牡丹皮水煎剂对体外白念珠菌生物膜的抑制作用

研究牡丹皮水煎剂对体外白念珠菌生物膜的影响。体外构建白念珠菌生物膜并采用XTT减低法评价牡丹皮水煎剂对白念珠菌成熟生物膜影响以及包被生物材料对白念珠菌生物膜形成的影响。结果显示,牡丹皮水煎荆对白念珠菌悬浮菌MIC为1．56mg／mL;对白念珠菌生物膜SMIC50与SMIC50分别是3．12和6．25mg／mL;药物包被96孔板对白念珠菌生物膜形成有一定的抑制效应。实验表明牡丹皮水煎剂对体外白念珠菌生物膜有较强抑制作用。     

白念珠菌生物膜及其研究进展

白念珠菌生物对多种传统抗真菌药物高度耐药,日益增多的白念珠菌生物膜相关感染引起抗真菌药物治疗的失败加重了患者及社会的经济负担,这已经成为临床医生所面临的重要问题.该文旨在阐明白念珠菌生物膜的临床重要性,并从多方面阐述白念珠菌生物膜的结构特点、形成机制、防治现状的最新研究进展,为白念珠菌的研究及临床防治策略提供参考.     

白念珠菌与生物膜相关的耐药机制

白念珠菌在医疗植入材料上形成生物膜,导致高死亡率感染。成熟的生物膜具有强耐药性,使得生物膜相关感染难以治愈。文章主要从白念珠菌生物膜外排泵基因、细胞外基质以及压力应答等3个方面探讨白念珠菌生物膜的耐药机制,综述该研究方向的最新进展,为白念珠菌的临床防治策略制定提供参考。     

靛玉红、蛇床子素抗外阴阴道念珠菌病混合菌生物膜作用的研究

目的研究中药有效成分靛玉红、蛇床子素抗外阴阴道念珠菌病混合菌生物膜的作用。方法体外建立白念珠菌（Candidaalbicans）铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonasaeruginosa,P．a）混合菌生物膜（Biofilm,BF）,XTT减低法及形态学观察白念珠菌混合茵生物膜的形成过程;形态学观察、活菌计数法评价中药有效成分靛玉红（indirubin）、蛇床子素（Ostho）对白念珠菌混合菌生物膜的最小抑膜浓度（SMIC）,并经扫描电镜确认。结果白念珠菌混合菌48h能形成成熟的生物膜;62．5mg／L浓度的靛玉红能抑制白念珠菌混合菌生物膜的形成。500mg／L浓度的蛇床子素未见有抑制白念珠菌混合菌生物膜的作用。结论靛玉红由于具有抗生物膜的作用,可用于预防外阴阴道念珠菌病的复发。     

转录因子在白念珠菌生物膜形成过程中的调控机制

近年来随着白念珠菌发病率增加,耐药率也日渐上升,其中白念珠菌生物膜的形成是其耐药原因之一,生物膜的形成需经过4个阶段,每个阶段由不同转录因子调控,共同促进生物膜的发育。该文主要概括在生物膜形成各个阶段中转录因子可能的作用机制,以便了解白念珠菌生物膜的调控机制,进而为白念珠菌临床治疗提供新的视野。     

铜绿假单胞菌脂多糖对白念珠菌生物膜形成的影响

目的研究铜绿假单胞菌脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)对白念珠菌生物膜形成不同时期的影响。方法甲基四氮盐(XTT)减低法用于检测铜绿假单胞菌LPS对白念珠菌生物膜形成不同阶段生成量的影响,利用倒置显微镜观察生物膜形态学改变。结果铜绿假单胞菌对白念珠菌生物膜形成的影响具有阶段差异性和浓度差异性。结论铜绿假单胞菌LPS抑制白念珠菌生物膜菌丝的形成。     

