河北小五台山国家级自然保护区森林群落与环境的关系

植物与环境之间的关系是一个复杂的演变过程,运用数量生态学方法探讨森林群落的物种组成、种群的生态特征、不同植物群落与环境之间的关系,有助于保护该区森林群落的稳定性和生物多样性。根据148个森林群落样方数据,选用双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)和典范对应分析(CCA)方法,对河北小五台山国家级自然保护区森林群落进行分类和排序研究。结果表明:(1)TWINSPAN将该区的森林群落分为20个类型;(2)CCA排序结果较好地反映出群落分布格局与环境梯度的关系,各个森林群落类型在前两轴分异明显,在11个环境因子中,海拔、坡位、凋落层厚度、土壤导电率、土壤温度、土壤湿度、土壤厚度和干扰程度这8个环境因子对森林群落的分布起较大的作用,影响森林群落的分布格局,形成不同的植被类型。(3)乔木层优势种的CCA二维排序图所揭示的环境梯度与群落类型的分布有很大的相似性;t值双序图阐明了海拔、凋落层厚度、土壤温度、干扰程度等环境因子对森林群落乔木层优势种有着重要影响。采用TWINSPAN分类与CCA排序的方法,较好地解释了森林群落与环境因子的关系,为小五台山地区森林生态系统的科学管理和保护提供了理论依据,研究结果也为同类地区森林生态系统研究及保护提供参考和借鉴。     

土壤因子对次生森林群落演替的影响

采用聚类分析、主分量分析和回归分析对紫金山次生森林群落的系列群落,演替途径和学业速率进行了研究,紫金山次生森林群落目前的演替趋势为马尾松群落－马尾松、落叶阔叶树嫩落－落叶阔叶树、马尾权群落－落叶阔叶树群落,但在不同的土壤条件下,阔叶树的侵入、生长状况不同,群落具体的发展途径和速度有差异。制约森林演蝗主要土壤因子为土壤 不分和土壤厚度,它们通过对马尾松、枫香、黄檀、栓皮栎等主要树种显著度,对树种竞争     

片段化森林群落构建的生态过程及其检验方法

鉴于全球森林均呈现片段化(破碎化)的分布状态,理解片段化森林群落构建的过程很有必要。该文通过综述群落构建的主要生态过程如生态漂变、扩散、选择和物种形成等在片段化森林群落构建中的相对作用,发现因片段化森林形成方式的不同,重构群落(片段化生境中通过次生演替重新形成的森林群落)和解构群落(原有森林被片段化后形成的森林群落)在不同演替阶段所受到的主要生态过程的相对作用有所不同。虽然利用基于群落内物种分布格局推测构建过程(如物种多度分布、零模型结合β多样性的方法、功能特征的收敛和发散等)、人工控制实验、群落结构动态分析等方法对片段化森林中群落构建的过程进行了有效的检验,但是针对片段化森林群落构建过程的实验性研究仍然不足。未来有待在理论模型、群落构建过程的检验以及理论与物种保护相结合等方面继续开展深入的研究。     

片段化森林群落构建的生态过程及其检验方法

鉴于全球森林均呈现片段化(破碎化)的分布状态, 理解片段化森林群落构建的过程很有必要。该文通过综述群落构建的主要生态过程如生态漂变、扩散、选择和物种形成等在片段化森林群落构建中的相对作用, 发现因片段化森林形成方式的不同, 重构群落(片段化生境中通过次生演替重新形成的森林群落)和解构群落(原有森林被片段化后形成的森林群落)在不同演替阶段所受到的主要生态过程的相对作用有所不同。虽然利用基于群落内物种分布格局推测构建过程(如物种多度分布、零模型结合β多样性的方法、功能特征的收敛和发散等)、人工控制实验、群落结构动态分析等方法对片段化森林中群落构建的过程进行了有效的检验, 但是针对片段化森林群落构建过程的实验性研究仍然不足。未来有待在理论模型、群落构建过程的检验以及理论与物种保护相结合等方面继续开展深入的研究。     

