人工覆盖地表对北京典型绿化树光合特性的影响

地表硬化影响城市绿化树生长及生态服务功能的发挥,研究人工覆盖地表下城市绿化树关键生理过程具有重要意义.采用田间模拟试验方法,布设对照(自然地表)、透水硬化和不透水硬化3种覆盖地表,栽植北京2种典型绿化树白蜡和元宝枫,栽植后第4年野外测定其叶片光合及相关生理生态参数,分析人工覆盖地表对北京典型绿化树光合特性的影响.结果表明:白蜡和元宝枫光合作用对不同人工覆盖地表的响应存在差异,对于白蜡而言,透水硬化和不透水硬化地表均使其净光合速率显著降低,对于元宝枫而言,仅不透水硬化地表导致其净光合速率显著降低,透水硬化地表并未对其造成显著影响.透水硬化和不透水硬化地表的空气相对湿度和土壤体积含水率低于对照,植物可利用水分减少,叶片气孔导度下降是白蜡和元宝枫净光合速率降低的主要原因.透水硬化和不透水硬化地表使白蜡PSⅡ有效光化学量子产量(F_v′/F_m′)下降,不透水硬化地表使元宝枫PSⅡ实际光化学量子效率(Φ_PSⅡ)和表观电子传递速率(ETR)升高.     

胡杨异形叶光合系统Ⅱ叶绿素荧光特性

以塔里木盆地胡杨3种典型异形叶(条形叶、卵形叶与锯齿阔卵形叶)为材料,利用光合与叶绿素荧光测定技术测量胡杨异形叶气体交换与叶绿素荧光动力学参数,探讨异形叶光合机构对太阳辐射光能的利用、能量分配与耗散特性及影响其光合能力的主要因素,揭示胡杨异形叶光合生理功能的差异与生理生态适应机制。结果表明:(1)晴天正午胡杨异形叶净光合速率(P_n)、PSⅡ有效光化学量子效率(F_v′/F_m′)、实际光化学量子效率(Φ_(PSⅡ))、光化学猝灭系数(qP)显著降低,而PSⅡ激发能压力(1-qP)、光合功能相对限制(L_(PFD))则显著增大,至傍晚F_v′/F_m′、Φ_(PSⅡ)、qP与光化学反应能量(P)恢复,表明荒漠强太阳辐射导致正午胡杨异形叶光合作用发生了光抑制,但并未造成PSⅡ反应中心的不可逆破坏。(2)3种异形叶采取了不同的适应方式来适应荒漠强光环境。卵形叶通过提高光能捕获与转化效率、光化学反应能量来保持叶片高光合能力以消耗多余能量、降低过剩激发能对光合机构的影响;锯齿叶通过保持高光合电子传递能力来缓解光合膜上的还原态压力并以热耗散清除过剩激发能,二者协同保护光合机构免受强光损伤从而维持较高的P_n;条形叶不耐强光,但可以通过降低光能捕获与转化效率并将吸收的光能更多用于热能和荧光辐射耗散过剩激发能来适应强光环境。(3)逐步回归分析表明,锯齿叶光合能力主要受PSⅡ反应中心光合电子传递速率和非光化学猝灭过程中的非辐射能量耗散的影响;卵形叶、条形叶分别受PSⅡ反应中心光能捕获与转化效率和非光化学猝灭过程中的过剩激发能耗散的影响。综上所述,胡杨异形叶在生长发育过程中采取了不同的生态策略来适应荒漠环境。     

