Anomalous behavior of the major avian myeloblastosis virus glycoprotein in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate.

The sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) complex of the major glycoprotein of avian myeloblastosis virus exhibited an anomalously low free electrophoretic mobility compared with those of non-glycosylated protein standards. The apparent molecular weight of the glycoprotein calculated from the relation between log molecular weight and electrophoretic mobility depended on the acrylamide concentration and reached a lower limit of 80,000. The molecular weight was also estimated from the retardation coefficients of protein standards and the viral glycoprotein. This method yielded a molecular weight of 64,000 for the avian myeloblastosis virus glycoprotein. When gel chromatography in SDS was used to determine the apparent molecular weight of the glycoprotein from its hydrodynamic properties alone, the estimated value was 50,000. The generally assigned value of 80,000 daltons for the avian myeloblastosis virus major glycoprotein, as determined by SDS electrophoresis, may be an overestimate due to its relatively low free electrophoretic mobility and peculiar conformation in SDS.     

A non-denaturing gel electrophoresis system for the purification of membrane bound proteins

A new method is described for the purification of a membrane bound glycoprotein, the kappa opioid receptor from human placental tissue. The method uses preparative slab-gel electrophoresis in the presence of the non-denaturing detergent CHAPS. A linear relationship between log molecular weight and SDS PAGE electrophoretic mobility of known molecular weight markers, in the presence of CHAPS, is observed. Using this method, we were able partially to purify an 3H-etorphine binding glycoprotein, from placental villus tissue, with an apparent molecular weight range of 60-70,000. The iodinated glycoprotein migrates in SDS PAGE with an apparent molecular weight of 63,000. This method may be useful for the isolation of membrane bound proteins, especially when an affinity ligand is not available.     

苦瓜籽核糖体失活蛋白的理化性质及生物活性

采用硫酸铵分级分离,假配基亲和层析和ＳｅｐｈａｃｒｙｌＳ－１００分子筛层析等方法,从苦瓜籽中获得核糖体失活蛋白（ＲＩＰ）．经ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ、ＰＡＧＥ、ＩＥＦ和ＰＡＳ方法分析均表明为单一蛋白着色带或单一糖蛋白着色带．根据ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ和Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ Ｇ－１５０分子筛层析结果计算其相对分子质量为３．０×１０４,经ＩＥＦ－ＰＡＧＥ结果计算其ｐＩ为８．９～９．０．对无细胞系统中蛋白质生物合成抑制活性明显,其ＩＣ５０为５．３×１０－ １０ ｍ ｏｌ／Ｌ左右．体外生物活性试验结果表明其对人肝癌细胞、Ｖｅｒｏ、ＳＰ２／０、３Ｔ３、Ｋｂ、Ｎａｖａｎａ 等肿瘤细胞株均表现有不同程度的抑制作用．而对完整细胞人胚肺二倍体细胞却毒性极小．因此,上述实验结果为该ＲＩＰ的进一步深入研究和有可能开发成免疫毒素的高效弹头药物提供了一定的工作基础．     

Structural glycoprotein from the media of pig aorta. Aggregation of the S-carboxamidomethyl subunits.

