湖南张家界市大鲵资源调查

为科学确定张家界大鲵国家级自然保护区境内大鲵Andrias davidianus资源状况,2006～2008年对该保护区大鲵资源的分布区域和数量进行了调查.结果表明,近年该保护区野生大鲵呈不连续点状分布,约为0.2万尾,资源量仍有衰退趋势,人工养殖资源量增加较大,约3.21万尾.需要加强野生大鲵保护管理,增加人工放流数量与效益,以逐步恢复野生大鲵资源,同时继续发展大鲵人工养殖,不断增加大鲵的资源总量.     

中国大鲵营养成分和功能因子研究进展

主要介绍了中国大鲵各种营养成分和功能因子的营养和保健功能,中国大鲵含有蛋白质、脂类、氨基酸、微量元素等营养成分和金属硫蛋白、胶原蛋白、表皮活性变白因子和多聚糖肽等多种保健功能因子,并对中华大鲵资源的开发进行了分析,为大鲵的保护和资源利用提供参考。     

大鲵性腺发育的组织学观察

大鲵Megalobatrachus davidianus(Blanchard),俗称娃娃鱼,是我国珍贵的大型两栖动物。分布在我国中、南部各省。大鲵经济价值高,营养丰富,肉味鲜美,常作为珍馔佳肴,并是一种珍奇的观赏动物。 大鲵的天然繁殖率低,加之近年人工捕捉量大,致使部分地区出现资源日趋衰退的迹象。由于大鲵已列为我国第二类重点保护的特产动物,因此,如何保护大鲵资源和人工增殖与合理利用资源是极为重要的问题。近年来大鲵产区的有关部门开展了对这一珍贵资     

商南地区大鲵的种群组成

大鲵(Megalobatrachus davidfanus)是我国特有的珍贵动物。过去泛捕乱猎,大鲵资源遭到一定程度的破坏,有的地方濒于绝迹。因此,研究大鲵的种群组成,了解资源概况,颇有必要。1978年6月,我们在商南县腰庄公社,对大鲵的种群组成作了观测;1979年9—10月,在太白县做了大鲵的人工繁殖试验;又调查了大鲵的收购数字。现将大鲵种群组成的资料汇总整理如下,以资参考。大鲵种群组成的分组依据我们在商南县腰庄清油河上游,长500米,宽5—10米的河流中共捕获大鲵49尾。根据     

我国的稀有珍贵动物—大鲵

两栖动物约近三千种,其中值得重视的是产于我国内陆水域的大鲵。大鲵作为一种珍稀动物,在我国虽然分布存在于广大的区域内,但长期以来,由于忽视了对它的保护和合理利用,致使产地资源数量严重下降和衰减,甚至有的大鲵产区濒临灭绝;笔者近年来对大鲵的人工增殖方面做了大量的工作,有关大鲵的资源保护提出了建设性的意见。     

张家界大鲵人工放流效果及其影响因素分析

大鲵(Andrias davidianus)是我国特有的两栖动物, 由于栖息地破坏和人类过度捕杀等, 种群数量急剧下降, 被列为我国II类保护野生动物。为探索大鲵人工放流的有效方法, 实现野生大鲵资源增殖, 作者对2002–2008年间在湖南张家界大鲵国家级自然保护区内进行的大鲵人工放流活动与放流效果进行了评估, 并通过对放流点的隐蔽物、水质及饵料生物等生境特点的分析, 探讨影响放流成败的因素。该保护区内共在9处大鲵原栖息地进行了11次人工放流活动, 共放流各种规格大鲵995尾, 其中4次成功。成功放流的大鲵为1–4.5 kg的性成熟个体, 雌雄比在1:1和1:1.5之间, 成功放流点均有良好的后期管理措施, 如建立保护站, 补充饵料等。虽然所选择的多数放流点生境基本能满足大鲵生长和繁殖的要求, 但由于受水质、饵料或安全某一因素的制约, 野生大鲵资源增殖效果不明显, 导致放流失败。因此我们认为依据野生大鲵繁殖的生境特征标准, 科学选择放流地点, 选择性成熟的大鲵在春季放流, 并进行完善的后期跟踪保护, 可能是大鲵人工放流成功和实现资源增殖的有效途径。     

