热带雨林三种榕树隐头果昆虫群落结构与功能群生态特性

鸡嗉果榕Ficus semicordata、苹果榕Ficus oligodon、对叶榕Ficus hispida是西双版纳热带雨林和次生林中最常见的树种,它们是热带雨林生态系统中的一类先锋种。在每一种榕树隐头果内外,形成了给榕树传粉功能群、寄生子房制造瘿花功能群、复寄生其它昆虫功能群、蛀食和取食隐头果功能群、捕食性天敌功能群、刺吸隐头果汁液功能群、取食熟果加速果实腐烂分解功能群等昆虫组成的群体。本工作在西双版纳勐仑国家自然保护区、植物园沟谷雨林、植物园榕树园等样地内对鸡嗉果榕、苹果榕、对叶榕3种榕树隐头果内外的昆虫种群结构和功能群生态学特性开展了研究。结果表明：样地内采集到141037号昆虫标本,隶属6个目,18个科,42属,61种。从种类上比较,捕食功能群、蛀食及取食功能群最丰富,占榕树隐头果昆虫总种数的57．4％。从个体数量上来看,传粉类群的数量最大,占总数的68．6％。每一种榕树与传粉功能群(榕小蜂)之间构成了种内专一的互惠共生关系,这种关系是由于榕树必须依赖榕小蜂的传粉而获得有性繁殖,而榕小蜂也必须依赖榕树隐头果内部分小花子房作为繁殖与生存场所才能正常繁衍后代形成的,它们相互之间在生物界中形成了最密切的协同进化关系。传粉昆虫功能群、捕食昆虫功能群对榕树隐头果的生长发育起着促进的作用,而其它功能群或多或少均对榕树隐头果的生长发育起着损害性作用,特别是制造瘿花的非传粉小蜂功能群破坏性最大,次之是蛀食和取食功能群、刺吸果汁功能群、分解功能群对隐头果也起到危害作用,而复寄生昆虫功能群则对传粉功能群造成种群下降,从而致使传粉功能降低,对榕树隐头果起着间接的负作用。     

西双版纳聚果榕隐头果内小蜂群落结构及种间关系

聚果榕Ficus racemosa Linn.是雌雄同株榕树,它是西双版纳热带雨林生态系统中的一个常见种群。聚果榕必须依靠聚果榕小蜂Ceratosolen fusciceps Mayr传粉才能获得有性繁殖,而聚果榕小蜂又必须依靠聚果榕隐头果内短柱花繁衍后代,两者间形成了种间专一的互惠共生体系。同时,在其隐头果内还存在一个复杂的非传粉小蜂功能群,它们主要是榕树种子和传粉榕小蜂的寄生者。在云南省西双版纳自治州勐腊县勐仑镇选取了5个样地,对聚果榕单果内小蜂群落组成和种间相互关系进行研究。在不同时间段采集聚果榕单果242个,共收集小蜂366660头。聚果榕隐头果内有6种小蜂,隶属小蜂总科Chalcidoidae中的榕小蜂科Agaonidae、长尾小蜂科Caliimomidae、金小蜂科Pteromalidae,其中榕小蜂科中的C．fusciceps是聚果榕唯一的传粉者。金小蜂科中的Apocryta westwoodi Grandi和Apocryta sp.两个种是榕小蜂的寄生者,它们的寄生是传粉榕小蜂的种群数量减少因素之一。长尾小蜂科中Platyneura agraensis Joseph,Platyneura mayri Rasplus和Platyneura testacea Motschulsky3个种是寄生榕树种子或与榕小蜂争夺食物(瘿花)资源的小蜂类群,它们的出现与发生,致使聚果榕正在发育成种子的长柱小花形成瘿花,同时一部分种类把卵寄生在已被榕小蜂产卵的短柱小花子房中与榕小蜂争夺食物资源,致使榕小蜂食物资源的匮乏而死亡,对传粉小蜂种群有明显的影响。传粉小蜂从花托口钻入隐头果内,在隐头果内的长柱小花传粉和短柱小花子房中产卵,5种非传粉小蜂从隐头果外部把产卵器刺穿果肉把卵产在小花子房上。通过对5块样地隐头果内小蜂群落的综合分析发现,传粉榕小蜂为优势种群,而Apocryta sp.种的数量最少。在传粉及非传粉小蜂自然群体中各种类性比明显具有偏雌现象。小蜂群落表现异常的是聚果榕孤立株的样地,该样地传粉小蜂个体数量明显下降,非传粉小蜂个体数量则增加,各小蜂种群之间竞争激烈,出现C．fusciceps和P．mayri两个优势种。     