Media of pig aorta was extracted with 1 M NaCl and 2 M MgCl2 to remove most of the soluble collagen, proteoglycans and glycoproteins. The glycoproteins remaining in the residue were extracted with 6 M urea-0.1 M mercaptoethanol. The urea soluble proteins were precipitated by dialysis, redissolved in 4 M guanidine-0.05 M DTT and were S-carboxamidomethylated (CM-guanidine extract). This extract was further fractionated by a variety of methods in order to separate a glycoprotein from collagen and proteoglycans. Caesium chloride density-gradient ultracentrifugation of the CM-guanidine extract separated a minor proteoglycan peak from a major glycoprotein fraction still containing some hydroxyproline. This major glycoprotein fraction was excluded as a single peak from Sephadex G 100 and G 200 in 4 M guanidinium chloride or in 6 M urea-0.2 per cent SDS. Sodium dodecylsulphate gel electrophoresis separated this high molecular weight Sephadex fraction into a major low molecular weight (approximately 35000 daltons) component and a minor high molecular weight component. This glycoprotein fraction could also be separated from a collagenous fraction and from proteoglycans by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE cellulose or by gelfiltration on Sepharose 4 B in 6 M urea-0.02 M EDTA-0.2 per cent SDS at pH 7.0. The isolated glycoprotein fraction is rich in dicarboxylic amino acids, contains galactose, mannose, (glucose), N-acetylglucosamine and sialic acid. The S-carboxamidomethyl glycoprotein preparation interacts with acid soluble calf skin collagen on isoelectric focusing in sucrose gradient in urea. This interaction is in favour of the biological role claimed for structural glycoproteins during fibrogenesis and differentiation.     

Studies on Stigma Pellicle Glycoproteins of Raphanus sativus L.

Stigma surface diffusates of Raphanus sativus were subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. There appeared protein bands, one of which gave positive PAS reaction, indicating it was glycoprotein. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the stigma diffusates contained many protein bands. By comparing their mobilities with those of standard proteins of known molecular weights, the molecular weights of some of the major fractions were estimated to be 15000, 30000—46000 and 70000 daltons. After Schiff reagent staining two main glycoprotein fractions appeared on the SDS gel electrophoretic pattern. Their molecular weights were estimated to be lower than 15000 and higher than 100000 daltons. By using acrylamide gel isoelectric focusing method, it was found that the stigma surface diffusates contained an acidic glycoprotein with pH of about 3.7. The amino acid composition of the purified stigma glycoprotein was determined with amino acid analyzer. Glycine, glutamic acid, serine, aspartic acid were some of the predominant amino acids. The diffusates were analysed by gasliquid chromatography for sugars. Results showed that the carbohydrate fraction of the glycoprotein consisted of arabinose 17.3%; galactose 19.1%, xylose 8.1%, mannose 5.4%, glucose 23.7%, rhamnose and/or fucose 26.4%. In the stigma surface diffusates of Raphanus sativus, the content of protein was estimated to be 16% and that carbohydrate was 11%.     

Developmental change in a myelin-associated glycoprotein: a comparative study in rodents

In developing rats, a fucose-labeled glycoprotein (mGP) which is closely associated with myelin has a higher apparent molecular weight in immature myelin in comparison with mature myelin. In order to see whether this developmental difference occurred in other species, we investigated different rodents of the suborder Myomorpha. Glycoproteins were labeled in vivo by injection of [³H]fucose of [¹⁴C]fucose, and purified myelin fractions were prepared. Proteins were extracted with SDS and separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Using double-labeling techniques, the ³H- and ¹⁴C-labeled mGP were compared in different samples. We found the shift in the apparent molecular weight of mGP during development in rats, gerbils, and hamsters, but we were unable to demonstrate it in mice and prairie deer mice. In these latter species, the mGP of smaller apparent molecular weight was already present at the earliest ages at which it was possible to isolate myelin. Although some rodents do not exhibit the developmental change, all showed a common feature: the presence of the same small molecular weight mGP in mature myelin. It may be that the glycoprotein of smaller size is a prerequisite for the normal compaction and maturation of myelin.     

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein is modified by O-linked oligosaccharides.