闽北森林群落物种多样性的可塑性面积单元问题

分析闽北森林群落物种多样性的可塑性面积单元问题（ＭＡＵＰ）,结果表明,闽北森林群落物种多样性存在尺度效应和划区效应,其影响随着取样面积增大而减小,长期封禁保护的森林群落和森林群落和近期受人为干扰的退化森林群落物种多样性受ＭＡＵＰ影响趋势相同,文中应用ａｃｋｋｎｉｆｉｎｇ方法估计群落物种多样性的近似正态分布置信区间和划区效应。     

林窗干扰与森林群落演替

林窗干扰是影响森林群落演替的一个重要因素。该文从林窗干扰和森林群落演替理论及林窗对森林群落微环境、植物入侵和定居、群落结构、群落演替的影响等方面简要介绍了当前国内外有关林窗干扰与森林群落演替的研究现状和研究前景。     

长三角地区不同纬度带城市森林群落结构

城市森林群落结构研究可为绿色城市、森林城市的建设和发展提供理论依据。通过机械取样和典型抽样相结合的方法对长三角地区城市森林主要群落进行了调查,分析了长三角地区城市森林的植物组成、群落结构以及群落特征的纬度地带性。结果表明:长三角地区城市森林群落样方调查共记录乔木244种,隶属于63科154属;长三角地区城市森林树种分布较集中,城市周边森林和城区森林重要值排名前30位的树种分别占各自重要值总和的70.1%、76.66%;不同纬度带城市森林的物种多样性排序为34°N32°N30°N28°N,常绿落叶比随着纬度的递减从北到南总体呈递增趋势,相同纬度带上针阔叶树种比例从西到东呈逐渐增大的趋势;城市森林的群落结构较为单一,34°N和32°N纬度带城区森林以二球悬铃木(Platanus×acerifolia)和加杨(Populus×canadensis)为基调,而30°N和28°N纬度带主要以香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)为基调;城市周边森林群落遵循自然分布规律,各地树种差异较大,而城区森林群落同质化倾向较明显,地方差异相对较小。     

河北北部、内蒙古东部森林-草原交错带生物多样性研究

河北北部、内蒙古东部森林－草原交错带富于高的生物多样性。在森林－草原交错带森林草甸区森林斑块的数量最多,其次为森林带,再次为森林－草原交错带草甸草原区,草原带没有森林斑块。植物群落的α多样性在森林群落和草原群落表现不同,森林群落从森林带到草原带依次减低;草原群落则表现出在森林－草原交错带植物多样性高,特别是在森林草甸区最明显,在森林－草原交错带β多样性指数较高,表现在β多样性指数在森林－草原交错带     

火地塘生态定位站不同植物群落与小蠹类群多样性

为探讨不同森林植物群落中植物类群与小蠹类群的结构特征以及小蠹类群随海拔高度而发生的变化,于2001~2003年夏季,采用取样调查法,依据海拔高度将秦岭火地塘生态定位站植物群落划分为山麓农田和侧柏群落(群落Ⅰ)、油松-华山松-锐齿栎群落(群落Ⅱ)、油松-华山松-栓皮栎群落(群落Ⅲ)、油松-华山松-辽东栎群落(群落Ⅳ),亚高山云杉林群落(群落Ⅴ),亚高山冷杉林群落(群落Ⅵ)6种类型的植物群落中,分乔木层、灌木层、草本层3个层次,分别计算出高等森林植物群落和针叶树小蠹类群的Shannon-W iener多样性指数、B erger-Parker生态优势度和P ie lou均匀度指数。结果表明,在山麓灌丛群落至针阔混交林群落之间,森林植物物种多样性指数、群落均匀度指数和物种丰富度呈递增趋势;在针阔混交林群落与亚高山云杉林群落、亚高山冷杉林群落之间,物种多样性指数、群落均匀度指数和物种丰富度呈下降趋势。从总体看,阔叶林中森林植被的多样性程度高于亚高山云杉林和冷杉林。群落优势度指数的变化规律则与之相反。不同森林群落类型中针叶树小蠹类群的多样性、均匀度和优势度研究结果表明,针叶树小蠹物种多样性指数和均匀度由高到低的排列顺序依次为:油松-华山松-栓皮栎群落、油松-华山松-锐齿栎群落、油松-华山松-辽东栎群落、亚高山云杉林群落、亚高山冷杉林群落、山麓农田侧柏群落;针叶树小蠹群落优势度的变化趋势与之相反。6种类型的植物群落中,共获得针叶树小蠹21种。讨论了小蠹这一昆虫类群对森林植物群落的指示意义、海拔高度对森林植物和小蠹组成及分布的主要影响、研究森林生态系统各部分组成及相互关系的必要性以及进一步深入研究森林群落物种多样性需要注意的问题。     

