新书介绍

<正>气相爆破技术与生物质炼制本书系统分析了气相爆破技术原理及固体多组分物料蒸汽爆破组分分离机制,并对气相爆破的工艺设备进行了介绍,重点对其生物质炼制应用工艺进行了阐述。本书可供国内生物工程、生物材料、生化工程等领域的研究生、相关研究人员以及从事生物质开发利用的企业技术人员阅读参考。     

书讯

<正>气相爆破技术与生物质炼制化学工业出版社出版本书系统分析了气相爆破技术原理及固体多组分物料蒸汽爆破组分分离机制,并对气相爆破的工艺设备进行了介绍,重点对其生物质炼制应用工艺进行了阐述。本书可供国内生物工程、生物材料、生化工程等领域的研究生、相关研究人员以及从事生物质开发利用的企业技术人员阅读参考。     

微藻生物炼制研究现状及发展策略

前言 资源短缺和环境污染问题已成为制约世界经济可持续发展的瓶颈.以可再生且环境友好的生物质资源替代化石资源已成为解决资源和环境问题的主要途径之一①,Henry R.Bungay②在1982年针对生物质资源开发与利用提出了生物炼制(Bio-Refinery)这一概念.美国国家可再生能源实验室(U.S.NREL)将生物炼制定义为将生物质原料转化为燃料、电热能和化学产品的生物质转化工艺与设备的集成.生物炼制的原料主要有:含纤维素的生物质和废弃物、谷类或玉米、青草、苜蓿、微藻等.其中微藻是一类在海洋、湖泊等水体中广泛分布的微型植物,能够利用光能固定CO2实现自养,其细胞中含有丰富的油脂、色素、蛋白质、维生素等成分.微藻生物炼制是以微藻为原料,生产各种化学品、燃料、生物基材料和食品等产品的工艺与设备的集成.     

盐肤木果油中没食子酸的UPLC-MS及HPLC分析

盐肤木果实中没食子酸等多酚类物质是重要的生物活性成分，具有抗氧化、抗病毒、消肿瘤等多种生物学活性。采用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术（UPLC-MS），分别对压榨法、乙醚浸提法和超临界CO2萃取法3种提取方法所得盐肤木果油中没食子酸等多酚成分进行了定性分析，再以没食子酸标准品为对照，采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）对各样品中没食子酸含量进行了定量分析。结果表明：3种样品中均检测到没食子酸的存在，其含量在69.5～434.4 mg/L之间，但不同样品中没食子酸含量差异显著，即提取盐肤木果油的方式不同，其油脂中含没食子酸的多少不同，其中以乙醚浸提油中样品中没食子酸最多，达(426.7±7.7)mg/L。该研究可为进一步开发利用盐肤木果油资源提供方法借鉴。     

木本食用油料植物资源及其籽油的研究现状

木本食用油料植物是指种子含油量高、可供人食用的木本植物。油茶、油棕、油橄榄、椰子是世界著名的四大木本食用油料植物。近年来牡丹籽油也被批准为新的资源食品,木本食用油料产业近年来进入快速发展时期。本文对木本食用油料植物资源及其籽油的生理作用和提取工艺研究现状进行了分析总结,以期为木本食用油料植物研究的发展提供参考。     

生物质炼制工程科学问题——生物质抗渗流屏障的提出

生物质炼制是学术界和产业界共同关注的热点问题。由于缺乏适用于复杂固相物料的生物质炼制工程理论基础,迟迟难以突破生物质产业的技术经济瓶颈。基于多年对生物质固相物料传质问题的研究,归纳出生物质炼制工程共性关键科学问题——生物质抗渗流屏障。在生物质抗渗流屏障理论指导下,解析了汽爆破解抗渗流屏障的作用机制,构建出以汽爆为核心的高效集成创新的生物质炼制产业化示范技术体系。     

中科院举办生物质炼制产业技术情报专场发布会

<正>中国科学院过程工程研究所和中国科学院文献情报中心近期联合举办生物质炼制产业技术情报专场发布会,来自地方政府科技主管部门、行业协会、产业园区、工业企业及科技服务机构代表等近百人参加了本次发布会。情报分析专家基于对国内外相关技术的专利情报分析,发布了蒸汽爆破、固态发酵以及纤维素丁醇三项技术的国内外研究重点、发展趋势及其产业化应用情况,过程工程所生物质炼制工程课题组对发布的技术内容进行了解读。     