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein has been shown to be extensively modified by N-linked glycosylation; however, the presence of O-linked carbohydrates on the glycoprotein has not been firmly established. We have found that enzymatic deglycosylation of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein with neuraminidase and O-glycosidase results in a decrease in the apparent molecular weight of the envelope glycoprotein. This result was observed in both vaccinia virus recombinant-derived envelope glycoproteins and glycoproteins derived from the IIIB, SG3, and HXB2, strains of HIV-1. The decrease in molecular weight was also observed when the envelope glycoprotein had been deglycosylated with N-glycanase F after treatment with neuraminidase and O-glycosidase, indicating that the decrease in apparent molecular weight was not attributable to the removal of N-linked carbohydrate. Treatment with neuraminidase, O-glycosidase, and N-glycanase F was found to be necessary to remove all radiolabel from [3H]glucosamine-labelled envelope glycoprotein, a result seen for both recombinant and HIV-1-derived envelope glycoprotein. [3H]glucosamine-labelled carbohydrates liberated by O-glycosidase treatment were separated by paper chromatography and were found to be of a size consistent with O-linked oligosaccharides. We, therefore, conclude that the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein is modified by the addition of O-linked carbohydrates.     

Protein Components of the Purified Sodium Channel from Rat Skeletal Muscle Sarcolemma

Abstract: Sensitive detection systems have been used to study the protein components of the sodium channel purified from rat skeletal muscle sarcolemma. This functional, purified sodium channel contains at least three subunits on 7–20% gradient sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: a large glycoprotein which migrates anomalously in the high-molecular-weight range, a 45,000 molecular weight polypeptide, and a third protein often seen as a doublet at 38,000. The large glycoprotein runs as a diffuse band and stains very poorly with Coomassie blue, but is adequately visualized with silver staining or iodination followed by autoradiography. This glycoprotein exhibits anomalous electrophoretic behavior in SDS-polyacrylamide gels. The apparent molecular weight of the center of the band varies from ～230,000 on 13% acrylamide gels to ～130,000 on 5% gels; on 7–20% gradient gels a value of 160,000 is found. Plots of relative migration versus gel concentration suggest an unusually high apparent free solution mobility. Lectin binding to purified channel peptides separated by gel electrophoresis indicates that the large glycoprotein is the only subunit that binds either concanavalin A or wheat germ agglutinin, and this component has high binding capacity for both lectins. The smaller channel components run consistently at 45,000 and 38,000 molecular weight in a variety of gel systems and do not appear to be glycosylated.     

Isolation of a granulocyte colony inhibitory factor derived from human polymorphonuclear neutrophils

An inhibitory factor obtained from mature human granulocytes which suppresses granulocyte and monocyte-macrophage colony formation by an action on the endogenous colony stimulating factor-producing cells has been partially purified and characterized. The methods for purification consisted of a combination of ultracentrifugation, DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. The material had a molecular weight range of 102--128 000 and an isoelectric point between pH 6.2 and 6.4. The inhibitory factor was found to be heat stable and glycoprotein in nature.     

Further studies of the structure of human placental acid alpha-glucosidase

Acid alpha-glucosidase has been purified from human placenta to a specific activity of approximately 6800, (4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-D-glucoside as a substrate) or 55,400 mumol g-1 min-1 (glycogen or maltose as substrate). The purified enzyme gives rise to multiple protein bands on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), i.e., a major doublet of 82K and 69K , a minor doublet of 25K and 21K , and a faint band of 100K. All of the molecular weight species stained as glycoproteins with an intensity apparently proportional to their protein content, and were present in enzyme from individuals homozygous for the allozyme alpha-Glu 1. Isoelectric focusing revealed only enzymatically active proteins which, when analysed by SDS-PAGE, gave rise to multiple molecular weight species. Chromatography of I125-labeled, purified enzyme on Bio-Gel P-100 revealed only a radiolabeled, high-molecular-weight species which corresponded with enzyme activity. These findings suggest that, in the native state, the mature enzyme exists as a high-molecular-weight species, which is dissociable in SDS to several low-molecular-weight species. These results are consistent with reports that a 100K primary product of translation is post-translationally modified to yield polypeptides of lower molecular weights, and that all of the molecular species are absent in cells genetically deficient for acid alpha-glucosidase. The possibility that the low-molecular-weight (20- 25K ) protein bands in SDS-gels corresponded to a previously reported low-molecular-weight species generated by treatment with guanidine-HCl was investigated. The I125-labeled, purified acid maltase was dissociated by guanidine into two equal peaks of approximately 64K and 28K molecular weight. Surprisingly, both peaks, when analyzed on SDS-gels, yielded identical and equally intensely staining bands of 64K molecular weight. These results suggest that the mature acid alpha-glucosidase is made up of polypeptides which are bonded in the native state by at least two different types of interaction, one type which is dissociable in SDS and one type which is dissociable in guanidine but not in SDS. The nature and possible function of the 25K polypeptide generated only by guanidine-HCl remains to be determined.     