乌鲁木齐南部山区朽木生地衣群落特征的初步研究

应用聚类分析方法对分布在乌鲁木齐南部山区森林生态系统中朽木生地衣群落进行了数量分类并对群落结构、物种多样性、相似性和均匀度等群落参数进行了比较系统的研究。结果表明,乌鲁木齐南部山区的朽木生地衣共计40种,隶属于6目12科和20属,朽木生地衣形成4种群落：（1）枪石蕊＋喇叭石蕊群落;（2）亚花松萝＋茸刺褐梅＋优果小网衣群落;（3）犬地卷＋分指地卷＋裂芽地卷群落;（4）柳茶渍＋土星猫耳衣＋粉石蕊群落。群落3和群落4的相似性比较高为0.768,次为群落2和群落3的相似性为0.647;群落2的多样性最大为1.957,群落4的多样性最小为1.365。同时发现在乌鲁木齐南部山区森林生态系统中朽木生地衣群落的分布与海拔高度和朽木的种类有密切的关系,不同海拔的不同类型的森林生态系统中分布着不同种类的朽木生地衣植物。     

Use of limestone karst forests by Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus morio) in the Sangkulirang peninsula, east Kalimantan, Indonesia

The Indonesian province of East Kalimantan is home to some of the largest remaining contiguous tracts of lowland Dipterocarp forest on the island of Borneo. Nest surveys recently conducted in these forests indicated the presence of a substantial population of Eastern Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus morio) in the Berau and East Kutai regencies in the northern half of the province. The Sangkulirang Peninsula contains extensive limestone karst forests in close proximity to the lowland Dipterocarp forests inhabited by orangutans in these regencies. Orangutans have been sighted in these limestone karst forests, but the importance of this forest type for orangutans has been unclear. Therefore, we conducted 49 km of nest surveys in limestone karst forest to obtain the first quantitative estimates of orangutan densities in this habitat, and walked 28 km of surveys in nearby lowland Dipterocarp forests for comparison. We also gathered basic ecological data along our transects in an attempt to identify correlates of orangutan abundance across these habitat types. Undisturbed limestone karst forests showed the lowest orangutan densities (147 nests/km(2), 0.82 indiv/km(2)), disturbed limestone forests had intermediate densities (301 nests/km(2), 1.40 indiv/km(2)), and undisturbed lowland Dipterocarp forests contained the highest density (987 nests/km(2), 5.25 indiv/km(2)), significantly more than the undisturbed limestone karst forests. This difference was not correlated with variation in liana abundance, fig stem density, or stump density (an index of forest disturbance). Therefore, other factors, such as the relatively low tree species diversity of limestone karst forests, may explain why orangutans appear to avoid these areas. We conclude that limestone karst forests are of low relevance for safeguarding the future of orangutans in East Kalimantan.     

