Checklist of the families Scathophagidae,Fanniidae and?Muscidae of Finland (Insecta,Diptera)

A revised checklist of the Scathophagidae, Fanniidae and Muscidae recorded from Finland is presented. Phaonia amicula Villeneuve, 1922 is noted from Finland for the first time.     

Thermal constant of an experimental population of Muscina stabulans (Fallén 1817) (Diptera:Muscidae) in the laboratory

A study was conducted to investigate the thermal constant in an experimental population of Muscina stabulans (Fallén 1817). A natural population was obtained from a livestock and their F1 generations were maintained at four constant temperatures (16 degrees C, 20 degrees C, 26 degrees C and 31 degrees C). The thermal constant was calculated by the hyperbole method using the base temperature, tb = 4.4 degrees C and the thermal constant K = 35.3 GD. Ricker's geometric regression, considering tb = 7.8 degrees C and K = 28.9 GD was also calculated.     

Maintenance of clonal diversity in Dipsa bifurcata (Fallén, 1810) (Diptera: Lonchopteridae). II. Diapause stabilizes clonal coexistence

We analyze a selection model analogous to a one-locus, two-allele haploid system that can explain recurrent seasonal changes in diversity for communities with diapausing species or populations with diapausing clones. The model demonstrates the potential influence of differential diapause on the stability of species and clonal coexistence and, by extension, on the maintenance of genetic polymorphism in general. Using estimates of clonal fitness values from populations of the parthenogenetic spear-winged fly Dipsa bifurcata (Fallén, 1810) (Diptera: Lonchopteridae), the model explains the long-term stable oscillation of clonal frequencies exhibited by these populations. In general, clones or species that share the same spatial habitat can persist in stable coexistence if there are differences not only in their temporarily fluctuating fitness values but also in their dormancy patterns.     

Maintenance of clonal diversity in Dipsa bifurcata (Fallén, 1810) (Diptera: Lonchopteridae). I. Fluctuating seasonal selection moulds long-term coexistence

The deterministic maintenance of clonal diversity in thelytokous taxa can be seen as a model for understanding how environmental heterogeneity both can stabilize genetic diversity and can allow coexistence of competing species. We here analyze the temporal fluctuations in clonal diversity in the thelytokous Lonchopterid fly, Dipsa bifurcata (Fallén, 1810), at four localities in Sweden over an 8-year period. Estimated fitness values for clones are cyclical, synchronous among populations and correlated with seasonal changes in the environment. Differential winter viability and emergence from overwintering along with differential reproductive rate during the summer appear to be the selective mechanisms by which long-term clonal diversity is maintained. In a companion paper (Tomiuk et al, 2004), we present a model for the maintenance of clonal diversity through the mechanism of differential diapause among clones, utilizing fitness values estimated from the data presented here. In general, our results imply that fluctuating seasonal fitnesses can maintain stable genetic polymorphism within populations, as well as coexistence between closely related competitors, when coupled with differences in diapause phenology.     

Checklist of the Empidoidea of Finland (Insecta,?Diptera)

An updated checklist of the Atelestidae, Brachystomatidae, Dolichopodidae, Empididae and Hybotidae (Diptera) recorded from Finland is presented. The genera with uncertain placement within superfamily Empidoidea (= the Iteaphila group) are also included in this paper.     

Methyl salicylate as an attractant for the dance fly <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhamphomyia gibba</Emphasis> (Fallén) (Diptera,Empididae)

Field tests conducted in Leningrad Province of Russia showed methyl salicylate to be highly attractive to the dance fly Rhamphomyia (Amydroneura) gibba (Fallén, 1816) (Diptera, Empidoidea, Empididae). Yellow sticky traps baited with methyl salicylate caught similar numbers of males and females, although males somewhat prevailed at the beginning of the flight while females were slightly more numerous at its end. Rhamphomyia gibba is the first species of the family Empididae for which an attractant chemical is known, and methyl salicylate is the only attractant currently known for Empididae.     

Checklist of the families Lonchopteridae and Phoridae?of Finland (Insecta,Diptera)

A checklist of the Lonchopteridae and Phoridae recorded from Finland is presented.     