2014生物质炼制专刊序言

生物质是自然界最丰富的含碳有机大分子功能体,它有望通过"生物炼制"实现"石油炼制"的辉煌。但是由于生物质资源本身及其转化过程的复杂性,生物质产业虽备受关注,却被认为是遥远的未来产业。传统的生物质资源化利用思路都是先耗费一定的能量破坏生物质结构,然后再进行转化,不仅没有考虑到产品的功能需求,而且过程的原子经济性不高。如何实现化学键更加复杂的固相木质纤维素生物质炼制是实现生物质产业的关键和难点。理想的生物质炼制的目的是以最大得率分离木质纤维原料中各个组分,以尽可能地保持分子的完整性,最大可能地优化利用和最终实现最大价值。这就要求生物质炼制应当是基于原料结构、过程转化和产品特点三者的关联,面向原料、面向过程、面向产品的炼制过程。本期专刊报道了我国生物质炼制技术领域专家学者在原料炼制、炼制技术、组分转化等领域取得的最新研究进展。     

微藻生物炼制技术

积极发展以生物质原料为基础的生物炼制产业,对于解决能源危机、改善能源结构具有重大意义。微藻作为一种重要的生物质资源,具有分布广、生物量大、光合效率高、环境适应性强、生长周期短和产量高等突出特点,是进行生物炼制的优良材料,它在生产微藻燃料、开发微藻生物制剂和提取生物活性物质等方面具有广阔的开发前景。综述了微藻的培养特点和功能,介绍了微藻生物炼制技术的内容和领域,并对其发展前景作出展望。     

三种植物油及其生物柴油中脂肪酸组成的比较研究

生物柴油油料植物的选择是多样化的。通过对麻疯树,青刺果及乌桕三种产于西南的油料植物油分的理化性质及它们的生物柴油进行GC/MS分析,以麻疯树油为参照油分,对比青刺果油和乌桕油,找出适合作生物柴油油料植物油分的特点,为生物柴油油料植物的选择提供了依据。     

Potential anticancer activities of Rhus coriaria (sumac) extract against human cancer cell lines

Therapeutic strategies of plant origin are a better choice as both dietary plant products or its isolated active constituents against the development and progression of cancer. The present study aims to evaluate the anticancer activity of sumac (Rhus coriaria) against different human cancer MCF-7, PC-3, and SKOV3 cell lines. In addition, the study tries to explore a prospective mechanism of action, assessment of in vitro enzyme-inhibitory capacity of sumac extract against hCA I, II, IX, and XII. In the present study, the potential antitumor effects of sumac (Rhus coriaria) were explored in the human cancer cell lines; MCF-7, PC-3, and SKOV3 using in vitro assays. Apoptotic, cell survival, ELISA immunoassays were also conducted to reveal the inhibitory effects of sumac extract against hCA I, II, IX, and XII. In addition, both Clioquinol and Acetazolamide (AZM) were used as standards to explore the in vitro enzyme-inhibitory capacity of sumac extract against hCA I, II, IX, and XII. The hydro-alcoholic extract of R. coriaria (Sumac) was subjected to phytochemical analysis using GC/MS assays. Sumac at non-cytotoxic doses of 50 and 100 µM significantly modulates the growth of the MCF-7, PC-3, and SKOV3 cancer cells with a higher inhibitory effect and selectivity to carbonic anhydrase (CA) isoforms; hCA I, II, hCA IX, and XII. The data showed that sumac at doses of 50 and 100 µM significantly inhibited the growth, proliferation, and viability of cancer cells by activating the apoptotic process via caspase-3 overexpression and the regulation of Bcl-2 anti-apoptotic protein.     

Development and morphology of stone cells in phloem of Toxicodendron vernicifluum

Key message

The morphology and development of sumac phloem sclereid were observed, sclereid was developed from phloem parenchyma and lignin was deposited in the cell wall of parenchyma and formation sclereid.

Abstract

Sumac [Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F.A.Barkley] is a unique economic tree species in China. Raw lacquer is the sap flowing from the phloem of sumac. Stone cell clusters exist in the secondary phloem of sumac stem. In the present study, the morphology and development of stone cell clusters in sumac phloem were observed with optical microscope and transmission electron microscope. The distribution of lignin in the composition molecules of secondary phloem was observed with histochemistry method and fluorescence microscope. The results showed that phloem stone cells of sumac were developed from phloem parenchyma cells, and that lignin was deposited in layers in the cell wall of phloem parenchyma cells which cause the formation of stone cell clusters and which have the secondary wall. Studies on the ultrastructure of stone cells indicated that there was an obvious stratification and pits during the process of lignin deposition.     