Comparative studies on the glycoprotein composition of mammalian platelets.

1. The membrane glycoprotein composition of the blood platelets of 13 mammalian species has been compared by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 2. A basic pattern of 2-3 predominant high molecular weight glycoprotein bands was observed, however species differences in their relative rates of migration and abundance were apparent. 3. Wide species differences in the number and rate of migration of the acidic glycopeptides released by trypsin digestion of washed platelet suspensions were observed following polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the absence of SDS.     

Purification of P0 Myelin Glycoprotein by a Cu2+-Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography

P0 is an abundant myelin glycoprotein of peripheral nerves of vertebrates. Various point mutations of this protein are responsible for hereditary neuropathies. In this paper we described purification of P0 glycoprotein using SDS and a metal chelate affinity chromatography. Purified myelin fraction from bovine spinal roots in 0.5% SDS, 0.5 M NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4 is filtered and applied directly to the Cu²⁺-immobilized affinity chromatography column, equilibrated with the same buffer. After eluting a void volume (or pass through) fraction, P0 protein was eluted by the same buffer but without salt. To remove contamination from the eluent, further purification is continued on a Concanavalin-A coupled agarose column. We purify within two days, 30 mg of P0 protein of apparent molecular weight 27 kDa. The method can be used to purify recombinant or mutated P0 protein found in severe pathologies.     

Differences in properties of peanut seed lectin and purified galactose- and mannose-binding lectins from nodules of peanut

Two lectins were purified by affinity chromatography from mature peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) nodules, and compared with the previously characterised seed lectin of this plant. One of the nodule lectins was similar to the seed lectin in its molecular weight and amino-acid composition and ability to bind derivatives of galactose. However, unlike the seed lectin, this nodule lectin appeared to be a glycoprotein and the two lectins were only partially identical in their reaction with antibodies prepared against the seed lectin. The other nodule lectin also appeared to be a glycoprotein but bound mannose/glucose-like sugar derivatives, and differed from the seed lectin in molecular weight, antigenic properties and amino-acid composition.Abbreviations Gal galactose - Gle glucose - GNL galactose-binding nodule lectin - Fru fructose - MNL mannosebinding nodule lectin - M _r rerative molecular mass - PBS phosphate-buffered saline - PSL peanut seed lectin - SDS sodium dodecyl sulphate - Sorb sorbitol     

Purification and characterization of Tora-bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) lectin

A lectin purified from the Tora-bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) by affinity chromatography with Con-A Sepharose was shown to be a glycoprotein containing 7.8% neutral sugars (D-mannose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, L-fucose, and D-xylose, in a molar ratio of 9.6 : 2.0 : 0.6 : 0.7). Its molecular weight was 130,000, as estimated by exclusion gel chromatography, and SDS gel electrophoresis showed that it consists of four subunits of molecular weight 32,000. The lectin reacts with various glycoproteins, i.e., blood group substances, human parotid salivary glycoprotein, fetuin, and bovine submaxillary mucin. Divalent cations, such as Ca2+, Mn2+, and Mg2+, appear to stimulate its reactivity. Inhibition tests using the glycopeptide fragment from fetuin and some oligosaccharides, as well as the binding test with 14C-N-acetyl-lactosamine suggest that the sequence of D-galactose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, and D-mannose residues in the carbohydrate chain of fetuin is essential for binding.     