Urban Forest Justice and the Rights to Wild Foods, Medicines, and Materials in the City

Urban forests are multifunctional socio-ecological landscapes, yet some of their social benefits remain poorly understood. This paper draws on ethnographic evidence from Seattle, Washington to demonstrate that urban forests contain nontimber forest products that contribute a variety of wild foods, medicines, and materials for the wellbeing of urban residents. We show that gathering wild plants and fungi in urban forests is a persistent subsistence and livelihood practice that provides sociocultural and material benefits to city residents, and creates opportunities for connecting with nature and enhancing social ties. We suggest that an orientation toward human-nature interactions in cities that conceptualizes the gathering of forest products as a legitimate social benefit may support and expand urban forest justice. Urban forest justice recognizes the rights of local people to have control over their own culturally appropriate wild food and health systems, including access to natural resources and to the decision-making processes affecting them.     

Vegetation survey of the Wasgomuwa National Park,Sri Lanka: analysis of the Wasgomuwa Oya Forest

Three types of forests were recognised (high, disturbed and open) based on the openings in the canopy in a Tropical Monsoonal Forest at the Wasgomuwa National Park, Sri Lanka. The analysis of these forests showed that the species composition varied between forest types. The shrub vegetation, not only was very characteristic but was also a major component in each forest, unlike in the tropical rain forest. The exact role of the shrubs in the dynamics of the tropical monsoon forests is not established, but is suggested that it may act as a buffer during the dry periods under a semi deciduous canopy. The sapling composition differed from the tree vegetation and indicated that the species composition may change with time in this forest. Mosaic theory or the patch dynamics may best explain the dynamics of this tropical monsoon forest which is a mixture of forest types. More studies are required before generalisations can be made of tropical monsoon forests.     

Spatial hints of forest ecotone indicating forest succession, a case of larch forests in Baihuashan Reserve, north China

In cold or alpine areas of northern China, birch forests and larch forests are the two primary forest types. These forests are also characteristic of a south branch of boreal forests in Asia. Some ecologists argue that larch forests can replace birch forests, but this still remains a question due to fragmentary or short observations. The ecotone between a larch forest patch and a birch forest patch is the arena in which the two species interplay and compete with each other, and studies of these areas are meaningful to understanding forest succession. In the alpine area of the Baihuashan Reserve, northern China, we sampled a larch-birch forest ecotone with eight plots in four transects and then analyzed population structures of larches and birches. The results show that the edges of the larch forest patch are composed of many larch saplings or young trees, but the edges of the birch forest patch are mainly composed of old birches. Across the ecotone, the larches, on average, are taller than the birches. These facts suggest that larch saplings can permeate into birch forest patches, probably by seed dispersal, germination, successful competition and growth, but birch saplings cannot permeate into larch forest patches. Therefore, on the ecotone, larch forest patches can steadily expand by unceasing permeation into birch forest patches, whereas birch forest patches progressively recede due to ultimate death of the old and poor recruitment of the young. Larch forest patches replace birch forest patches in a stepwise manner, causing succession from birch forests to larch forests. This study not only confirms that larch forests can naturally replace birch forests, but also introduces a simple and reliable method, employing spatial hints, to study forest succession. Additionally, the findings are of benefit to cultivation or development of larch forests in cold or alpine areas of the North Temperate Zone, which can be a huge carbon sink.     

Spatial hints of forest ecotone indicating forest succession, a case of larch forests in Baihuashan Reserve, north China