低温等离子体生物质炼制技术

生物质炼制是世界各国的战略性研究方向。目前,主要有汽爆、酸、碱等炼制技术,而低温等离子体因具有独特的化学活性和高能量等优势而倍受青睐。本论文系统阐述了基于低温等离子体技术的生物质预处理、降解制糖、选择性功能改性、液化、气化等炼制技术的研究进展,并探讨了低温等离子体生物质炼制的机理及其今后研究发展方向。     

工业木质素预处理及催化转化苯酚

传统化石能源日益枯竭以及环境污染压力日益加大使得开发以生物质为代表的可替代能源迫在眉睫,木质素作为仅次于纤维素的生物质中第二大主要成分用来制备高附加值化学品是提高生物质资源利用效率的关键。本文将工业木质素进行预处理后采用双液相反应体系将工业木质素转化为苯酚等化合物,使用微波辐照代替传统的加热,考察了预处理方式、温度、时间等条件对产物收率的影响。结果表明,以1-甲基-3-乙基咪唑醋酸盐([EMIM]OAc)处理的工业木质素在微波反应器输出功率为400 W、反应温度为90℃、催化剂为1-甲基-3-胺乙基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([AEMIM]BF4)双液相反应体系中反应60 min苯酚的收率最高可达8.14%。     

Genetic Variation of Morphological Traits and Transpiration in an Apple Core Collection under Well-Watered Conditions: Towards the Identification of Morphotypes with High Water Use Efficiency

Water use efficiency (WUE) is a quantitative measurement which improvement is a major issue in the context of global warming and restrictions in water availability for agriculture. In this study, we aimed at studying the variation and genetic control of WUE and the respective role of its components (plant biomass and transpiration) in a perennial fruit crop. We explored an INRA apple core collection grown in a phenotyping platform to screen one-year-old scions for their accumulated biomass, transpiration and WUE under optimal growing conditions. Plant biomass was decompose into morphological components related to either growth or organ expansion. For each trait, nine mixed models were evaluated to account for the genetic effect and spatial heterogeneity inside the platform. The Best Linear Unbiased Predictors of genetic values were estimated after model selection. Mean broad-sense heritabilities were calculated from variance estimates. Heritability values indicated that biomass (0.76) and WUE (0.73) were under genetic control. This genetic control was lower in plant transpiration with an heritability of 0.54. Across the collection, biomass accounted for 70% of the WUE variability. A Hierarchical Ascendant Classification of the core collection indicated the existence of six groups of genotypes with contrasting morphology and WUE. Differences between morphotypes were interpreted as resulting from differences in the main processes responsible for plant growth: cell division leading to the generation of new organs and cell elongation leading to organ dimension. Although further studies will be necessary on mature trees with more complex architecture and multiple sinks such as fruits, this study is a first step for improving apple plant material for the use of water.     

Biodiesel fuel from microalgae-promising alternative fuel for the future: a review

The use of organic matter such as vegetable oil to produce biodiesel fuel has been a practical technology for a number of years. However, the search for new technologies and raw materials for biodiesel fuel production has gained increased attention recently because of financial and environmental concerns. Of particular interest are raw materials that are not food-related. Microalgae have gained a great deal of attention as a potential biodiesel raw material because of their high growth rates and ability to accumulate oil, bind carbon dioxide, and remove contaminants from wastewater. This article is a literature review of technologies for biodiesel production from microalgae. The technologies relate to microalgal cultivation, microalgal growth enhancement to simultaneously increase biomass and reduce pollution, the preparation of microalgal biomass for biodiesel production, and biodiesel production itself.     

Sumac fruit supplementation improve glycemic parameters in patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is the one of the main causes of mortality worldwide. Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have revealed the beneficial effects of sumac (Rhus coriaria) on cardiometabolic risk factors. However, the entirety of the evidence has yet to be summarized in a systematic review.ObjectiveThe aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of sumac on several cardiometabolic risk factors in patients with MetS and related disorders.MethodsWe reviewed Medline, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane CENTRAL for RCTs published from inception to December 2020 evaluating the impact of sumac in adults with MetS or related disorders. Outcome measures included anthropometric measures, glycemic indices, blood lipids, blood pressure and liver enzymes. Pooled effect sizes were reported as standard mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Trials were pooled using a random effects model.ResultsNine studies enrolling 526 participants met the inclusion criteria for this meta-analysis. Our results indicate that sumac intake significantly decrease fasting blood sugar (FBS) (SMD: −0.28; 95% CI: −0.54, -0.02; I² = 00.0%), insulin (SMD: −0.67; 95% CI: −0.99, -0.36; I² = 03.7%), and insulin resistance (measured through the Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR)) (SMD: −0.79; 95% CI: −1.24, -0.34; I² = 50.1%). Sumac intake did not have a significant impact on weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist to hip ratio (WHR), HbA1c, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoproteins (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT).ConclusionSumac, as an adjuvant therapy, may decrease serum levels of FBS, insulin and HOMA-IR. However, due to high heterogeneity in the included studies, these findings must be interpreted with great caution. Larger, well-designed placebo-controlled clinical trials are still needed to further evaluate the capacity of sumac as a complementary treatment to control MetS risk factors.     

