生物阻抗技术概述

简要叙述了人体组织阻抗特性、生物阻抗技术的基本原理和测量方法,全面介绍了生物阻抗技术在细胞测量、体积测量、人体组织结构分析、组织监测、人体成分分析、生物阻抗成像等各方面的应用。     

遗传生态学透视

遗传生态学透视何维明钟章成（西南师范大学生命科学系,重庆６３０７１５）ＡｎＯｖｅｒｖｉｅｗｏｆＧｅｎｅｃｏｌｏｇｙ．ＨｅＷｅｉｍｉｎｇ,ＺｈｏｎｇＺｈａｎｇｃｈｅｎｇ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＬｉｆｅＳｃｉ－ｅｎｃｅ,ＳｏｕｔｈｗｅｓｔＮｏｒｍａｌＵ...     

An Overview of Epigenetic Assays

A significant portion of ongoing epigenetic research involves the investigation of DNA methylation and chromatin modification patterns seen throughout many biological processes. Over the last few years, epigenetic research has undergone a gradual shift and recent studies have been directed toward a genome-wide assessment. DNA methylation and chromatin modifications are essential components of the regulation of gene activity. DNA methylation effectively down-regulates gene activity by addition of a methyl group to the five-carbon of a cytosine base. Less specifically, modification of the chromatin structure can be carried out by multiple mechanisms leading to either the upregulation or down-regulation of the associated gene. Of the many assays used to assess the effects of epigenetic modifications, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), which serves to monitor changes in chromatin structure, and bisulfite modification, which tracks changes in DNA methylation, are the two most commonly used techniques. J. T. DeAngelis and W. J. Farrington are contributed equally.     

An Overview of the Archaeology of East Texas

Abstract

This brief survey attempts to define, and to offer explanations for, the major patterns of aboriginal adaptations presently recognizable in the eastern part of Texas. It is organized from a chronological point of view, but is more concerned with the processes and conditions that lead to changes in subsistence and social systems.     

An Overview of the Ecology of Antarctic Seals

Four species of seals occupy the pack-ice region of the oceanssurrounding the Antarctic Continent. These seals include thecrabeater (Lobodon cardnophagus), leopard (Hydrurga leptonyx),weddell (Leplonychotes weddellii), and ross (Ommatophoca rossii),and are true seals with special adaptations for living in thepack-ice region. Two other seal species, the southern elephantseal (Mirounga leonina) and the fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella)(the only eared seal of this region) generally occur furtherto the north and use land rather than ice during the periodof birth of young. This paper reviews the status of these species,and examines the generalecology of the four species that inhabitthe pack-ice zone. In general, the four species that occupythe pack-ice zone have specialized in habitats and habits sothat little overlap in dietsor habitat use exist among thesespecies. The exception is the interaction between the leopardand the crabeater which occupy the same regions and eat krill(Euphausia superba), particularly during the winter. The impactof the potential harvest of krill by man on these species isdiscussed. Further, the impact that recovery of the large baleenwhales that feedin this region during the summer is discussedwith regard to the changes that might occur as competition forkrill by the large vertebrate species increases.     

垂体瘤转化基因1研究进展

垂雄瘤转化基因1（PTTG1）,也被称为分离酶抑制蛋白基因,是近几年从大鼠垂体肿瘤中发现的癌基因。它不但可以与分离酶结合,使分离酶失活,从而抑制姐妹染色单体的分离,还具有转录激活活性。已有的染色质免疫共沉淀结合芯片数据显示,PTTG1不仅可以直接调控基因的转录,也可以与其他蛋白,如PTTG1结合因子（PBF）、p53、Spl、上游刺激因子1（USF1）等相互作用来调控下游基因的转录。在NIH3T3细胞中,PTTG1激活c-Mvc的转录,增强NIH3T3细胞在裸鼠体内的成瘤能力。PTTG1也能激活肿瘤细胞中成纤维细胞生长因子2（FGF2）的转录,从而促进肿瘤血管生成。PTTG1结合p53、抑制p21表达、激活周期蛋白D3的能力,提示它在凋亡、细胞周期和衰老方面廿．发挥作用。另外,PTTG1在肿瘤转移和肝癌的发生发展中也发挥着重要作用。我们简要综述了PTTG1的靶基因,及其在肝癌及肿瘤转祷中的研究进展。     

An Overview on the Biochemistry of the Cannabinoid System

About 40 years ago, cannabinoids were considered as the substances responsible for the psychoactive properties of marijuana and other derivatives of Cannabis sativa, whereas their medicinal use remained unexplored. However, with the discovery of the endocannabinoid system 20 years later, the compounds able to modify this system are being reconsidered for their therapeutic potential. Thus, the term "cannabinoid" includes now much more compounds than those present in C. sativa derivatives, for instance, numerous synthetic cannabinoids obtained by modifications from plant-derived cannabinoids or from the compounds that behave as endogenous ligands for the different cannabinoid receptor types. The term "cannabinoid" should also refer to some prototypes of selective antagonists for these receptors. The explanation for this exponential growth in cannabinoid pharmacology is the discovery and characterization of the endocannabinoid signaling system (receptors, ligands, and inactivation system) which plays a modulatory role mainly in the brain but also in the periphery. The objective of the present review article was to give an overview of the present state-of-the-art of biochemistry of the endocannabinoid system. Other authors in this volume will review their functions in the brain, their alterations in a variety of neurological and psychiatric pathologies, and the proposed therapeutic benefits in these diseases of new cannabinoid-related compounds that improve the pharmacological properties of classic cannabinoids.     