野生大鲵及其人工繁殖后代的遗传多样性分析

中国大鲵（Andrias davidianus）,俗称“娃娃鱼”,隶属两栖纲Amphibia、有尾目Caudata、隐鳃鲵科Cryptobranchidae、大鲵属Andrias“。大鲵是我国特有的珍稀野生动物,是现存的两栖动物中最大的一种。近几十年来,随着人口的膨胀及人类开发自然资源强度的增强,大鲵赖以生存的环境受到严重破坏,种群数量减少,种群内年龄结构趋向小型化。特别是由于大鲵有很高的经济价值,人为的捕杀导致了它的天然资源严重衰竭。随着大鲵人工繁殖及规模化繁育技术的成功,我国大鲵人工繁殖种群的数量在逐年增长,开展大鲵保护遗传学的研究,对大鲵的人工增殖和种质资源管理有重要的意义。     

张家界国家森林公园金鞭溪河段大鲵栖息地特征

为进一步保护和改善张家界国家森林公园野生大鲵的栖息环境,增殖大鲵野生资源提供依据,于2008年8-9月对公园境内大鲵(Andrias davidianus)的栖息地--金鞭溪河段的现状进行了调查,从大鲵的隐蔽物、水质与饵料生物3个方面进行定量分析.结果表明:金鞭溪河段由石质性河底与河岸组成,两岸坡度大(82°±3°),两岸植被盖度大(93%±3%),水流速度较大[(0.36±0.15)m·s-1],人为干扰中等,有一定数量洞穴(5～7个·200 m-1);水质清澈,浊度6°～8°,溶解氧高(6.61～8.11 mg·L-1),化学耗氧量较低(7.15～9.69 mg·L-1);大鲵饵料生物较丰富,饵料生物总量平均密度为(51107±9198)mg·m-2;金鞭溪现具有大鲵自然生长所需生态条件,可以在此进行大鲵增殖放流.     

中国大鲵不同组织同工酶的比较研究

中国大鲵Chinese Giant Salamander(Andrias davidianus)是1869年被David[1]在中国西部发现的,俗称娃娃鱼、狗鱼、啼鱼,隶属两栖纲、有尾目、隐鳃鲵科、大鲵属,是世界上最大的珍稀有尾两栖类动物,被列为国家二级保护动物。曾广泛分布于我国中南部各省,是由水生脊椎动物向陆生脊椎动物过渡的类群,具有独特的科研和经济价值[2,3],从20世纪70年代起,很多学者[4—6]对大鲵的性腺发育、人工繁殖、胚胎发育及大鲵的资源状况和生态等方面做了一些研究,而有关中国大鲵同工酶方面的研究很少,同工酶的研究不仅有助于探讨个体发育过程中个体基因的表…     

皖西六安地区大鲵资源的初步调查

皖西大别山区大鲵(Andriasdavidianus)资源十分丰富,近来由于种种原因,数量和分布逐年减少,为了保护和合理利用观有大鲵资源,我们进行了初步调查,观报道如下。六安地区的大鲵分布于山高林密,溪河众多,人口稀少,雨量充沛,气候温和、湿润的金寨和霍山两县。平均气温分别为14.7℃和15.2℃,年相对湿度分别为78%和80%,无霜期分别为205.8天和225.2天。大鲵多生活于水质清澈,水温低,深潭多的流水中,往往单独匿居在溪边岩石水草繁盛,有回流且阴暗渗水的上窟处,周围环境有大量石蟹、虾、黄鳝、泥鳅、鼩鼱和水生昆虫等动物可供大鲵食用。六安地区的大…     

Historical museum collections clarify the evolutionary history of cryptic species radiation in the world's largest amphibians