Bioconversion of poultry manure and vegetable waste mixes by Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)

Development time, survival and final nutrient content of Hermetia illucens L. larvae depends on the substrates in which they develop. Mixing different waste types together can increase the performance and survival of the larvae, as well as their waste reduction. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different ratios of mixed fruit and vegetable waste with poultry manure on larval development time, size, biomass production, survival, bioconversion and waste reduction. Freshly hatched neonates (90 mg; approx. 6000 individuals) were placed on 12 kg of a mixture of fruit and vegetable waste and fresh, unprocessed poultry manure and held at 28 ± 0.5°C. Inclusion of fruit and vegetable waste varied from 0% to 100% in 10% increments. Initial temperature of the substrate was also measured. The individual mass of larvae increased significantly as more fruit and vegetable waste was included, from less than 81.3 ± 6.6 mg on poultry manure only to an average size of 211.6 ± 6.0 mg at 100% fruit and vegetable waste. After approximately 60% inclusion of fruit and vegetable waste the performance and survival of the larvae increased significantly while development time was reduced. A combination of high fruit and vegetable waste and low initial temperatures resulted in lower development time overall. The mixing of wastes can be applied in industry to further the goals of waste reduction and biomass production while incorporating low-quality wastes like poultry manure.     

Phytochemical Diversity and Pharmacological Properties of Rhus coriaria

Rhus coriaria L. (Anacardiaceae), sumac, is a common condiment, appetizer and souring agent in the Mediterranean region that has a long history in traditional medicine. R. coriaria has been prescribed for the treatment of many ailments including diarrhea, ulcer, hemorrhoids, hemorrhage, wound healing, hematemesis, and eye ailments like ophthalmia and conjunctivitis. The plant is also used as diuresis, antimicrobial, abortifacient and as a stomach tonic. Sumac is known to be rich in different classes of phytochemicals including tannins, polyphenols, flavonoids, organic acids and essential oils and continues to be a hot topic for extensive research work designed for revealing its phytochemical constituents and evaluating its bioactive properties. This review summarizes the recent phytochemical and diverse bioactivity studies on R. coriaria, especially those concerned with antitumor, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, and anti‐inflammatory studies.     

Shift in the marginal supply of vegetable oil

Background, Aims and Scope

The consequential approach to system delimitation in LCA requires that consideration of the technologies and suppliers included are ‘marginal’, i.e. that they are actually affected by a change in demand. Furthermore, coproduct allocation must be avoided by system expansion. Vegetable oils constitute a significant product group included in many LCAs that are intended for use in decision support. This article argues that the vegetable oil market has faced major changes around the turn of the century. The aim of this study is to study the marginal supply of vegetable oil as it has shifted to palm oil and describe the product system of the new supply.

Methods

The methods for identification of marginal technologies and suppliers and for avoiding co-product allocation are based on the work of Weidema (2003). The marginal vegetable oil is identified on the basis of agricultural statistics on production volumes and prices. A co-product from palm oil production is palm kernel meal, which is used for fodder purposes where it has two main properties: protein and energy. When carrying out system expansion, these properties are taken into account.

Results

The major vegetable oils are soy oil, palm oil, rapeseed oil and sun oil. These oils are substitutable within the most common applications. Based on market trends, a shift from rapeseed oil to palm oil as the marginal vegetable oil is identified around the year 2000, when palm oil turns out to be the most competitive oil. It is recommended to regard palm oil and its dependent co-product palm kernel oil as the marginal vegetable oil. The analysis of the product system shows that the demand for 1 kg palm oil requires 4.49 kg FFB (oil palm fruit) and the displacement of 0.035 kg soybeans (marginal source of fodder protein) and 0.066 kg barley (marginal source of fodder energy).

Discussion

The identification of the marginal vegetable oil and the avoidance of co-product allocation by system expansion showed that several commodities may be affected when using the consequential approach. Hence, the product system for vegetable oils is relatively complex compared to traditional LCAs in which average technologies and suppliers are applied and in which co-product allocation is carried out by applying an allocation factor.

Conclusions

This article presents how the marginal vegetable oil can be identified and that co-product allocation between oils and meal can be avoided by system expansion, by considering the energy and protein content in the meal, which displaces a mix of the marginal sources of energy and protein for animal fodder (barley and soy meal, respectively).

Recommendations and Perspectives

The implication of a shift in the marginal vegetable oil is significant. Many LCAs on rapeseed oil have been conducted and are being used as decision support in the bio energy field. Thus, based on consequential LCA methodology, it is argued that these LCAs need to be revised, since they no longer focus on the oil actually affected.