Fungal Thyroiditis: An Overview

The authors review the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of fungal thyroiditis cases previously reported in the medical literature. Aspergillus was by far the most common cause of fungal thyroiditis. Immunocompromised patients, such as those with leukemia, lymphoma, autoimmune diseases, and organ-transplant patients on pharmacological immunosuppression were particularly at risk. Fungal thyroiditis was diagnosed at autopsy as part of disseminated infection in a substantial number of patients without clinical manifestations and laboratory evidence of thyroid dysfunction. Local signs and symptoms of infection were indistinguishable from other infectious thyroiditis and included fever, anterior cervical pain, thyroid enlargement sometimes associated with dysphagia and dysphonia, and clinical and laboratory features of transient hyperthyroidism due to the release of thyroid hormone from follicular cell damage, followed by residual hypothyroidism. Antemortem diagnosis of fungal thyroiditis was made by direct microscopy and culture of a fine-needle aspirate, or/and biopsy in most cases. Since most patients with fungal thyroiditis had disseminated fungal infection with delay in diagnosis and treatment, the overall mortality was high.     

An Overview of Botanical Clearing Technique

Clearing techniques are outlined with reference to their action on the chemical cunstituents of plant tissue. The most general technique would include pretreatment with solvents, dissolution of protoplasm, dissolution of other substances, bleaching, infiltration with a dense fluid, and staining. Extensive chemical changes go on during these steps and may prevent satisfactory clearing, an important example King the discoloration of phenolic compounds. Rational design of clearing methods for the chemically distinct cell types and tissues seems a likely future development.     

Neurochemistry of Stress. An Overview

Stress is a word that is used very commonly. It is generally employed to design unpleasant phenomena, although it is related to a function necessary to our life. Stress in itself is not a disease. Stress is not an aggression. It is an adaptative response of our body to any demand. Nothing can be done without stress. Stress gives rise to a mobilization of our body to succeed in a group of activities necessary to individual and social life. It favors our dynamism and creativity. But this aptitude can attain its limits, when the solicitations we receive are above what we are able to perform, both in relation to our mental and physical capabilities. The brain controls the systems involved in stress. The main areas are the prefrontal cortex, the limbic system (which comprises the hippocampus and the amygdala) and the hypothalamus. Relations between the prefrontal cortex and the limbic system are important for the planification of action. The main systems of regulation are the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, the neuro-endocrine system and last but not least the immune system. There is a relation between all our organs and the brain. The genetic aspects and the influences of our past experiences, both during childhood and in adult life, are envisaged.     

An Overview of Structural DNA Nanotechnology

Structural DNA Nanotechnology uses unusual DNA motifs to build target shapes and arrangements. These unusual motifs are generated by reciprocal exchange of DNA backbones, leading to branched systems with many strands and multiple helical domains. The motifs may be combined by sticky ended cohesion, involving hydrogen bonding or covalent interactions. Other forms of cohesion involve edge-sharing or paranemic interactions of double helices. A large number of individual species have been developed by this approach, including polyhedral catenanes, a variety of single-stranded knots, and Borromean rings. In addition to these static species, DNA-based nanomechanical devices have been produced that are ultimately targeted to lead to nanorobotics. Many of the key goals of structural DNA nanotechnology entail the use of periodic arrays. A variety of 2D DNA arrays have been produced with tunable features, such as patterns and cavities. DNA molecules have be used successfully in DNA-based computation as molecular representations of Wang tiles, whose self-assembly can be programmed to perform a calculation. About 4 years ago, on the fiftieth anniversary of the double helix, the area appeared to be at the cusp of a truly exciting explosion of applications; this was a correct assessment, and much progress has been made in the intervening period.     

略谈理论和模型在生态学中的作用

略谈理论和模型在生态学中的作用邬建国（美国内华达大学系统、荒漠研究所生物科学中心）ＯｖｅｒｖｉｅｗｏｎｔｈｅＲｏｌｅｏｆＴｈｅｏｒｙａｎｄＭｏｄｅｌｉｎＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ．￥ＷｕＪｉａｎｇｕｏ（ＢｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓＣｅｎｔｅｒ,Ｄｅｓｅｒ...     

Hormones in the Lives of Crustaceans: An Overview

We present an overview of the isolation and characterizationof three hormones (or hormone families) important for the growthand development of decapod crustaceans. These hormones includethe ecdysteroids (steroid molting hormones), the hyperglycemichormone neuropeptide family, and the terpenoid methyl farnesoate.Using examples primarily from our laboratory, we describe workon these hormones using various life stages of the lobster (Homarusamericanus) as the principal model.     