In cold or alpine areas of northern China, birch forests and larch forests are the two primary forest types. These forests are also characteristic of a south branch of boreal forests in Asia. Some ecologists argue that larch forests can replace birch forests, but this still remains a question due to fragmentary or short observations. The ecotone between a larch forest patch and a birch forest patch is the arena in which the two species interplay and compete with each other, and studies of these areas are meaningful to understanding forest succession. In the alpine area of the Baihuashan Reserve, northern China, we sampled a larch-birch forest ecotone with eight plots in four transects and then analyzed population structures of larches and birches. The results show that the edges of the larch forest patch are composed of many larch saplings or young trees, but the edges of the birch forest patch are mainly composed of old birches. Across the ecotone, the larches, on average, are taller than the birches. These facts suggest that larch saplings can permeate into birch forest patches, probably by seed dispersal, germination, success-ful competition and growth, but birch saplings cannot permeate into larch forest patches. Therefore, on the ecotone, larch forest patches can steadily expand by unceasing permeation into birch forest patches, whereas birch forest patches progressively recede due to ultimate death of the old and poor recruitment of the young. Larch forest patches replace birch forest patches in a stepwise manner, causing succession from birch forests to larch forests. This study not only confirms that larch forests can naturally replace birch forests, but also introduces a simple and reliable method, employing spatial hints, to study forest succession. Additionally, the findings are of benefit to cultivation or development of larch forests in cold or alpine areas of the North Temperate Zone, which can be a huge carbon sink.     

江西中南部红壤丘陵区主要造林树种碳固定估算

本文根据江西第6次森林清查小班数据,通过基于实地调查数据拟合的森林植被生物量与蓄积量的关系,估算了2003年江西中南部红壤丘陵区泰和县和兴国县主要人工造林树种马尾松、湿地松、杉木林的生物量和碳储量,并采用空间替代时间的方法,利用Logistic方程拟合了三个树种林龄与碳密度的曲线关系,估算了研究区1985-2002年的森林植被生物量和碳储量,分析了时空动态特征。结果表明：(1) 2003年研究区主要造林树种林分面积31.04?10⁴hm²,总生物量22.20Tg,总碳储量13.07TgC,平均碳密度42.36tC/hm²。(2) 1985、1994、2003年三个树种植被碳储量分别为4.91、11.41和13.07TgC,年均固碳量0.45 TgC.a^-1。(3) 海拔位于700-900m之间的树种平均碳密度最大,坡度位于25～35?之间的树种平均碳密度最大。森林植被碳密度总体上呈现随海拔高度的增加而增加,随坡度的增大而增大的分布。人工造林工程使江西中南部红壤丘陵区森林植被碳储量明显增加,合理的森林经营管理可以提高森林生态系统的固碳能力。     

A bioregional analysis of the distribution of rainforest cover,deforestation and degradation in Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea (PNG) is an extensively forested country. Recent research suggests that despite commencing a trajectory of deforestation and degradation later than many counties in the Asia–Pacific region, PNG is now undergoing comparable rates of forest change. Here we explore the bioregional distribution of changes in the forest estate over the period 1972–2002 and examine their implications for forest protection. This is undertaken through the development of a novel bioregional classification of the country based on biogeographic regions and climatic zones, and its application to existing forest cover and forest‐cover change data. We found that degradation and deforestation varied considerably across the 11 defined biogeographic regions. We report that the majority of deforestation and degradation has occurred within all the lowland forests, and that it is these forests that have the greatest potential for further losses in the near term. The largest percentage of total change occurred in the east of PNG, in the islands and lowlands of the Bismarck, D'Entrecasteaux, East Papuan Islands and in the South‐East Papua–Oro region. The only region with a significant highlands component to undergo deforestation at a comparable magnitude to the islands and lowland regions was the Huon Peninsula and Adelbert region. Significant changes have also occurred at higher elevations, especially at the interface of subalpine grasslands and upper montane forests. Lower montane forests have experienced proportionally less change, yet it is these forests that constitute the majority of forests enclosed within the protected area system. We find that protected areas are not convincingly protecting either representative areas of PNG's ecosystems, nor the forests within their borders. We conclude by suggesting a more expansive and integrated approach to managing the national forest estate.     