亲和素结合蛋白性质的研究

前曾发现在日本血吸虫虫卵中,存在一种新的能与亲和素专一性结合的蛋白质,称为亲和素结合蛋白（ＡＢＰ）。在分离纯化ＡＢＰ的基础上,用ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ及ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－１５０分别测定了ＡＢＰ的分子量,并做了糖蛋白染色及等电,大测定。实验结果表明ＡＢＰ是一个分子量为６５ｋＤ的碱性糖蛋白,由数个相同的分子量为１２．７ｋＤ的亚单位组成。ＳＤＳ、β－巯基乙醇处理的ＡＢＰ仍能与亲和素结合,提示ＡＢＰ的亚单位能与亲和素结合。氨基酸修饰剂ＮＡＩ、ＤＴＮＢ、ＮＥＭ及ＮＢＳ对ＡＢＰ与亲和素的结合有不同程度的影响,而ＨＮＢＢ、ＴＮＢＳ及ＩＡＡ对ＡＢＰ与亲和素的结合无影响,提示ＡＢＰ分子中氨基酸残基Ｔｙｒ、Ｃｙｒ是ＡＢＰ与亲和素结合所必需的,可能参与结合位点的形成。另外,测得ＡＢＰ与亲和素结合的结合常数为１．４×１０~（－７）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ。     

A low-angle laser light scattering study of the association behavior of a major membrane protein of Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophore at various concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate where polypeptides derived from water-soluble globular proteins are solubilized monomerically

The major membrane protein of Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophore could be solubilized in the presence of free sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in concentration above 0.8 mM. At this concentration, the protein was highly associated to give a weight-averaged molecular weight as high as one million as determined by the low-angle laser light scattering technique. With the increase of free SDS concentration, the aggregates were progressively dissociated to give a molecular weight of 8300 at the critical micelle concentration of SDS. Three protein polypeptides derived from typical water-soluble globular proteins, bovine serum albumin, ovalbumin and beta-lactoglobulin, were found to be solubilized monomerically even at 0.8 mM free SDS. The results obtained suggest that there is substantial difference in the mode of solubilization between polypeptides derived from intrinsic membrane proteins and those from water-soluble globular proteins.     

Secreted adenylate cyclase of Bordetella pertussis: calmodulin requirements and partial purification of two forms.

The extracellular adenylate cyclase of Bordetella pertussis was partially purified and found to contain high- and low-molecular-weight species. The high-molecular-weight form had a variable molecular weight with a peak at about 700,000. The smaller species had a molecular weight of 60 to 70,000 as determined by gel filtration. The low-molecular-weight form could be derived from the high-molecular-weight species. The high-molecular-weight complex purified from the cellular supernatant was highly stimulated by calmodulin, while the low-molecular-weight enzyme was much less stimulated. Active enzyme could be recovered from sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gels at positions corresponding to molecular weights of about 50,000 and 65,000. Active low-molecular-weight enzyme recovered from SDS gels migrated with a molecular weight of about 50,000, which coincides with a coomassie blue-stained band. However, when both high- and low-molecular weight preparations were analyzed in 8 M urea isoelectrofocusing gels, the enzyme activity recovered did not comigrate with stained protein bands. The enzyme recovered from denaturing isoelectrofocusing or SDS gels was activated by calmodulin, indicating a direct interaction of calmodulin and enzyme. The high-molecular-weight form of the enzyme showed increasing activity with calmodulin concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 500 nM, while the low-molecular-weight form was fully activated by calmodulin at 20 nM. Adenylate cyclase on the surface of living cells was activated by calmodulin in a manner which resembled that found for the high-molecular-weight form.     

