运动调控肠道菌群防治神经退行性疾病的研究进展

随着人口老龄化的发展,神经退行性疾病逐渐成为我国公共卫生领域的重大问题。肠道菌群的组成和丰度的改变与神经退行性疾病的发生发展密切相关,而体育锻炼被认为是肠道菌群的重要调节因素,并且不同的体育运动对肠道菌群的多样性和菌群结构均有较好的调控作用,因此运动、肠道微生物群和神经退行性疾病三者之间的动态相互作用也成为研究热点。多项研究结果均证实,运动可通过调控肠道菌群从而调节神经活性代谢物分泌、减少β淀粉样蛋白沉积、降低氧化应激水平和改善血脑屏障功能等,在神经退行性疾病防治方面发挥重要作用。本文以阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病和肌萎缩侧索硬化症三种神经退行性疾病为研究对象,主要阐述运动、肠道菌群和神经退行性疾病相关的研究进展,以期为运动预防神经退行性疾病提供新的思路和理论依据。     

lncRNA NEAT1在中枢神经系统疾病中的研究进展

存在于人类基因组中的长链非编码RNA (lncRNA)因其发挥着重要的调节作用而备受关注.越来越多的研究表明,lncRNAs在神经发育、神经可塑性以及中枢神经系统疾病中发挥着重要作用. lncRNA核富集转录体1 (NEAT1)在阿尔茨海默病(AD)、帕金森病(PD)、亨廷顿病(HD)和肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS)等多种中枢神经系统疾病中表达异常,并参与重要的病理生理过程.本文对lncRNA NEAT1在中枢神经系统疾病中的研究进展进行综述.     

综述与专论: 星形胶质细胞对神经退行性疾病影响的研究进展

神经退行性疾病是常见且难以治愈的疾病,给患者的生活带来了极大的不便。星形胶质细胞在神经退行性疾病中发挥重要作用。在神经退行性疾病患者神经系统中,受损的神经胶质细胞对周围的神经元可以产生毒性作用,造成神经元功能障碍,从而死亡。同时,受疾病影响产生的一些反应性星形胶质细胞可以保护神经元,清除神经元周围的有害物质,暂缓疾病的恶化。本综述将讨论星形胶质细胞在部分常见神经退行性疾病中发挥的作用,包括肌萎缩侧索硬化（amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,ALS）、阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer’s disease,AD）和帕金森病（Parkinson’s disease,PD）。同时总结了星形胶质细胞对这些疾病发挥的共同作用,旨在进一步促进神经退行性疾病的研究进展。     

神经退行性疾病中的TDP-43蛋白聚集和相变

随着全球老龄化人口的急剧增加,神经退行性变已经成为危害公共健康的主要疾病.在神经退行性疾病(肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS)、额颞叶变性病(FTLD)和阿尔茨海默病(AD)等)患者脑组织中均能观察到蛋白质聚集形成的包涵体,其中TAR DNA结合蛋白43 (TDP-43)是主要成分之一.目前已发现多个TDP-43基因突变与家族...     

骨桥蛋白在神经退行性疾病中的作用

骨桥蛋白(OPN)是一种分子量约为60 KDa的糖基化磷蛋白,广泛分布于骨、脑、肾、肺以及肝等多种重要的脏器组织中.该蛋白通过与整合素、CD44V等受体结合,参与应激反应,癌症,骨重建,炎性反应以及感染等多种生理病理性进展.由于早期分泌OPN能够诱发细胞的激活,故OPN也被称为ETA-1(早期T淋巴细胞激活因子-1).目前发现,OPN存在两种形式:一种是分泌型骨桥蛋白(sOPN),另一种是胞内型骨桥蛋白(iOPN).在体内,二者通过不同的作用途径参与免疫调节过程.近年来,随着分子生物学的进展以及对神经退行性疾病研究的不断深入,发现OPN在神经退行性疾病中似乎发挥着双刃剑的作用,即在某些特定情况下,它能够激发神经毒性和神经元的死亡;而在其他情况下,它起到的是神经保护性作用.本文就OPN的结构特点、生物学功能以及在神经退行性病变中的作用进行简要归纳.     

小胶质细胞介导的吞噬作用在神经退行性疾病中的研究进展

随着人口老龄化进程加剧,阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病等神经退行性疾病迄今为止已经成为一种全球性的健康危机之一。目前的研究进展表明,小胶质细胞与神经元的相互作用对中枢神经系统的稳态维持至关重要。神经退行性疾病研究,包括大规模全基因组关联分析或者脑影像学研究都提示,小胶质细胞在疾病早期大量激活。小胶质细胞是脑内一类吞噬细胞,新的细胞吞噬途径——细胞啃噬(trogocytosis)的发现为揭示小胶质细胞与存活神经元之间存在的密切关系提供了新的视角。本文将重点对神经退行性疾病发病过程中小胶质细胞介导的吞噬及啃噬作用以及分子机制的研究进展作一简要评述。     