火炬树雌雄母株克隆生长差异及其光合荧光日变化

火炬树(Rhus typhina Linn.)是兼有雌雄异株和克隆生长特性的外来木本植物。分别探讨火炬树雌雄母株克隆繁殖扩散能力的特点,分析其光合荧光反应的差异。采用CIRAS-2光合仪和FMS-2便携调制式荧光仪,并结合样圆调查法,比较火炬树雌雄母株的克隆分株数量和形态生长指标、光合生理参数的日变化特征,揭示火炬树雌雄异株的资源利用效率和对午间强光缓冲保护能力的雌雄差异。研究结果表明:1)火炬树雄性母株的克隆分株形态生长指标及数量均超过了雌性母株,且雄性母株形成克隆分株的年龄早于雌性母株1a;2)火炬树雄性母株的光能、水分和CO2利用效率和净光合速率均高于雌性母株,此结果为雄性母株克隆生长奠定了较为充足的营养基础;3)在晴天自然光的条件下,火炬树雄性母株未出现光抑制,而雌性母株出现了光抑制现象,非光化学猝灭系数(qN)日变化特征显示雌性母株的热耗散程度较高。因此,火炬树雄性母株的克隆生长力强于雌性母株。     

紫茎泽兰光合特性对生长环境光强的适应

测定了不同光强下生长的紫茎泽兰叶片最大净光合速率(Pmax)、叶绿素荧光参数、光合色素含量和比叶重(SLW),探讨了其光适应能力及生理生态学机制．强光下(100％相对光强)紫茎泽兰发生了轻度光抑制,Pmax、SLW、类胡萝卜素含量和日间热耗散升高,但热耗散能力没有提高．强光下紫茎泽兰通过：1)加强日间热耗散和活性氧清除能力以及光系统Ⅱ反应中心可逆失活来耗散过剩光能;2)增大P～以增加光能利用;3)提高SLW,降低单位干重叶绿素含量以减少光能吸收3个途径避免了光合机构光破坏．弱光下(36％、12．5％和4．5％相对光强)紫茎泽兰日间热耗散很小,SLW降低,但P～较高,这有利于其增加光能吸收和利用效率．紫茎泽兰能在很大的光强范围内有效地维持光合系统正常运转,这可能是其表现较强入侵性的原因之一．     

红麻和白麻叶绿素荧光日变化研究初探

用便携式叶绿素荧光仪测定了红麻和白麻的叶绿素荧光参数:初始荧光(Fo)、光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)和PSⅡ的实际光化学效率(Yield).研究结果表明:在一天中,红麻和白麻均在中午出现Fo最低值(红麻为96,白麻为100),说明红麻和白麻可通过增强非辐射能量耗散来消耗过剩的光能,从而避免光合器官遭受破坏.在一天中,白麻Fv/Fm均高于红麻2.8%,表明红麻对光抑制比白麻敏感.红麻的yield值比白麻的高7.0%,表明红麻比白麻具有更高的光能转化效率.     

水分亏缺对不同染色体倍性小麦荧光参数的影响

在盆栽条件下,研究了3种染色体倍性小麦的叶绿素荧光参数受水分亏缺的影响.结果表明,水分亏缺下3种小麦灌浆期旗叶的荧光参数表现为F v/Fm(可变荧光与最大荧光比)、qP(光化学猝灭系数)、ETR(表观光电子传递速率)下降,qN P(非光化学猝灭系数)上升,导致3种小麦的光合速率下降,其中四倍体小麦的这些光合参数受影响最大.试验还发现正常供水下小麦随倍性增大光合速率降低,而qP升高,qN P下降,由此推断小麦从二倍体向四倍体、六倍体进化的过程中,PSⅡ(光系统Ⅱ)天线色素吸收的光能用于光化学反应的份额变大,PSⅡ反应中心非辐射能量耗散能力降低,导致用于光化学反应的光能更容易过量,造成光合机构损伤,引发光抑制,这有可能是小麦在进化中光合速率降低的一个原因.     

