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1.
木质纤维素的微生物降解   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
由于世界人口不断增加,糖食和饲料的需求成为当今社会急待解决的大问题。每年通过光合作用产生的有机生物量干重约1640亿吨,木质素和纤维素的结合物(木质纤维素)占地球陆生生物量的95%,其中1/4是木质素,其余为纤维素和半纤维素。  相似文献   

2.
纤维素生物质水解技术是生物质资源转化的关键技术之一,在传统的酸水解和酶水解技术基础上,近年来出现了一些新型的水解技术,它们一般都具有绿色高效、对环境友好等特点;回顾并综述了纤维素生物质水解技术的最新进展,并对纤维素生物质水解技术的发展研究方向提出了设想.  相似文献   

3.
木质纤维素生物质是地球上最丰富的可再生生物资源.随着化石能源的消耗及环境的污染,以取代石化燃料为目标的由生物质向生物燃料的转化受到了广泛的关注.木质纤维素有很强的天然抗降解屏障,需先通过物理、化学及微生物等手段进行预处理,进而以更低的成本和更高的效率转化为生物燃料及其他高附加值产品.本文在总结酸碱等传统预处理方法优缺点...  相似文献   

4.
木质纤维生物质是地球上最丰富的可再生生物质资源,可为造纸、化工、纺织和生物能源等工业提供重要的原材料。木质纤维生物质主要包括木质素、纤维素和半纤维素三种生物多聚物成分。如何利用分子手段改造这些生物聚合物,提高它们的工业利用率是目前高度关注的问题。综述了近年来木质纤维多聚物在生物合成与改造方面的研究进展,展望了利用分子技术改造植物木质纤维生物质实现其高效利用的前景。  相似文献   

5.
高等植物细胞壁中纤维素的合成   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
植物细胞壁主要由纤维素、半纤维素、木质素和果胶质等构成.近年来,在细胞壁形成,如纤维素合成方面的研究取得了一系列非常令人鼓舞的进展.本文就高等植物细胞壁中纤维素合成机制的研究进展作一介绍.  相似文献   

6.
以玉米秸秆为代表性纤维质原料,尝试建立一种评估预处理效果的新方法——持水率测定法,即:将试样在室温下浸泡1 h,在分离因数1 000下离心5 min后测定持水率。结果表明:在机理上木质纤维的持水率与可消化性具有一致性,在某种程度上具有正相关性;持水率作为一种简单快捷的新型测定方法,能够用来评估木质纤维素类生物质的预处理效果,不同预处理方法通过打破木质纤维的复杂致密结构,破坏氢键和酯键作用增加其孔径和孔穴,同时使其暴露出更多的游离羟基等亲水性基团,最终增加了木质纤维的持水率。  相似文献   

7.
纤维素乙醇是生物质能源的重要发展方向。为了提高纤维素和半纤维素的降解效率,以酸化、碱化、氧化、有机溶剂、离子液处理为代表的木质素去除方法成为近年来的研究热点。常温常压条件下有效去除木质素的化学方法,必将加速纤维素乙醇的产业化进程。  相似文献   

8.
<正>生物炼制是非粮生物质利用大规模产业化成败的关键,也是工业生物技术研究和产业化开发的重点领域,受到了广泛的关注和重视。为此,我们特别邀请了山东大学曲音波教授的科研团队,以连载的形式,对非粮生物质生物炼制过程工程的相关技术和产品开发进行解读,主要从生物质原料的预处理、过程相关的酶水解技术以及发酵菌种改良等方面展开,以期读者对非粮生物质生物炼制技术开发及其产业化发展有一个更深入的了解。  相似文献   

9.
木质纤维素生物质分布广、产量大、可再生,用于制备生物基能源、生物基材料和生物基化学品。木质纤维素生物质组成复杂,包含纤维素、半纤维素和木质素等,木质素与半纤维素通过共价键、氢键交联形成独特的“包裹结构”,纤维素含有复杂的分子内与分子间氢键,上述因素制约着其资源化利用。生物预处理以其独特优越性成为生物质研究的重要方面。系统阐述了生物预处理过程中木质素降解和基团修饰对纤维素酶解的影响,纤维素含量及结晶区变化,半纤维素五碳糖利用,微观物理结构的改变。进一步提出了以生物预处理为核心的组合预处理、基于不同功能的多酶协同催化体系、木质纤维素组分分级利用和新型高效细菌预处理工艺是生物预处理未来发展的重要趋势。  相似文献   

10.
本发明公开了一种以木质纤维素类生物质为原料水解重整制备生物汽油的方法。该方法将木质纤维素类生物质的水解原料液直接进入水相催化重整系统,  相似文献   

11.
    