热带雨林片断化对榕小蜂和榕树物种的影响

榕树是热带雨林生态系统中的一类关键物种。榕树必须依靠榕小传数值和获得有性繁殖;而榕小蜂的幼虫又必须依靠榕树瘿花为食才能生长生长和繁衍后代,因此二者间有着密切的共生关系。研究表明：在西双版纳热带雨林榕小蜂科有３属１７种分布。热带十麻片断化使榕小蜂和榕树的种类呈明显下降趋势;片断热带雨林面积的大小二对二得的物种娄和个体数有明显的影响。     

鸡嗉果榕榕小蜂产卵时序与种群数量分析

榕树与传粉榕小蜂的互惠共生体系被多种非传粉榕小蜂利用。在同一个榕果中,具有较高种群密度的传粉榕小蜂和多种非传粉榕小蜂生存在一起并相互作用。通过野外观察和采样分析的方法,对鸡嗉果榕内5种榕小蜂（传粉榕小蜂Ceratosolen gravelyi;非传粉榕小蜂Apocrypta sp., Philotrypesis dunia, Platyneura cunia和Sycoscaptertr ifemmensis）的产卵行为进行了研究。结果证明,鸡嗉果榕内生活的各种榕小蜂通过比较严格的产卵时序在榕果内产卵以占领不同的生态位,这反映了这些榕小蜂各自的生物学特性。自然种群数量分析表明,单个非传粉榕小蜂物种的种群数量几乎不与传粉榕小蜂种群数量呈负相关,而所有非传粉榕小蜂物种的种群个体总量与传粉榕小蜂的种群个体数呈正相关,这可能是多个物种共存于单个榕果内的进化适应。     

垂叶榕上16种榕小蜂的种群动态

传粉榕小蜂和榕树的互利共生是传粉昆虫与植物间协同进化的典范。在榕果(榕树的隐头状花序)内,还生活着多种非传粉榕小蜂。这些生活在密闭榕果内由传粉榕小蜂和非传粉榕小蜂组成的群落对研究群落生态学有很大价值。然而,对生存在单一榕树的榕果内的所有榕小蜂的种群动态了解很少,特别是缺少相对长期的连续数据。通过野外近3a观察和采样,研究了垂叶榕榕小蜂群落结构和榕小蜂的种群动态。共记录榕小蜂16种;各种榕小蜂根据发生规律可分为常见种和偶见种,Eupristina koningsbergeri,Philotrypesis sp.1,Philotrypesis sp.4,Philotrypesis sp.5,Sycoscapter sp.1,Walkerella benjamini,Walkerella sp.1,Sycophila sp.2,Sycobia sp.2为常见种;Sycobia sp.1,Acophila sp.1,Sycophila sp.1,Ormyrus sp.1等为偶见种。每种榕小蜂在单果上的数量随季节呈波动变化,季节对榕小蜂群落的多样性和均匀性无显著影响。除了传粉榕小蜂外,Sycoscapter sp.1也是优势种类之一。传粉榕小蜂的数量与非传粉榕小蜂总数间呈显著负相关。传粉榕小蜂与非传粉榕小蜂几乎都呈负相关,而与Walkerella sp.1在数量上呈显著正相关。Sycobia sp.2与Sycophila sp.2在同一瘿中出现,数量上呈显著正相关。但其它非传粉榕小蜂种类在数量上的相关性较为复杂,可能是造成各种榕小蜂数量波动的一个原因。     