渗透胁迫对小麦幼苗叶绿素荧光参数的影响

用叶绿素荧光诱导动力学技术,研究模拟干旱条件对小麦幼苗叶片叶绿素荧光参数,即原初光能转化效率(F_v/F_m)、光合电子传递量子效率(φPSⅡ)、qP(光化学猝灭)、qNP(非光化学猝灭)、ETR(表观光合量子传递效率)的影响.结果表明,渗透胁迫对小麦幼苗叶绿素荧光参数影响较大.随着渗透胁迫的加剧,F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o都表现出现降低-增加-降低的趋势,在渗透胁迫2 h以前,小麦叶片内部没有发生光抑制,但随着胁迫的加剧,F_v/F_m值增加,使得小麦幼苗叶内发生光抑,导致ΦPSⅡ和ETR的下降;在渗透胁迫过程中,小麦叶片吸收光能的光化学猝灭(qP)的下降和光化学猝灭(qNP)呈现先降低后增加的趋势,说明小麦在受到干旱胁迫前期,PSⅡ反应中心的开放比例降低;在胁迫2h后,随着胁迫的加剧,qP和qNP增加有利于提高PSⅡ反应中心开放部分的比例,将更多的光能用于推动光合电子传递,提高了光合电子传递能力,同时非光化学能量耗散的提高,有助于耗散过剩的激发能,以保护光合机构,缓解环境胁迫对光合作用的影响,体现了小麦叶片的自我保护机制.两个品种相比,长武13的叶绿素荧光参数的变化幅度比陕253小,具有更强的抵御干旱胁迫的能力.     

外源水杨酸对黄瓜幼苗叶片PSⅡ活性和光能分配的影响

以黄瓜品种‘中农203号’幼苗为试材,采用水培法研究了根际施用0.05、0.10和0.50 mmol/L水杨酸对黄瓜幼苗叶片PSⅡ活性和光能分配的影响,以探讨水杨酸对光合作用的调节机制。结果显示:黄瓜幼苗叶片净光合速率(Pn)、荧光参数和光能分配对水杨酸的响应存在明显的浓度依赖性。0.05和0.10 mmol/L水杨酸处理提高了叶片PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/F0)、电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学猝灭系数(qP),降低了非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ),使PSⅡ吸收光能中分配于光化学反应的能量增加,进而提高了Pn,并以0.10 mmol/L水杨酸施用效果最明显,差异达极显著水平(P<0.01);而0.50 mmol/L水杨酸处理降低了ΦPSⅡ、Fv/Fm等,使光能分配于热耗散和荧光耗散的比例升高,导致Pn下降。研究表明,水杨酸对黄瓜叶片光合的正负调节作用与浓度依存下的PSⅡ活性和光能分配改变有关。     

元宝枫幼苗生长和光合特性对硬化地表的响应

以北京典型绿化树种元宝枫(Acer truncatum)幼苗为试验对象,设置透水硬化地表、不透水硬化地表和对照(自然地表)3种地表类型,分析了元宝枫幼苗主要生理生态指标和生长指标对硬化地表的响应特征。结果表明:相比于对照,2种硬化地表引起地表温度显著升高,元宝枫幼苗叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、光合色素含量、光系统II光化学有效量子产量(Fv'/Fm')、PSII实际光量子效率(ФPSII)、光合电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学猝灭系数(qp)及最大净光合速率(Pmax)、表观量子效率(AQY)和光饱和点(LSP)均下降,叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量增加,株高和基径降低。硬化地表引起地表温度升高,对元宝枫幼苗生长造成了热胁迫,严重伤害了植物光系统II,光合电子传递被限制,减少了植物叶片的光合作用,抑制了植物生长。与不透水地表相比,透水地表粗糙度和孔隙度较高,增加了透水地表的热储存和热传导能力,地表温度显著升高形成的热胁迫对植物的生理伤害和生长影响更大。因此,在城市建设中,应考虑降低硬化地表的温度,以缓解城市绿化树种可能受到的热胁迫。     

膜荚黄芪与蒙古黄芪幼苗的光能利用及其耐光性研究

以盆栽膜荚黄芪和蒙古黄芪幼苗为试验材料,测量2种黄芪叶片的光合速率、叶绿素荧光参数、光能利用率及耐光性等指标的日变化,以探讨它们的光能利用、热耗散以及耐光性差异.结果表明:(1)随着太阳光合有效辐射的日变化进程推进,2种黄芪的初始荧光(F0)、非光化学淬灭(NPQ)、PSⅡ调节性能量耗散量子产最(YNPQ)先升高后降低...     