Inaccurate taxonomic assessment of threatened populations can hinder conservation prioritization and management, with human‐mediated population movements obscuring biogeographic patterns and confounding reconstructions of evolutionary history. Giant salamanders were formerly distributed widely across China, and are interpreted as a single species, Andrias davidianus. Previous phylogenetic studies have identified distinct Chinese giant salamander lineages but were unable to associate these consistently with different landscapes, probably because population structure has been modified by human‐mediated translocations for recent commercial farming. We investigated the evolutionary history and relationships of allopatric Chinese giant salamander populations with Next‐Generation Sequencing methods, using historical museum specimens and late 20th‐century samples, and retrieved partial or near‐complete mitogenomes for 17 individuals. Samples from populations unlikely to have been affected by translocations form three clades from separate regions of China, spatially congruent with isolation by either major river drainages or mountain ranges. Pliocene–Pleistocene divergences for these clades are consistent with topographic modification of southern China associated with uplift of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau. General Mixed Yule Coalescent model analysis indicates that these clades represent separate species: Andrias davidianus (Blanchard, 1871) (northern Yangtze/Sichuan), Andrias sligoi (Boulenger, 1924) (Pearl/Nanling), and an undescribed species (Huangshan). Andrias sligoi is possibly the world's largest amphibian. Inclusion of additional reportedly wild samples from areas of known giant salamander exploitation and movement leads to increasing loss of biogeographic signal. Wild Chinese giant salamander populations are now critically depleted or extirpated, and conservation actions should be updated to recognize the existence of multiple species.     

中国大鲵研究概况

中国大鲵(Andrias davidianus)为我国特有物种,也是国家二类保护水生野生动物.野生大鲵多栖息在山区溪流里,喜穴居,怕光怕声,以鱼蟹等水生动物为食,从数量上看,以陕西秦岭山区居多.大鲵经济价值极高,在美食、保健、医药、观赏等方面均具有广泛开发利用的前景,因而颇受社会各界关注.近年来对大鲵的科学研究涉及多个...     

大鲵保护生物学及其研究进展

大鲵（Andrias davidianus)为我国特有的珍稀两栖动物,已列入国家二级保护动物名录,并列入CITES公约附录Ⅰ中。自20世纪50年代起,由于过度收购、非法捕杀和栖息地丧失等原因,大鲵种群数量下降极为严重,湖南、安徽等地的大鲵产量在20世纪50年代至70年代下降超过80％,分布区也极度萎缩,形成了12块岛屿状区域,目前分布于以我国中部山区的长江流域为主的17个省区。部分已建立的大鲵保护区经费短缺,人员不足,管理不力,状况不容乐观。非法捕捉和栖息地丧失仍是威胁大鲵生存的主要因素,保护管理力度还需进一步加强。     

史氏鲟的生态习性及其保护性利用

史氏鲟是中国现存鲟鱼中最具经济价值的优质珍稀鱼类,集观赏、美食于一体,具有个体大、寿命长、幼鱼成活率高、生长速度快等特点,经驯化后能迅速生长,对环境有较强的适应性;通过对史氏鲟生态习性、饲料和加工的研究,探讨史氏鲟繁养及利用技术;在对史氏鲟进行保护性利用的前提下深入研究史氏鲟的养殖和加工,为其他鲟鱼的研发积累经验。     

患病大鲵中弗氏柠檬酸杆菌的分离与鉴定

【目的】确定导致大鲵(Andrias davidianus)细菌性感染死亡的病原。【方法】从大鲵肝脏中分离细菌,通过Biolog微生物自动鉴定系统及分子生物学方法对纯培养的细菌进行鉴定,再用大鲵和鲫鱼分别进行人工感染试验,以确定分离菌的致病性,同时对分离到的病原菌进行药物敏感试验。【结果】从患病大鲵肝脏中分离到一株致病菌JZ01,经人工感染健康大鲵,可复制与自然发病相同的症状,且从人工感染病鲵体内再次分离到相同的病原菌。该致病菌对健康鲫鱼也有致病性。经Biolog微生物自动鉴定系统的鉴定,以及进一步的16S rDNA基因序列和系统发育分析都表明,此致病菌为弗氏柠檬酸杆菌。药物敏感性试验表明,该菌株对氨曲南、头孢三嗪、先锋噻肟等9种药物高度敏感。【结论】弗氏柠檬酸杆菌是大鲵的一种致病菌。本文在国内外首次报道了该菌对大鲵具有致病性。     

Genetic diversity of Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) based on the novel microsatellite markers

Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) is a rare amphibian species in the world. Microsatellite markers are a promising tool for accurate estimation population structure and genetic diversity. In this paper, we isolated novel microsatellite marker for Chinese giant salamander using fast isolation by AFLP of sequences containing repeats (FIASCO) method. More than 50% sequences in 132 clones had repeat number over ten times with di or trinucleeotide repeat except of (GA)₁₂. Seventy pairs of primers were designed and eleven polymorphic microsatellite loci were characterized for wild and cultivated Chinese giant salamander populations. The allele number was from 3 to 9 in different loci. Polymorphism information content was from 0.544 to 0.702 in cultivated population. The results implied more alleles and PIC were in the wild population than cultivated population. The observed heterozygosities in two populations were higher than 0.553. The data analysis suggested that the cultivated population has lower genetic diversity than wild population, which it??s perhaps owing to inbreeding in artificial breeding. To our knowledge, it??s the first time to isolated microsatellite markers for Chinese giant salamander. The result indicated that the markers were suitable for the population genetic analysis of Chinese giant salamander.     