比较钝叶榕的三种传粉者及其传粉效率

钝叶榕 (Ficus curtipes)是雌雄同株,它除了依赖钝叶榕传粉榕小蜂Eupristina sp.传粉外,另外两种进入果内繁殖的杨氏榕树金小蜂Diaziella yangi 和Lipothymus sp.金小蜂也能有效地为它传粉,这3种小蜂同时产卵于雌花的子房内,在榕果内繁殖后代.通过控制性放蜂试验,比较研究钝叶榕3种传粉者的传粉效率,结果表明:自然状态下,3种小蜂在绝大多数榕果里只各进1头.在控制性放蜂试验中,3种小蜂的传粉效率均随着放入雌蜂数量的增加而增加,两种金小蜂的传粉效率有时比钝叶榕传粉榕小蜂的传粉效率还高.当钝叶榕传粉榕小蜂分别与两种金小蜂同时放入榕果内传粉时,其生产的种子数量居于或者是接近两种小蜂单独传粉时形成的种子数量,传粉效率没有显著增加.在比较3种小蜂单种分别放1头和2头的传粉效率时,增加单果放蜂数量,钝叶榕传粉榕小蜂和Lipothymus sp. 的平均传粉效率降低,但杨氏榕树金小蜂的平均传粉效率是增加的.对3种不同属传粉小蜂传粉效率的比较,可为研究榕-蜂互惠系统的互惠的起源提供依据.     

高榕雌花期传粉榕小蜂和欺骗性小蜂的繁殖特点

榕树及其专一性传粉榕小蜂组成了动植物界最为经典的协同进化关系,传粉榕小蜂演化出欺骗性是非常罕见的。在雌雄同株的高榕隐头果内,共存着一种传粉榕小蜂Eupristina altissima和一种欺骗性的小蜂Eupristina sp.,两种小蜂在雌花期进入隐头果内繁殖,但有不同的繁殖特点。对比研究了两种小蜂从成虫羽化到产卵和传粉这个阶段的雌蜂个体大小、孕卵量及繁殖差异,结果表明:羽化期两种雌蜂的平均个体小,经飞行小个体的雌蜂易死亡,大个体雌蜂到达接受树,但通过苞片通道,一些个体较大的传粉榕小蜂被夹死导致进入果腔的雌蜂相对小,而欺骗性小蜂易通过苞片以至进入果腔的雌蜂个体较大。两种未产卵雌蜂均表现为个体大者孕卵量较多,但两种雌蜂的平均孕卵量没有差异。即使有充足雌花资源产卵,两种雌蜂均未产完所有卵,产卵后两种雌蜂卵巢中的卵量均显著减少,遗留下的卵量两种小蜂间没有差异。传粉榕小蜂只有部分个体传完所携带花粉,并表现为传粉越成功的雌蜂,产卵越多。存在种内竞争时,两种小蜂的产卵量均减少,传粉榕小蜂的传粉效率也降低。在种间竞争背景下,欺骗性小蜂产卵更成功,传粉榕小蜂的产卵和传粉量均受到极大抑制。研究结果说明雌花期隐头果内传粉榕小蜂只适量利用雌花资源产卵繁殖后代,更有效地传粉繁殖榕树种子,这可能是维持榕-蜂互惠系统稳定共存的重要机制之一;欺骗者稳定存在需降低与传粉者的直接竞争,而欺骗者和传粉者分散在不同果内,甚至是不同的树上繁殖是理想的繁殖策略。     

