vitis vinifera L.)酿酒品种赤霞珠扦插苗为材料,在水培条件下,分别用0、0.05、0.10和0.20mg/L 24-表油菜素内酯(EBR)预处理幼苗,然后进行50mmol/L NaCl胁迫,分别在胁迫6d和12d测定幼苗叶片中超氧阴离子(O_2~)、丙二醛(MDA)、抗氧化物质含量以及相关酶活性,探讨EBR预处理对葡萄幼苗耐盐性的影响。结果表明:与单独盐胁迫处理相比,不同浓度的EBR预处理使盐胁迫葡萄幼苗叶片O_2~和MDA含量显著降低,同时使其抗氧化物质抗坏血酸(AsA)、脱氢抗坏血酸(DHA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量以及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著升高;其中,0.10mg/L EBR预处理的表现最佳,在盐胁迫12d时,其葡萄叶O_2~和MDA含量比单独盐胁迫处理分别显著降低30.5%和22.0%,其叶片相应AsA和GSH的含量较单独盐胁迫处理分别显著提高82.8%和27.9%,且GR、APX和SOD活性分别显著提高7.2%、8.5%和24.0%。研究发现,在盐胁迫条件下,适宜浓度的外源BRs预处理能够显著降低葡萄叶片中活性氧含量,提高抗氧化物质含量和抗氧化酶活性,以促进AsA-GSH循环的快速有效运转,有效减轻植株的过氧化伤害,缓解盐胁迫对葡萄幼苗的伤害,提高葡萄的耐盐性。     

Modulation of antioxidant enzyme activities and metabolites ratios by nitric oxide in short-term salt stressed soybean root nodules

Several abiotic factors cause molecular damage to plants either directly or through the accumulation of reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). We investigated if application of nitric oxide (NO) donor 2,2′-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono) bis-ethanimine (DETA/NO) could reduce the toxic effect resulting from short-term salt stress. Salt treatment (150 mM NaCl) alone and in combination with 10 μM DETA/NO or 10 μM DETA were given to matured soybean root nodules for 24 h. Salt stress resulted in high H₂O₂ level and lipid peroxidation while application of DETA/NO effectively reduced H₂O₂ level and prevented lipid peroxidation in the soybean root nodules. NO treatment increased the activities of ascorbate peroxidase and dehydroascorbate reductase under salt stress. Whereas short-term salt stress reduced AsA/DHAsA and GSH/GSSG ratios, application of the NO donor resulted in an increase of the reduced form of the antioxidant metabolites thus increasing the AsA/DHAsA and GSH/GSSG ratios. Our data suggests a protective role of NO against salt stress.     

Effects of short-term heat stress on oxidative damage and responses of antioxidant system in Lilium longiflorum

This paper aims to determine the changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the responses of the lily (Lilium longiflorum L.) antioxidant system to short-term high temperatures. Plants were exposed to three levels of heat stress (37°C, 42°C, 47°C) for 10 h when hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and superoxide (O₂⁻) production rate along with membrane injury indexes, and changes in antioxidants were measured. Compared with the control (20°C), electrolyte leakage and MDA concentration varied slightly after 10 h at 37°C and 42°C, while increased significantly at 47°C. During 10 h at 37°C and 42°C, antioxidant enzyme activities, such as SOD, POD, CAT, APX and GR, were stimulated and antioxidants (AsA and GSH concentrations) maintained high levels, which resulted in low levels of O₂⁻ and H₂O₂ concentration. However, after 10 h at 47°C, SOD, APX, GR activities and GSH concentration were similar to the controls, while POD, CAT activities and AsA concentration decreased significantly as compared with the control, concomitant with significant increase in O₂⁻ and H₂O₂ concentrations. In addition, such heat-induced effects on antioxidant enzymes were also confirmed by SOD and POD isoform, as Cu/ZnSOD maintained high stability under heat stress and the intensity of POD isoforms reduced with the duration of heat stress, especially at 47°C. It is concluded that in lily plants, the oxidative damage induced by heat stress was related to the changes in antioxidant enzyme activities and antioxidants.     

Involvement of antioxidant defense system in chill hardening-induced chilling tolerance in Jatropha curcas seedlings

Jatropha curcas L. is a sustainable energy plant with great potential for biodiesel production, and low temperature is an important limiting factor for its distribution and production. In this present work, chill hardening-induced chilling tolerance and involvement of antioxidant defense system were investigated in J. curcas seedlings. The results showed that chill hardening at 10 or 12 °C for 1 and 2 days greatly lowered death rate and alleviated electrolyte leakage as well as accumulation of the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) of J. curcas seedlings under severe chilling stress at 1 °C for 1–7 days, indicating that the chill hardening significantly improved chilling tolerance of J. curcas seedlings. Measurement of activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and glutathione reductase (GR), and the levels of the antioxidants ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) showed the chill hardening at 12 °C for 2 days could obviously increase the activities of these antioxidant enzymes and AsA and GSH contents in the hardened seedlings. When the hardened and non-hardening (control) seedlings were subjected to severe chilling stress at 1 °C for 1–7 days, the chill-hardened seedlings generally maintained significantly higher activities of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, APX, CAT, POD, and GR, and content of the antioxidants AsA and GSH as well as ratio of the reduced antioxidants to total antioxidants [AsA/(AsA + DHA) and GSH/(GSH + GSSG)], when compared with the control without chill hardening. All above-mentioned results indicated that the chill hardening could enhance the chilling tolerance, and the antioxidant defense system plays an important role in the chill hardening-induced chilling tolerance in J. curcas seedlings.     