Favus of the Scalp: An Overview and Update

Tinea capitis favosa, a chronic inflammatory dermatophyte infection of the scalp, affects over 90% of patients with anthropophilic Trichophyton schoenleinii. T. violaceum, T. verrucosum, zoophilic T. mentagrophytes (referred to as ‘var. quinckeanum’), Microsporum canis, and geophilic M. gypseum have also been recovered from favic lesions. Favus is typically a childhood disease, yet adult cases are not uncommon. Interestingly, favus is less contagious than other dermatophytoses, although intrafamilial infections are reported and have been widely discussed in the literature. Clinical presentation of T. schoenleinii infections is variable: this fungus can be isolated from tinea capitis lesions that appear as gray patches, but symptom-free colonization of the scalp also occurs. Although in the past T. schoenleinii was the dominant fungus recovered from dermatophytic scalp lesions, worldwide the incidence has decreased except in China, Nigeria, and Iran. Favus of the glabrous skin and nails are reported less frequently than favus of the scalp. This review discusses the clinical features of favus, as well as the etiological agents, global epidemiology, laboratory diagnosis, and a short history of medical mycology.     

实验小鼠种群管理（英文）

2009年11月份在西安举行由中国实验动物学会发起的实验动物医药技术培训研讨会上,本人做了关于实验小鼠种群管理的演讲。其主题涵盖了小鼠繁殖性能的维护和基因工程种群的管理。本篇文章的目的在于强调其所涵盖的材料并为进一步研究提供参考。如若对本文所讨论的内容希望有更深刻的理解,这篇文章所引用的参考资料值得进一步的阅读。另外本文未涉及远交系小鼠的繁殖培育和基因管理,但如有需要可以联系本文作者,可推荐需阅读的材料清单。     

The Cardiac Mutant: An Overview

SYNOPSIS.The cardiac lethal mutation was discovered in a strainof axolotls (Ambysloma mexkanum) imported from Mexico. Embryoshomozygous recessive for the c gene develop in a normal fashionuntil the heartbeat stage of development. At this time, heartaction is observed in unaffected siblings, but in cardiac lethalembryos heart action is not apparent. Affected animals hatchand swim, but do not feed. Within a few days, ascites developsand the animals die within a short time afterward. The c geneis inherited as a simple recessive. The direct effect of gene c is unknown. Data has been presentedwhich suggests that gene c alters the anterior endoderm whichmay be a specific heart inductor in this species. Alternatively,the failure of heart action may result from an ionic imbalancein the immediate heart environment. This paper reviews the relevantexperiments and presents new data supporting each of these suggestionsfor the mechanism of action of the cardiac lethal gene.     

An Overview of Self-Administered Health Literacy Instruments

With the increasing recognition of health literacy as a worldwide research priority, the development and refinement of indices to measure the construct is an important area of inquiry. Furthermore, the proliferation of online resources and research means that there is a growing need for self-administered instruments. We undertook a systematic overview to identify all published self-administered health literacy assessment indices to report their content and considerations associated with their administration. A primary aim of this study was to assist those seeking to employ a self-reported health literacy index to select one that has been developed and validated for an appropriate context, as well as with desired administration characteristics. Systematic searches were carried out in four electronic databases, and studies were included if they reported the development and/or validation of a novel health literacy assessment measure. Data were systematically extracted on key characteristics of the instruments: breadth of construct (“generic” vs. “content- or context- specific” health literacy), whether it was an original instrument or a derivative, country of origin, administration characteristics, age of target population (adult vs. pediatric), and evidence for validity. 35 articles met the inclusion criteria. There were 27 original instruments (27/35; 77.1%) and 8 derivative instruments (8/35; 22.9%). 22 indices measured “general” health literacy (22/35; 62.9%) while the remainder measured condition- or context- specific health literacy (13/35; 37.1%). Most health literacy measures were developed in the United States (22/35; 62.9%), and about half had adequate face, content, and construct validity (16/35; 45.7%). Given the number of measures available for many specific conditions and contexts, and that several have acceptable validity, our findings suggest that the research agenda should shift towards the investigation and elaboration of health literacy as a construct itself, in order for research in health literacy measurement to progress.     

Ecology of Subterranean Fishes: An Overview

A synthesis of ecological data available for subterranean fishes throughout the world is presented, and comparatively analyzed in an evolutionary context. Methods of ecological research are described, and their potential and limitations for the study of hypogean fishes are discussed. Ecology of troglobitic (exclusively subterranean) fishes is discussed with focus on distribution areas, population densities and sizes, use of habitat and movements, life cycle and feeding. When data are available, these species are compared with their epigean relatives. Putative ecological autapomorphies of troglobitic fishes, including habitat change, adaptations to cope with food scarcity, and precocial lifestyles, are interpreted in ecological and evolutionary contexts. Species interactions among subterranean species, including cases of syntopy and predation are briefly analyzed. Non-troglobitic hypogean fishes, with their ecological importance and evolutionary role, are also addressed. Problems of classification of subterranean fishes according to the Schiner-Racovitza system (troglobites, troglophiles and trogloxenes) are discussed, and a scenario of evolution of subterranean populations is presented.