Although the effects of cellulose crystallinity and lignin content as two major structural features on enzymatic hydrolysis have been extensively studied, debates regarding their effects still exist. In this study, reconstitution of cellulose and lignin after 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate ([C2mim][OAc]) pretreatment was proposed as a new method to study their effects on enzymatic digestibility. Different mechanisms of lignin content for reduction of cellulose hydrolysis were found between the proposed method and the traditional method (mixing of cellulose and lignin). The results indicated that a slight change of the crystallinity of the reconstituted materials may play a minor role in the change of enzyme efficiency. In addition, the present study suggested that the lignin content does not significantly affect the digestibility of cellulose, whereas the conversion of cellulose fibers from the cellulose I to the cellulose II crystal phase plays an important role when an ionic liquid pretreatment of biomass was conducted. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 729–736. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.  相似文献   

12.
    
Pretreatment of rice straw by using renewable cholinium amino acids ionic liquids ([Ch][AA] ILs)‐water mixtures and the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of the residues were conducted in the present work. Of the eight mixtures composed of ILs and water, most were found to be effective for rice straw pretreatment. After pretreatment with 50% ILs‐water mixtures, the enzymatic digestion of the lignocellulosic biomass was enhanced significantly, thus leading to satisfactory sugar yields of >80% for glucose and approximately 50% for xylose. To better understand the ILs pretreatment mechanism, confocal laser scanning microscopy combined with immunolabeling and transmission electron microscopy were used to visualize changes in the contents and distribution of two major components—lignin and xylan. The results coupled with changes in chemical structures (infrared spectra) of the substrates indicated occurrence of extensive delignification, especially in cell corner and compound middle lumen of cell walls, which made polysaccharides more accessible to enzymes. This pretreatment process is promising for large‐scale application because of the high sugar yields, easy handling, being environmentally benign and highly tolerant to moisture, and significantly reduced cost and energy consumption. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 1895–1902. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.  相似文献   

13.
    
Ionic liquids (ILs) have been increasingly recognized as novel solvents for dissolution and pretreatment of cellulose. However, cellulases are inactivated in the presence of ILs, even when present at low concentrations. To more fully exploit the benefits of ILs it is critical to develop a compatible IL‐cellulases system in which the IL is able to effectively solubilize and activate the lignocellulosic biomass, and the cellulases possess high stability and activity. In this study, we investigated the stability and activity of a commercially available cellulases mixture in the presence of different concentrations of 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate ([Emim][OAc]). A mixture of cellulases and β‐glucosidase (Celluclast1.5L, from Trichoderma reesei, and Novozyme188, from Aspergillus niger, respectively) retained 77% and 65% of its original activity after being pre‐incubated in 15% and 20% (w/v) IL solutions, respectively, at 50°C for 3 h. The cellulases mixture also retained high activity in 15% [Emim][OAc] to hydrolyze Avicel, a model substrate for cellulose analysis, with conversion efficiency of approximately 91%. Notably, the presence of different amounts of yellow poplar lignin did not interfere significantly with the enzymatic hydrolysis of Avicel. Using this IL‐cellulase system (15% [Emim][OAc]), the saccharification of yellow poplar biomass was also significantly improved (33%) compared to the untreated control (3%) during the first hour of enzymatic hydrolysis. Together, these findings provide compelling evidence that [Emim][OAc] was compatible with the cellulase mixture, and this compatible IL‐cellulases system is promising for efficient activation and hydrolysis of native biomass to produce biofuels and co‐products from the individual biomass components. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1042–1048. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.  相似文献   

14.
王伟  崔宝凯  李牧洁 《菌物学报》2012,31(5):745-753
通过化学分析和酶水解试验,研究了不同的白腐菌对毛白杨的预处理效果及不同组分的降解对酶水解的影响。毛白杨木片经6种白腐菌预处理30d后,各组分都发生了降解,其中半纤维素的损失最为显著,Trametes ochracea C6888引起半纤维素降解率高达47.19%,其次是纤维素和酸不溶木素的降解。在后续酶水解过程中,6种白腐菌处理后的样品显示出不同的水解模式,菌株Trametes ochracea C6888、T. pubescens C7571和T. versicolor C6915预处理效果最为显著,还原糖得率在整个酶水解过程中一直高于对照,其中T. ochracea C6888在水解96h后还原糖得率达到15.93%,比未处理样品提高了25%。分析酸不溶木素降解率及半纤维素降解率与还原糖得率的关系发现,不同菌株在作用同一种基质时,预处理效果差异显著,木质素和半纤维素的脱除都会影响木质纤维素的酶水解。  相似文献   

15.
16.
After illumination with white, linearly polarized light (WLPL), cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase produced mixture of α‐, β‐, and γ‐cyclodextrins (CD) with higher overall yield than did that enzyme when nonilluminated. The illumination also influenced the ratio of those CD and that effect depended on concentration of enzyme and illumination time. At a high enzyme concentration (0.64 U/cm3), regardless the illumination time, formation of β‐CD predominated. The highest yield of β‐CD was afforded after 1 h illumination and 2 h illumination led to a significant increase in the yield of γ‐CD. Three‐month storage of enzyme illuminated with WLPL did not reduce its enhanced activity. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009  相似文献   

17.
    