Reactive species, antioxidants and cold tolerance during deacclimation of Picea abies populations

Seasonal changes in levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), low-molecular weight antioxidants and activities of antioxidant enzymes were analyzed in relation to the freezing tolerance of 1-year-old needles from four populations of Norway spruce. Throughout the study period (from January until May), no significant changes were observed in the superoxide anion radical (O ₂ ^·? ) or hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) levels in the needles. By contrast, a marked reduction was observed in concentrations of low-molecular weight antioxidants, including flavonoids (FL), ascorbic acid (AsA) and slight glutathione (GSH), during deacclimation. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) (EC. 1.15.1.1.) and guaiacol peroxidase (PO) (EC. 1.11.1.7.) also decreased significantly. The activity of catalase (CAT) (EC. 1.11.1.6.) did not change significantly. Levels of low-molecular weight antioxidants (AsA, FL and GSH) and SOD activity were correlated significantly with freezing tolerance in the studied populations. The reactions were similar in all populations. This suggests that the response of the antioxidant system depends more strongly on climatic conditions than on population origin. The ability of spruce trees to cope with active oxygen species is discussed as an aspect of defense and a factor associated with freezing tolerance.     

抗氧化系统参与循环干旱锻炼提高烟草植株抗旱性的形成

对漂浮育苗的烟草幼苗进行控水-半萎焉-复水-恢复的循环干旱锻炼。结果表明,这种干旱锻炼能显著提高烟草叶片抗氧化剂谷胱甘肽（GSH）、抗坏血酸（AsA）的含量、还原型抗氧化剂在总抗氧化剂中的比例和抗氧化酶包括超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、愈创木酚过氧化物酶（GPX）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）的活性,降低丙二醛（MDA）的含量。当烟草植株遭受后续的干旱胁迫时,与未锻炼的对照相比,干旱锻炼过的烟草植株能保持较高的GSH和AsA含量、还原型抗氧化剂在总抗氧化剂中的比例和抗氧化酶（SOD、APx、CAT、GPX和GR）活性,以及较低的MDA含量,表明这种循环干旱锻炼提高了细胞抗氧化能力,有助于缓解烟草植株由干旱引起的氧化胁迫及其所导致的伤害,最终提高其抗旱性。这些结果表明。抗氧化系统参与了循环干旱锻炼提高烟草植株抗旱性的形成过程。     

Spermidine application enhances tomato seedling tolerance to salinity-alkalinity stress by modifying chloroplast antioxidant systems

The purpose of this study was to elucidate whether exogenous spermidine (Spd) protection of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings under salinity-alkalinity stress is associated with antioxidant enzymes in the chloroplast. The effects of exogenous Spd on antioxidant enzyme activity and antioxidant content in the chloroplast were evaluated in seedlings of salt-sensitive ecotype (Zhongza 9) grown in a 75 mM salinity-alkalinity solution, with or without 0.25 mM Spd foliar spraying. Results showed that salinity-alkalinity stress increased MDA content, superoxide anion O₂^?- generation rate, superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) activities and ratio of AsA/DHA and reduced contents of ascorbate (AsA), dehydroascorbate (DHA), AsA+DHA, glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), GSH+GSSG, dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) activity and ratio of GSH/GSSG in chloroplasts. The exogenous Spd application combined with salinity-alkalinity stress decreased the O₂^?- generation rate and MDA content compared to salinity-alkalinity stress alone. The exogenous Spd also increased AsA-GSH cycle components and increased all antioxidant enzyme activities in most cases. Therefore, exogenous Spd alleviates salinity-alkalinity stress damage using antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymatic systems in chloroplasts.     

Differential response to paraquat induced oxidative stress in two rice cultivars on antioxidants and chlorophyll a fluorescence

The responses of antioxidative system and photosystem II photochemistry of rice (Oryza sativa L.) to paraquat induced oxidative stress were investigated in a chilling-tolerant cultivar Xiangnuo no. 1, and a chilling-susceptible cultivar, IR-50. Electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of Xiangnuo no. 1 were little affected by paraquat, but they increased in IR-50. After paraquat treatment, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity remained high in Xiangnuo no. 1, while it declined in IR-50. Activities of catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) declined with oxidative stress in both cultivars, but Xiangnuo no. 1 had higher GR activity than IR-50. Under paraquat induced oxidative stress, ascorbic acid (AsA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations remained high in Xiangnuo no. 1, but decreased in IR-50. The results indicated that higher activities of SOD and GR and higher contents of AsA and GSH in Xiangnuo no. 1 under paraquat induced oxidative stress were associated with its tolerance to paraquat, while paraquat induced damage to IR-50 was related to decreased activities of SOD, APX and GR and contents of AsA and GSH. F _v/F _m, Φ _PSII, and qP remained high in Xiangnuo no. 1, while they decreased greatly in IR-50 under paraquat induced oxidative stress.