Physical Restraint or Stimulation? The Function(s) of the Modified Front Legs of Male Archisepsis diversiformis (Diptera, Sepsidae)

Four hypotheses that could explain the elaborate species-specific morphology of the clasping organs on the front legs of male Archisepsis diversiformis flies were tested: direct male–male combat, mechanical fit, male–female conflict of interests, and male stimulation of the female. Experimental modification of the shape of the male clasper and of the female wing base where the male clasped the female both strongly reduced the chances that a mount would result in copulation. This reduction was not predicted by the male–male combat hypothesis but was predicted by the others. Males in the field did nave to fight other males to remain mounted on females, as expected by the male–male combat hypothesis. Reduced male copulatory success was not due to inferior male ability to grasp and hold onto the female's wings, as predicted by the mechanical fit and male–female conflict hypotheses but to a reduction in the likelihood that the female would allow intromission, as predicted by the stimulation hypothesis. By a process of elimination, and in combination with data from a previous morphological study, the data support the hypothesis that the species-specific aspects of grasping organs in these flies function to stimulate females. Further behavioral data will be needed to test alternative possibilities.     

The Goldwyn diary of November and December 1960, at the Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon

Through unexpected circumstances, I went to Lambaréné, in Gabon, to be Dr. Albert Schweitzer's surgeon for 2 months, November and December of 1960.This diary I can honestly say I never thought would become public. The years have passed; I am now 77. I realize that not many of those who served in a medical capacity at his hospital are still alive and not everyone will share his or her experiences.I want to make clear that I was with Dr. Schweitzer only 2 months. I would not want anyone to think that I played a strategic role at the hospital. I did not, but I helped as best I could.Although I have traveled throughout the world and have been a surgeon in many out-of-the-way places, I have not returned to Lambaréné. The reason, I confess, is that I wanted it to remain in my mind as it was. For Dr. Schweitzer and those who served there, his hospital was a way of life. It was a world of its own and, though small, it came into being because of the arching ideals and unflagging dedication of a remarkable man. His example should inspire us to enlarge our personal horizons, not just to recognize the less fortunate but to act without delay on their behalf. For each of us, there is an Ogowe waiting to be crossed.     

Paleolimnology of the Petén Lake district,Guatemala

The long-term impact of Maya culture on a lowland tropical watershed is assessed, using data from a 9.2 m sediment core taken from deep water (28 m) in Lake Quexil. Human population growth, estimated by the 1980 archaeological survey, is associated with a shift in the composition of the sediment to a dominance by inorganic material, the Maya clay formation, beginning ca. 3500 B.P. Increasing settlement densities are correlated with accelerated influxes of phosphorus, carbonates, and siliceous sediment. However, chemical data do not track short-term population fluctuations closely. Because much of the sediment is delivered as colluvium, and not by running water, there is a lag between terrestrial disturbance and impact on the aquatic system. As an indication of this lag, contemporary high sedimentation rates are a residual of Maya activity that virtually ceased some 300–400 years B.P. Comparison of the deep-water core with a shallow-water (7 m) section, based on palynological correlation, reveals only minor differences in proximate chemical composition. Chemical influxes are much higher at the deep-water site, however, as a consequence of sediment focusing in this hyperconical basin. Chemical analyses of soil samples from 21 test pits in the Quexil basin support the principal conclusion that bulk soil movement was the mode of nutrient transfer to the lake, following forest clearance by the Maya.     

Checklist of the family Ephydridae of Finland (Insecta,?Diptera)

A checklist of 112 species of shore flies (Ephydridae, Diptera) recorded from Finland is presented. Comparing this to the list of Hackman (1980), 52 changes are made: 25 species are added (all but one recorded after 1980), 18 misidentifications are deleted, 5 junior synonyms are replaced and 5 updated generic combinations are given.     