Abstract

The main challenge in second generation bioethanol production is the efficient breakdown of cellulose to sugar monomers (hydrolysis). Due to the recalcitrant character of cellulose, feedstock pretreatment and adapted hydrolysis steps are needed to obtain fermentable sugar monomers. The conventional industrial production process of second-generation bioethanol from biomass comprises several steps: thermochemical pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and sugar fermentation. This process is undergoing continuous optimization in order to increase the bioethanol yield and reduce the economic cost. Therefore, the discovery of new enzymes with high lignocellulytic activity or new strategies is extremely important. In nature, wood-feeding termites have developed a sophisticated and efficient cellulose degrading system in terms of the rate and extent of cellulose hydrolysis and exploitation. This system, which represents a model for digestive symbiosis has attracted the attention of biofuel researchers. This review describes the termite digestive system, gut symbionts, termite enzyme resources, in vitro studies of isolated enzymes and lignin degradation in termites.  相似文献   

18.
Cultured crown gall cells of Catharanthus roseus Don (Vinca rosea L.) was found to contain brassinosteroids. These were identified as brassinolide and castasterone by GC/MS. This is the first conclusive identification of endogenous brassinosteroids in cultured cells.  相似文献   

19.
Short‐term lime pretreatment uses lime and high‐pressure oxygen to significantly increase the digestibility of poplar wood. When the treated poplar wood was enzymatically hydrolyzed, glucan and xylan were converted to glucose and xylose, respectively. To calculate product yields from raw biomass, these sugars were expressed as equivalent glucan and xylan. To recommend pretreatment conditions, the single criterion was the maximum overall glucan and xylan yields using a cellulase loading of 15 FPU/g glucan in raw biomass. On this basis, the recommended conditions for short‐term lime pretreatment of poplar wood follow: (1) 2 h, 140°C, 21.7 bar absolute and (2) 2 h, 160°C, and 14.8 bar absolute. In these two cases, the reactivity was nearly identical, thus the selected condition depends on the economic trade off between pressure and temperature. Considering glucose and xylose and their oligomers produced during 72 h of enzymatic hydrolysis, the overall yields attained under these recommended conditions follow: (1) 95.5 g glucan/100 g of glucan in raw biomass and 73.1 g xylan/100 g xylan in raw biomass and (2) 94.2 g glucan/100 g glucan in raw biomass and 73.2 g xylan/100 g xylan in raw biomass. The yields improved by increasing the enzyme loading. An optimal enzyme cocktail was identified as 67% cellulase, 12% β‐glucosidase, and 24% xylanase (mass of protein basis) with cellulase activity of 15 FPU/g glucan in raw biomass and total enzyme loading of 51 mg protein/g glucan in raw biomass. Ball milling the lime‐treated poplar wood allowed for 100% conversion of glucan in 120 h with a cellulase loading of only 10 FPU/g glucan in raw biomass. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009  相似文献   

20.
    
Pretreatment of high‐crystalline cellulose with N‐methyl‐morpholine‐N‐oxide (NMO or NMMO) to improve bioethanol and biogas production was investigated. The pretreatments were performed at 90 and 120°C for 0.5–15 h in three different modes, including dissolution (85% NMO), ballooning (79% NMO), and swelling (73% NMO). The pretreated materials were then enzymatically hydrolyzed and fermented to ethanol or anaerobically digested to biogas (methane). The pretreatment at 85% NMO, 120°C and 2.5 h resulted in 100% yield in the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis and around 150% improvement in the yield of ethanol compared to the untreated and water‐treated material. However, the best results of biogas production were obtained when the cellulose was treated with swelling and ballooning mode, which gave almost complete digestion in 15 days. Thus, the pretreatment resulted in 460 g ethanol or 415 L methane from each kg of cellulose. Analysis of the structure of treated and untreated celluloses showed that the dissolution mode can efficiently convert the crystalline cellulose I to cellulose II. However, it decreases the water swelling capacity of the cellulose. On the other hand, swelling and ballooning modes in NMO treatment were less efficient in both water swelling capacity and cellulose crystallinity. No cellulose loss, ambient pressure, relatively moderate conditions, and high efficiency make the NMO a good alternative for pretreatment of high‐crystalline cellulosic materials. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 105: 469–476. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.  相似文献   

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