Genetic variability among endangered Chinese giant salamanders, Andrias davidianus

The endangered Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) is endemic to mainland China. Genetic divergence among six populations of the species was investigated by means of isozyme electrophoresis and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences. Forty allozyme loci were resolved for all populations; the amount of genetic divergence among populations was comparable to that in other amphibians. mtDNA sequences showed a similar level of divergence. The population from Huangshan is distinct from other populations, indicating the existence of localized divergence. Both allozyme and mtDNA data failed to associate the populations into a pattern corresponding to the three Chinese river systems, which may be the consequence of human relocation. Conservation policies should emphasize the protection of localized populations and cessation of human-facilitated introductions. Future studies should focus on investigating the divergence among localized populations from isolated mountain regions, particularly using more fine-grained techniques such as microsatellite DNA.     

Determining threatened species distributions in the face of limited data: Spatial conservation prioritization for the Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus)

The purpose of this study was to determine whether limited occurrence data for highly threatened species can provide useful spatial information to inform conservation. The study was conducted across central and southern China. We developed a habitat suitability model for the Critically Endangered Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) based on one biotic and three abiotic parameters from single‐site locality records, which represent the only relevant environmental data available for this species. We then validated model quality by testing whether increased percentage of predicted suitable habitat at the county level correlated with independent data on giant salamander presence. We randomly selected 48 counties containing historical records which were distinct from, and independent of, the single‐site records used to develop the model, and 47 additional counties containing >50% predicted suitable habitat. We interviewed 2,812 respondents near potential giant salamander habitat across these counties and tested for differences in respondent giant salamander reports between counties selected using each method. Our model predicts that suitable giant salamander habitat is found widely across central and southern China, with counties containing ≥50% predicted suitable habitat distributed in 13 provinces. Counties with historical records contain significantly more predicted suitable habitat than counties without historical records. There are no statistical differences in any patterns of respondent giant salamander reports in surveyed counties selected from our model compared with the areas of known historical giant salamander distribution. A Chinese giant salamander habitat suitability model with strong predictive power can be derived from the restricted range of environmental variables associated with limited available presence‐only occurrence records, constituting a cost‐effective strategy to guide spatial allocation of conservation planning. Few reported sightings were recent, however, with most being over 20 years old, so that identification of areas of suitable habitat does not necessarily indicate continued survival of the species at these locations.     

大鲵栖息地环境的初步研究

2001年4月至8月,对湖南省壶瓶山自然保护区河流中大鲵(Andrias davidianus)的栖息洞穴,首次使用量化指标进行分析。通过主成分分析发现,大鲵栖息洞穴处的水深、洞口宽、水流速度和河底的组成是影响大鲵选择洞穴的主要因子,而海拔高度和洞口高的影响不大。同时,对重庆市酉阳县、陕西省太白县、河南省卢氏县大鲵自然保护区和新安县青要山大鲵自然保护区大鲵的栖息河流特征进行了调查。结果表明大鲵的栖息河流类型可分为溪流、U型河流、平底型河流和暗河4类,而且大鲵对其栖息洞穴的质量要求较高。     

多普勒B超鉴定中国大鲵性别

首次报道了从影像学水平上鉴定中国大鲵性别的研究结果。采用多普勒B超,常规方法直接扫描雌雄中国大鲵腹部,并记录大鲵的精巢或卵巢的形状、内部回声。实验结果表明,雌雄中国大鲵的检测结果存在明显的差畀,在雄性中国大鲵的腹部,可检测到精巢组织;在雌性中国大鲵的腹部,可检测到为卵巢组织和卵泡。初步分析了实验结果,并认为将多普勒B超鉴定法与泄殖孔法鉴定相结合可以作为中国大鲵性别鉴定的可靠方法。