Impacts of Selective Logging and Agricultural Clearing on Forest Structure, Floristic Composition and Diversity, and Timber Tree Regeneration in the Ituri Forest, Democratic Republic of Congo

Mature tropical forests at agricultural frontiers are of global conservation concern as the leading edge of global deforestation. In the Ituri Forest of DRC, as in other tropical forest areas, road creation associated with selective logging results in spontaneous human colonization, leading to the clearing of mature forest for agricultural purposes. Following 1-3 years of cultivation, farmlands are left fallow for periods that may exceed 20 years, resulting in extensive secondary forest areas impacted by both selective logging and swidden agriculture. In this study, we assessed forest structure, tree species composition and diversity and the regeneration of timber trees in secondary forest stands (5-10 and ~40 years old), selectively logged forest stands, and undisturbed forests at two sites in the Ituri region. Stem density was lower in old secondary forests (~40 years old) than in either young secondary or mature forests. Overall tree diversity did not significantly differ between forest types, but the diversity of trees ≥10 cm dbh was substantially lower in young secondary forest stands than in old secondary or mature forests. The species composition of secondary forests differed from that of mature forests, with the dominant Caesalpinoid legume species of mature forests poorly represented in secondary forests. However, in spite of prior logging, the regeneration of high value timber trees such as African mahoganies (Khaya anthotheca and Entandrophragma spp.) was at least 10 times greater in young secondary forests than in mature forests. We argue that, if properly managed and protected, secondary forests, even those impacted by both selective logging and small-scale shifting agriculture, may have high potential conservation and economic value.     

Liana communities exhibit different species composition,diversity and community structure across forest types in the Congo Basin

Lianas are poorly characterized for central African forests. We quantify variation in liana composition, diversity and community structure in different forest types in the Yangambi Man and Biosphere Reserve, Democratic Republic of Congo. These attributes of liana assemblages were examined in 12 1-ha plots, randomly demarcated within regrowth forest, old growth monodominant forest, old growth mixed forest and old growth edge forest. Using a combination of multivariate and univariate community analyses, we visualize the patterns of these liana assemblage attributes and/or test for their significant differences across forest types. The combined 12 1-ha area contains 2,638 lianas (≥2 cm diameter) representing 105 species, 49 genera and 22 families. Liana species composition differed significantly across forest types. Taxonomic diversity was higher in old growth mixed forests compared to old growth monodominant and regrowth forests. Trait diversity was higher than expected in the regrowth forest as opposed to the rest of forest types. Similarly, the regrowth forest differed from the rest of forest types in the pattern of liana species ecological traits and diameter frequency distribution. The regrowth forest was also less densely populated in lianas and had lower liana total basal area than the rest of forest types. We speculate that the mechanism of liana competitive exclusion by dominant tree species is mainly responsible for the lower liana species diversity in monodominant compared to mixed forests. We attribute variation in liana community structure between regrowth and old growth forests mostly to short development time of size hierarchies.     

Habitat use,ranging behaviour,and food habits of the proboscis monkey,Nasalis larvatus (van Wurmb), in Sarawak

Studies on the ecology of the proboscis monkey were conducted in seven areas of Sarawak during 1980–1981. Groups were found in a variety of riparian and coastal habitats but where high forests occurred they appeared to be preferred over other adjacent types. Undisturbed tidal forests were widely used but were preferred only where high forest was lacking or limited in extent. Clear-felled tidal forests and areas around human settlements were completely avoided, although some use was made of selectively felled tidal forests, remnant tidal forests adjacent to agricultural land, and selectively logged high forest. Monkeys slept primarily and perhaps exclusively along river edges where these were available, moving inland up to 750m during the day and returning to the riverside in late afternoon. Groups often split up into distinct subunits during daily movements. Feeding occurred throughout the day and in all habitats occupied. Proboscis monkeys were observed feeding on at least 90 plant species, including leaves or shoots of 75 species, fruits of 15 species, seeds of 10 species, and flowers of 4 species. Certain tidal forest species (Sonneratia alba, Avicennia alba, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Rhizophora spp.) appeared to be the single most important food plants, although where high forests were available more feeding time was spent in these types than in tidal forests or other habitats.