Purification and characterization of a glycoprotein elicitor from Alternaria tenuissima

Glycoprotein elicitor can induce plant resistance and become a potential agent for biological control of plant diseases. Here, a new glycoprotein elicitor was purified with the method of cold alcohol precipitation and anion exchange chromatography from the mycelium of Alternaria tenuissima strain JH505, which was identified on the basis of morphological features and sequence analysis of rDNA internal transcribed spacer. The protein showed a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) stained with silver and appeared one main protein peak in HPLC. The apparent molecular weight of the purified protein was 66 kDa and isoelectric point was about 4.27. This protein was identified as glycoprotein by glycoprotein staining Kit. Anthrone-colorimetric assay and Coomassie blue G-250 staining showed that carbohydrate and protein content was in a ratio of 1.75. After deglycosylation by trifluoromethane-sulfonic acid, this glycoprotein showed two bands on the SDS–PAGE, and which means the glycoprotein may have at least two glycosylation sites. The glycoprotein induced tobacco resistance against tobacco mosaic virus and enhanced wheat seedling growth at 15°C. The glycoprotein elicitor provided an effective way of alternative strategies for plant disease control.     

Crosslinking of platelet glycoprotein Ib by N-succinimidyl(4-azidophenyldithio)propionate and 3,3′-dithiobis(sulfosuccinimidyl propionate)

To examine the relationship between glycoprotein Ib and other proteins in the platelet membrane and the interaction of this protein with thrombin, platelets were crosslinked by two cleavable reagents, SADP (N-succinimidyl(4-azidophenyldithio)propionate) and DTSSP (3,3′-dithiobis(sulfosuccinimidyl propionate)). Two-dimensional, unreduced-reduced sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-polyacrylamide electrophoresis and staining by silver or wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated peroxidase, after protein transfer to nitrocellulose, demonstrated that SADP intramolecularly crosslinked glycoprotein Ib and formed intermolecular complexes of glycoprotein IIb and some high molecular weight proteins. DTSSP intermolecularly crosslinked glycoprotein Ib, glycoprotein IIb, and other high molecular weight proteins. With a low concentration of ¹²⁵I-labeled TLCK-thrombin (6 nM), crosslinking with SADP yielded a 200 000 Da complex containing radioactive-labeled thrombin, and high TLCK-thrombin concentration (0.1 μM) gave the complex and a 167 000 band. α- and TLCK-thrombin crosslinking with DTSSP also yielded the 200 000 complex, with the remaining radioactivity in a band corresponding to a highly crosslinked complex. The 200 000 complex formed by reaction with SADP or DTSSP was markedly reduced by preincubation of platelets with excess unlabeled TLCK-thrombin and had a pI similar to glycoprotein Il. These results suggest that glycoprotein Il is one of the proteins composing the high affinity receptor for thrombin.     

SDS gel electrophoresis of proteins and glycoproteins from peritrophic membranes of some Diptera

Peritrophic membranes (PM) of larval and adult Calliphora erythrocephala and Sarcophaga barbata contain proteins and glycoproteins which were extracted by 2.5% SDS and 8 M urea from the matrix. The acid mucopolysaccharide moiety of PM which was demonstrated by the carbazole method remained in the insoluble resudues. After SDS electrophoresis the gels were counterstained with PAS and Coomassie blue; the carbohydrate and protein content of the bands were recorded by dual scanning. Besides molecular weight (MW) determination from the migration rate, the MW of some glycoprotein bands of PM were evaluated also from their retardation coefficients. The methods revealed different results indicating anomalous SDS binding and mobility of these glycoproteins in SDS electrophoresis.The glycoprotein patterns of larvae and of adults of Calliphora as well as of Sarcophaga differed markedly. PM of adults of both species contained only one carbohydrate fraction which migrated in the gel according to an apparent MW of about 200.000 daltons. PM of the larvae, however, showed a variety of bands in the range between 30.000 and 80.000 daltons which had binding capacities for the protein as well as for the carbohydrate stain. On the other hand, the patterns of pure protein bands were similar in the larval and in the adult stage. Obviously, the glycoprotein pattern of PM is altered during development according to special requirements. Also the similarities between both species in the larval and in the adult stage point to a special physiological function of the glycoprotein moiety.