Plant-Parasitic Nematodes of South Viet Nam

Between 1974 and 1978, 2,842 identifications of plant-parasitic nematodes were made from more than 1,700 soil and plant samples collected in eight provinces of South Viet Nam. Species in nine genera—Helicotylenchus, Criconemoides, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus, Hoplolaimus, Hirschmanniella, Xiphinema, and Rotylenchulus—comprised 96.1% of the identifications; the remaining 3.9% were species of 11 genera. Fourteen genera were associated with rice which was grown on about 2,500,000 ha in 1970. Of these, Ditylenchus, Hirschmanniella, and Meloidogyne were most important. Ditylenchus angustus caused severe damage to about 50,000 ha of flooded rice in the Mekong Delta in 1976. Hirschmanniella spp. were found in all samples examined from flooded rice fields. Meloidogyne spp. were common in rice seedbeds, upland rice, and rice not kept flooded continuously. Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus spp. were found in roots of 22 of the 32 crop plants sampled. Little or no attempt was made in South Viet Nam to control nematodes.     

Study of types of some species of "Filaria" (Nematoda) parasites of small mammals described by Von Linstow and Molin

Parasitic nematodes from the Berlin (ZMB) and Vienna (NMW) Museum collections referred to the genus Filaria Mueller, 1787 by von Linstow or Molin were studied. Three samples were in good condition and the specimens redescribed. Litomosa hepatica (von Linstow, 1897) n. comb., sample ZMB Vermes Entozoa 3368, from the megachiropteran Pteropus neohibernicus, Bismarck Archipelago, resembles L. maki Tibayrenc, Bain & Ramanchandran, 1979, from Pteropus vampyrus, in Malaysia, but the buccal capsule differs. Both species display particular morphological characters which differ from species of Litomosa parasitic in microchiropterans. The remaining material originates from Brazil. The spicule morphology of Litomosoides circularis (von Linstow, 1899) Chandler, 1931, sample ZMB Vermes Entozoa 1059 from Hesperomys spec. (= Holochilus brasiliensis), Porto Alegre, confirms that it belongs to the sigmodontis group; the microfilaria presents characters of the genus Litomosoides, e.g. body attenuated at both extremities and salient cephalic hook. Taxonomic discussions by others confirm that species of Litomosoides belonging to the sigmodontis group and described subsequently are distinct from L. circularis. Litomosoides serpicula (Molin, 1858) Guerrero, Martin, Gardner & Bain, 2002, is redescribed, sample NMW 6323 from the bat Phyllostoma spiculatum (= Sturnira lilium), Ypanema. It is very close to L. brasiliensis Almeida, 1936, type host Moytis sp., but distinguished by a single ring in the buccal capsule, rather than two, supporting previous conclusions that the taxon L. brasiliensis, as generally regarded, may represent a complex of species. Samples NMW 6322 and NMW 6324, from other bats and also identified by Molin (1858) as Filaria serpicula, contain unidentifiable fragments of Litomosoides incertae sedis. Filaria hyalina von Linstow, 1890, sample ZMB Vermes Entozoa Q 3905 from Sorer vulgaris (= Sorex araneus), is incertae sedis because it contains two unidentifiable posterior parts of male, which might be an acuarid, Stammerinema sp. Filaria vesperuginis von Linstow, 1885, sample ZMB Vermes Entozoa Q 3929, from the bat Vesperugo serotinus (= Eptesicus serotinus), contains encysted nematode larvae and is a nomen dubium.     