白念珠菌生物膜与侵袭及耐药

为了解近年来白念珠菌(Candida a lbicans)表面生长及生物膜形成研究的动向和进展,本文从几个方面阐述了白念珠菌表面生长和生物膜形成的生理病理学及其抗真菌耐药性的特征。包括白念珠菌宿主表面黏附、菌丝转换基因、微菌落定量感触调节、外分泌酶降解作用、菌丝地形趋向性和抗真菌耐药形成机制。结论提示,白念珠菌生物膜形成是其表面生长的重要结构,是临床上医疗植入物发生血源性白念珠菌感染传播的主要诱因,也是抗真菌耐药形成的重要因素,具有重要的病理学和生物学意义。     

荧光定量PCR检测不同状态下白念珠菌CPH1、EFG1基因的表达

目的 检测转录因子CPH1和EFG1基因在游离态及生物膜态呼吸道白念珠菌临床分离株的表达差异,探讨其在生物膜形成过程中的作用.方法 选取10株白念珠菌临床分离株,分别提取游离态及生物膜态白念珠菌总RNA,用荧光定量PCR的方法测定两种状态下CPH1和EFG1基因的表达,用△△Ct的方法计算其相对表达量.结果 白念珠菌生物膜态转录因子EFG1的表达是游离态表达水平的1.42 ～7.14倍,差异有显著意义(P＜0.05),而转录因子CPH1的表达有8株菌生物膜态较游离态增高,1株降低,1株无明显变化,差异无显著意义(P＞0.05).结论 白念珠临床株转录因子CPH1和EFG1参与生物膜形成的调控,并需在体内实验中进一步研究.     

胡桃楸提取物对体外白念珠菌生物膜形成的影响

目的研究胡桃楸提取物对白念珠菌生物膜形成的影响。方法采用甲基四氮盐（XTT）还原法评价胡桃楸提取物对白念珠菌的生物膜形成及黏附性的影响。镜下观察胡桃楸提取物对白念珠菌生物膜的形态学影响。结果胡桃楸提取物抑制白念珠菌生物膜50％及90％的最小抑制药物浓度（SMIC50、SMIC90）分别为15．2μg、23．4μg。胡桃楸提取物作用浓度大于20μg时对该菌细胞黏附有抑制作用。30μg胡桃楸提取物可完全抑制白念珠菌生物膜的形成。结论胡桃楸提取物对体外白念珠菌生物的膜形成有较强的抑制作用。     

苦参-蛇床子药对提取物对白念珠菌VVC临床株的抑制作用研究

目的本文着重研究苦参-蛇床子药对提取物(Extract of Sophorae Flavescentis Radix — Cnidii Fructus Couplet medicines,ESCC)对白念珠菌VVC临床株的抑制作用。方法 实验通过微量液基稀释法检测ESCC对白念珠菌的MIC 80;XTT减低法检测ESCC对白念珠菌VVC临床株细胞增殖活性的影响;倒置显微镜分别在4 h、8 h、12 h观察ESCC对白念珠菌VVC临床株酵母-菌丝二相性转换的影响;扫描电子显微镜观察ESCC对白念珠菌VVC临床株生物膜形成的影响;微孔板观察ESCC对白念珠菌VVC临床株成熟生物膜的影响;qRT-PCR检测ESCC对白念珠菌VVC临床株菌丝和生物膜形成相关基因的影响。结果 实验结果显示,ESCC具有一定的抗真菌作用,MIC 80 在512~1024 μg/mL之间,可显著降低白念珠菌VVC临床株细胞增殖活性;ESCC可抑制白念珠菌VVC临床株酵母-菌丝二相性转换,并可影响成熟生物膜的完整性。PCR结果显示ESCC可显著降低 ALS1 、 ASL3 、 HWP1 等基因转录水平。结论 本实验研究表明,苦参-蛇床子1∶1药对水提物可通过下调白念珠菌菌丝和生物膜形成相关基因转录水平,从而抑制酵母-菌丝二相性转换,影响其代谢活性,抑制生物膜的形成,并可破坏完整生物膜的完整性,从而起到抗真菌作用。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.