Eine fossile stielaugenfliege aus dem unter-oligozän von ceresté, Frankreich (Diptera: Diopsidae)

A new find of a fossil stalk-eyed fly (Diptera: Diopsidae, Diopsinae) possibly belonging to the generaProsphyracephala orSphyracephala, is described. The specimen has been found in the fossiliferous »oil-shale« sediments of lower oligocene age near Ceresté, Alpes de Haute-Provence, France.     

Checklist of the leaf-mining flies (Diptera,?Agromyzidae) of Finland

A checklist of the Agromyzidae (Diptera) recorded from Finland is presented. 279 (or 280) species are currently known from the country. Phytomyza linguae Lundqvist, 1947 is recorded as new to Finland.     

苏南灰稻蝨(Delphacodes striatella Fallén)的初步研究

1. 灰稻虱是苏南稻区每年普遍发生为害和暴发年猖獗成灾的主要害虫。由于其早在6—7月间已进入全年发生盛期, 故对双季早稻和单季中稻的为害特别严重。 2. 该虫的主要寄主 夏秋季为水稻Oryza sativa L., 冬春季为小麦Triticum aestivum L. 、看麦娘Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. 。其它寄主有稗Echinochloa crusgalli Beauv. 、李氏游草Leersia japonica Makino等十种。 3. 灰稻虱在苏南稻区一年发生六代。发生时期:第一代为4月下旬—6月上旬, 第二代为6月上旬—7月上旬, 第三代为7月上旬—8月上旬, 第四代为8月上旬—9月中旬, 第五代为9月上旬—10月中旬, 第六代若虫在10月上、中旬孵化, 11月上、中旬以3—4龄若虫于麦田、紫云英田或沟埂杂草处越冬, 翌年3月中旬—4月中旬化为成虫。 4. 灰稻虱在水稻田内的消长峰态可以分为“双峰”和“单峰”两种。高峰的出现期一般总是在水稻营养状况良好的分蘖盛期和孕穗期。 5. 早夏发生量的多寡, 除与水稻早期栽培的面积和营养状况密切有关外, 还与冬前虫口基数和1—3月间的气温等综合因子有关。6—7月间, 寄生蜂、线虫和蜘蛛类等天敌的活动, 对灰稻虱的增殖也有一定的抑制作用。 6. 个体发育中, 卵期还可凭胚胎发育的特征划分为胚盘、胚带、黄斑、反转、眼点、附肢形成和孵化等七期。各虫态历期均受温度所制约, 在25—26℃时, 卵期约为8天, 若虫期约为16天, 成虫寿命雌性约为14天, 雄性约为7天。 7. 药剂试验指出, 采用6％γ666可湿性剂的200倍液、46. 6％E-605可混合油剂的3000倍液或15％乙基马拉硫磷可湿性剂的1500倍液每亩喷雾200斤, 是防治灰稻虱的高效方法。     

Brumptomyia angelae, a new species of Phlebotominae (Diptera, Psychodidae) of the Atlantic forest of the state of Paraná, Brazil

The male of Brumptomyia angelae, sp. nov., a new species of Phlebotominae (Diptera, Psychodidae) of the Atlantic forest of the state of Paraná, Brazil, is described and illustrated. This new taxon is closely related to Brumptomyia ortizi Martins, Silva & Falc?o 1971, Brumptomyia nitzulescui (Costa Lima, 1932), and Brumptomyia troglodytes (Lutz, 1922). The male genitalia of these three latter species have also been drawn.     

The role of food in the population dynamics of Orchesella cincta (Linné) (Collembola)

Summary The feeding activity of the collembolan species Orchesella cincta (Linné) was studied in the laboratory and in the field. In the laboratory it was shown that at any one time only about 50–60% of the animals were feeding; the remainder were occupied with molting activities. Most of the time similar values were obtained in the field but during winter and during dry summer periods high percentages of empty guts could be demonstrated, indicating an absence or inaccessability of food. When favorable weather returned, a high feeding activity was again observed. Laboratory experiments and field observations indicate that temporary starvation periods are followed by synchronization of the molting and reproductive rhythms and an apparent increase in longevity. These phenomena are important for the restoration of the population after unfavorable periods but reduce the stabilizing force of food scarcity.