Fate map of the distal portion of Drosophila proboscis as inferred from the expression and mutations of basic patterning genes

The late-third-instar labial disc is comprised of two disc-proper cell layers, one representing mainly the ventral half of the anterior compartment (L-layer) and the other, the dorsal half of the anterior compartment and most, if not all, of the posterior compartment (M-layer). In the L-layer, Distal-less represses homothorax whereas no Distal-less-dependent homothorax repression occurs in the M-layer where Distal-less is coexpressed with homothorax. In wild-type labial discs, clawless, one of the two homeobox genes expressed in distal cells receiving maximum (Decapentaplegic+Wingless) signaling activity in leg and antennal discs, is specifically repressed by proboscipedia. A fate map, inferred from data on basic patterning gene expression in larval and pupal stages and mutant phenotypes, indicates the inner surface of the labial palpus, which includes the pseudotracheal region, to be a derivative of the distal portion of the M-layer expressing wingless, patched, Distal-less and homothorax. The outer surface of the labial palpus with more than 30 taste bristles derives from an L-layer area consisting of dorsal portions of the anterior and posterior compartments, each expressing Distal-less. Our analysis also indicates that, in adults and pupae, the anterior-posterior boundary, dividing roughly equally the outer surface of the distiproboscis, runs along the outer circumference of the inner surface of distiproboscis.     

Multilocus phylogenetic analysis of the genus Aeromonas

A broad multilocus phylogenetic analysis (MLPA) of the representative diversity of a genus offers the opportunity to incorporate concatenated inter-species phylogenies into bacterial systematics. Recent analyses based on single housekeeping genes have provided coherent phylogenies of Aeromonas. However, to date, a multi-gene phylogenetic analysis has never been tackled. In the present study, the intra- and inter-species phylogenetic relationships of 115 strains representing all Aeromonas species described to date were investigated by MLPA. The study included the independent analysis of seven single gene fragments (gyrB, rpoD, recA, dnaJ, gyrA, dnaX, and atpD), and the tree resulting from the concatenated 4705 bp sequence. The phylogenies obtained were consistent with each other, and clustering agreed with the Aeromonas taxonomy recognized to date. The highest clustering robustness was found for the concatenated tree (i.e. all Aeromonas species split into 100% bootstrap clusters). Both possible chronometric distortions and poor resolution encountered when using single-gene analysis were buffered in the concatenated MLPA tree. However, reliable phylogenetic species delineation required an MLPA including several “bona fide” strains representing all described species.     

Microbial transformation of zaluzanin-D

Microbial transformation of zaluzanin-D using different fungi gave 11,13-dihydrozaluzanin-C, zaluzanin-C, 4,16,11,13 - tetrahydro zaluzanin-C, estafiatone, dihydroestafiatol and dihydroestafiatone.     

Unification of the genera Nonlabens, Persicivirga, Sandarakinotalea and Stenothermobacter into a single emended genus, Nonlabens, and description of Nonlabens agnitus sp. nov

Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that a bacterial isolate, designated JC2678(T), represents a distinct phyletic line within the suprageneric monophyletic clade containing the genera Nonlabens, Persicivirga, Stenothermobacter and Sandarakinotalea. The polyphasic data presented in this study demonstrated that the members belonging to the Nonlabens-like clade overall constitute a single genus. Therefore, it is proposed to transfer the members of genera Persicivirga O'Sullivan et al. 2006, Stenothermobacter Lau et al. 2006 and Sandarakinotalea Khan et al. 2006 to the genus Nonlabens Lau et al. 2005. Thus, P. dokdonensis (Yoon et al. 2006) Nedashkovskaya et al. 2009, P. ulvanivorans Barbeyron et al. 2010, P. xylanidelens O'Sullivan et al. 2006, Sandarakinotalea sediminis Khan et al. 2006 and Stenothermobacter spongiae Lau et al. 2006 should be transferred to Nonlabens dokdonensis comb. nov., Nonlabens ulvanivorans comb. nov., Nonlabens xylanidelens comb. nov., Nonlabens sediminis comb. nov. and Nonlabens spongiae comb. nov., respectively. In addition, strain JC2678(T) (=KACC 14155(T)=JCM 17109(T)) is proposed to constitute a novel species belonging to the genus Nonlabens with the name of Nonlabens agnitus sp. nov.