综述与专论：神经退行性疾病中的TDP-43蛋白聚集和相变

随着全球老龄化人口的急剧增加,神经退行性变已经成为危害公共健康的主要疾病。在神经退行性疾病(肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS)、额颞叶变性病(FTLD)和阿尔茨海默病(AD)等)患者脑组织中均能观察到蛋白质聚集形成的包涵体,其中TAR DNA结合蛋白43 (TDP-43)是主要成分之一。目前已发现多个TDP-43基因突变与家族性ALS密切相关。TDP-43属RNA/DNA结合蛋白,参与细胞内多种RNA代谢过程,它可以在细胞核和细胞质之间穿梭,通过相变诱导胞质和核质包涵体的形成。本文简要总结了TDP-43在体内和体外聚集以及发生相变的研究进展。理解TDP-43的异常相变将有助于寻找神经退行性疾病的潜在治疗靶点。     

斑马鱼模型在神经退行性疾病研究中的应用进展

随着老龄化社会的进程加快,神经退行性疾病发病率呈现逐年上升趋势。斑马鱼因拥有其他模式动物所不具备的优点,作为模式动物被广泛应用于医学和生命科学的各个研究领域。本文就近年来斑马鱼在常见的神经退行性疾病,如阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、亨廷顿舞蹈症、肌萎缩侧索硬化、脊髓性肌萎缩、遗传性痉挛性截瘫及其他神经系统相关疾病的研究应用进行综述。     

蛋白质组学在阿尔茨海默病中的应用研究进展

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)是一种多发于老年人群的中枢神经系统退行性疾病,其患病率和发病程度与年龄呈正相关.蛋白质组学是一门以生物体或细胞蛋白质为研究对象的新兴学科,已成为当前生命科学研究的热点与前沿.本文就目前蛋白质组学应用于AD研究的现状作一综述,尤其对蛋白质组学技术在探究AD发病机...     

溶酶体离子通道蛋白在神经退行性疾病发生发展中的作用及机制研究

溶酶体离子通道蛋白异常引起溶酶体功能障碍是导致阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)和帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)等神经退行性疾病的重要因素.溶酶体离子通道蛋白调节溶酶体内离子稳态、溶酶体膜电压以及溶酶体的酸度.溶酶体离子通道蛋白的结构或功能缺陷会引起溶酶体降解功能障碍,导致神经退行性疾病的发生发展.在这篇综述中,我们总结了各种离子通道蛋白调节溶酶体功能的过程及机制,以及离子通道蛋白异常参与神经退行性疾病的过程和机制.调节离子通道蛋白改善溶酶体的功能、促进异常聚集蛋白的清除,是神经退行性疾病治疗的潜在途径.     

The role of mitochondria in inherited neurodegenerative diseases

In the past decade, the genetic causes underlying familial forms of many neurodegenerative disorders, such as Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Friedreich ataxia, hereditary spastic paraplegia, dominant optic atrophy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2A, neuropathy ataxia and retinitis pigmentosa, and Leber's hereditary optic atrophy have been elucidated. However, the common pathogenic mechanisms of neuronal death are still largely unknown. Recently, mitochondrial dysfunction has emerged as a potential 'lowest common denominator' linking these disorders. In this review, we discuss the body of evidence supporting the role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of hereditary neurodegenerative diseases. We summarize the principal features of genetic diseases caused by abnormalities of mitochondrial proteins encoded by the mitochondrial or the nuclear genomes. We then address genetic diseases where mutant proteins are localized in multiple cell compartments, including mitochondria and where mitochondrial defects are likely to be directly caused by the mutant proteins. Finally, we describe examples of neurodegenerative disorders where mitochondrial dysfunction may be 'secondary' and probably concomitant with degenerative events in other cell organelles, but may still play an important role in the neuronal decay. Understanding the contribution of mitochondrial dysfunction to neurodegeneration and its pathophysiological basis will significantly impact our ability to develop more effective therapies for neurodegenerative diseases.     

The blood–brain barrier in neurodegenerative disease: a rhetorical perspective

Recent studies suggest that the function of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is not static under normal physiologic conditions and is likely altered in neurodegenerative disease. Prevailing thinking about CNS function, and neurodegenerative disease in particular, is neurocentric excluding the impact of factors outside the CNS. This review challenges this perspective and discusses recent reports suggesting the involvement of peripheral factors including toxins and elements of adaptive immunity that may not only play a role in pathogenesis, but also progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Central to this view is neuroinflammation. Several studies indicate that the neuroinflammatory changes that accompany neurodegeneration affect the BBB or its function by altering transport systems, enhancing immune cell entry, or influencing the BBB's role as a signaling interface. Such changes impair the BBB's normal homeostatic function and affect neural activity. Moreover, recent studies reveal that alterations in BBB and its transporters affect the entry of drugs used to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Incorporating BBB compromise and dysfunction into our view of neurodegenerative disease leads to the inclusion of peripheral mediators in its pathogenesis and progression. In addition, this changing view of the BBB raises interesting new therapeutic possibilities for drug delivery as well as treatment strategies designed to reinstate normal barrier function.     

Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neurodegeneration

Numerous toxins are known to interfere with mitochondrial respiratory chain function. Use has been made of these in the development of pesticides and herbicides, and accidental use in man has led to the development of animal models for human disease. The propensity for mitochondrial toxins to induce neuronal cell death may well reflect not only their metabolic pathways but also the sensitivity of neurons to inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation. Thus, the accidental exposure of humans to l-methyl-4-phenyl-l,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and to 3-nitropropionic acid has led to primate models of Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease, respectively. These models were made all the more remarkable when identical biochemical deficiencies were identified in relevant areas of humans suffering from the respective idiopathic diseases. The place of complex I deficiency in Parkinson's disease remains undetermined, but there is recent evidence to suggest that, in some cases at least, it may play a primary role. The complex II/III deficiency in Huntington's disease is likely to be secondary and induced by other pathogenetic factors. The potential to intervene in the cascade of reactions involving mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death offers prospects for the development of new treatment strategies either for neuroprotection in prophylaxis or rescue.     

Presenilin-1 and intracellular calcium stores regulate neuronal glutamate uptake

Glutamate uptake by high affinity glutamate transporters is essential for preventing excitotoxicity and maintaining normal synaptic function. We have discovered a novel role for presenilin-1 (PS1) as a regulator of glutamate transport. PS1-deficient neurons showed a decrease in glutamate uptake of approximately 50% compared to wild-type neurons. Gamma-secretase inhibitor treatment mimicked the effects of PS1 deficiency on glutamate uptake. PS1 loss-of-function, accomplished by PS1 deficiency or gamma-secretase inhibitor treatment, caused a corresponding decrease in cell surface expression of the neuronal glutamate transporter, EAAC1. PS1 deficiency is known to reduce intracellular calcium stores. To explore the possibility that PS1 influences glutamate uptake via regulation of intracellular calcium stores, we examined the effects of treating neurons with caffeine, thapsigargin, and SKF-96365. These compounds depleted intracellular calcium stores by distinct means. Nonetheless, each treatment mimicked PS1 loss-of-function by impairing glutamate uptake and reducing EAAC1 expression at the cell surface. Blockade of voltage-gated calcium channels, activation and inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC), and protein kinase A (PKA) all had no effect on glutamate uptake in neurons. Taken together, these findings indicate that PS1 and intracellular calcium stores may play a significant role in regulating glutamate uptake and therefore may be important in limiting glutamate toxicity in the brain.     

Changes in adult neurogenesis in neurodegenerative diseases: cause or consequence?

This review addresses the role of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and stem cells in some of the most common neurodegenerative disorders and their related animal models. We discuss recent literature in relation to Alzheimer's disease and dementia, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, alcoholism, ischemia, epilepsy and major depression.     

Proteomic profiling of cerebrospinal fluid identifies biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by degeneration of motor neurons. We tested the hypothesis that proteomic analysis will identify protein biomarkers that provide insight into disease pathogenesis and are diagnostically useful. To identify ALS specific biomarkers, we compared the proteomic profile of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from ALS and control subjects using surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS). We identified 30 mass ion peaks with statistically significant (p < 0.01) differences between control and ALS subjects. Initial analysis with a rule-learning algorithm yielded biomarker panels with diagnostic predictive value as subsequently assessed using an independent set of coded test subjects. Three biomarkers were identified that are either decreased (transthyretin, cystatin C) or increased (carboxy-terminal fragment of neuroendocrine protein 7B2) in ALS CSF. We validated the SELDI-TOF-MS results for transthyretin and cystatin C by immunoblot and immunohistochemistry using commercially available antibodies. These findings identify a panel of CSF protein biomarkers for ALS.     

蛋白质组学的进展

蛋白质组学是在细胞的整体蛋白质水平上进行研究、从蛋白质整体活动的角度来认识生命活动规律的一门新学科.简要介绍蛋白质组学的科学背景及其最新发展.     

Is the modulation of retinoid and retinoid‐associated signaling a future therapeutic strategy in neurological trauma and neurodegeneration?

The complex molecular pathways that mediate the effects of vitamin A and its derivatives, are increasingly recognized as a component of the repair capacity that could be activated to induce protection and regeneration in the mature nervous tissue. Retinoid and retinoid-associated signaling plays an essential role in normal neurodevelopment and appears to remain active in the adult CNS. In this paper, we review evidence which supports the hypothesis of an activation of retinoid-associated signaling molecular pathways in the mature nervous tissue and its significance in the context of neurodegenerative, trauma-induced and psychiatric disorders, at spinal and supra-spinal levels. Finally, we summarize the potential therapeutic avenues based on the modulation of retinoid targets undergoing reactivation under conditions of acute injury and chronic degeneration in the central nervous system, and discuss some of the unresolved issues linked to this treatment strategy.