西双版纳鸡嗉果榕小蜂繁殖和传粉行为

鸡嗉果榕 Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham.ex J. E. Sm.是西双版纳地区常见的榕属植物,它是热带雨林生态系统中的一类先锋树种,当热带雨林被破坏后,它最先在林缘、沟谷和路边迅速生长起来,是热带和亚热带地区森林生态系统恢复初期一类重要物种。在西双版纳通过不同样地定树、定期生态学观察和室内剖查不同生长时期的鸡嗉果榕隐头果的方法,对榕小蜂繁殖和传粉行为进行了研究,结果表明,鸡嗉果榕雌雄异株,在西双版纳一年结2～3次隐头果,雌株隐头果内小花由榕小蜂传粉后产生种子。雄株则产生雄花和中性小花,中性小花专门供给传粉小蜂产卵繁殖后代。鸡嗉果榕小蜂Ceratosolen gravelyi Grandi是鸡嗉果榕唯一的传粉昆虫。传粉小蜂的雄蜂比雌蜂早羽化30～90 min,一部分雄虫羽化后,在虫瘿上爬动寻找雌蜂寄生的瘿花,一找到雌蜂寄生的瘿花,就咬破虫瘿的一个小口,把生殖器伸进瘿花与雌蜂交配,一部分雄蜂则在果肉上咬出蜂口。雌蜂交配后,顶大交配孔出蜂爬到雄花区采集花粉,然后,飞出寻找鸡嗉果榕雌花期的嫩隐头果传粉和繁殖后代。到鸡嗉果榕雌株传粉的小蜂能飞翔300～500 m,进果腔传粉行为长达5～27 h,传完粉3～5 h在果腔内死亡。到雄株上繁殖的小蜂一般飞翔在20～100 m左右近距离寻找嫩隐头果,进果腔产卵,每只小蜂在无干扰的情况下可产400多粒卵。除传粉榕小蜂外,在鸡嗉果榕雄株隐头果上还有4种植食、造瘿和复寄生等非传粉小蜂,它们对传粉小蜂的种群繁衍影响很大,常使传粉小蜂的种群数量降低25～70%。每个隐头果内进传粉小蜂量多少对鸡嗉果榕和榕小蜂繁殖有关,最佳进蜂量为3只,高或低于最佳进蜂量对鸡嗉果榕树和它的传粉小蜂繁殖均不利。     

西双版纳热带雨林对叶榕传粉生物学

研究了西双版纳热带雨林地区雌雄异株植物对叶榕（Ficus hispida L.）的生物学,传粉物候学以及榕小蜂（Ceratosolen solmsi marchali Mayr）的传粉和繁殖行为,研究结果表明：雌雄异株的对叶榕与其他雌雄同株的榕属植物不同,它的种子形成与传粉有着更为复杂的相互关系。对叶榕一年结隐花果6～8,结果高峰期4～5次,其中雄性植株仅产生花粉和榕育榕小蜂,而雄性植株（无雄蕊）则需榕小蜂带花粉进入隐花果内,进行传粉授精,使之发育成种子,对叶榕的成熟花粉不能从花药开裂处自行散发出来,必须由榕小蜂采集才能散落,榕小蜂雌蜂羽化、交配后,找到雄花区,用足、触角、口器在推动中采集花粉,雌蜂飞来熟榕果找寻雌株或雄株榕树上的幼嫩隐花果,一般需3～7min;一部分雌蜂在雄株中寻找幼嫩的隐花果,进去产卵繁殖,另一部分雌蜂则寻找雌株雌花期嫩隐花果进去传粉。雌蜂在雌株榕树的隐花果内传粉时间为15～23h,在雄株榕树的隐花果内产卵时间为6～9h,对叶榕小蜂在雌株上进入单个隐花果的数量多少关系到雌花结实率;观察表明,每个隐花果最佳进蜂数为2头;榕小蜂传粉后榕树成熟种子形成率在54.1%～82.5%之间,平均为73.8%,而在雄株上雌蜂进蜂数量则关系到榕小蜂在隐花果内的产卵率,每个隐花果最佳进蜂数为3～4头,产卵率在72.3%～93.8%之间,平均为84.4%。     

西双版纳热带雨林对叶榕传粉生物学(英)

研究了西双版纳热带雨林地区雌雄异株植物对叶榕 (FicushispidaL .)的生物学、传粉物候学以及榕小蜂(CeratosolensolmsimarchaliMayr)的传粉和繁殖行为。研究结果表明 :雌雄异株的对叶榕与其他雌雄同株的榕属植物不同 ,它的种子形成与传粉者有着更为复杂的相互关系。对叶榕一年结隐花果 6～ 8次 ,结果高峰期 4～ 5次 ,其中雄性植株仅产生花粉和孕育榕小蜂 ,而雌性植株 (无雄蕊 )则需榕小蜂带花粉进入隐花果内 ,进行传粉授精 ,使之发育成种子。对叶榕的成熟花粉不能从花药开裂处自行散发出来 ,必须由榕小蜂采集才能散落。榕小蜂雌蜂羽化、交配后 ,找到雄花区 ,用足、触角、口器在推动中采集花粉。雌蜂飞出熟榕果找寻雌株或雄株榕树上的幼嫩隐花果 ,一般需 3～ 6 7min ;一部分雌蜂在雄株中寻找幼嫩的隐花果 ,进去产卵繁殖 ,另一部分雌蜂则寻找雌株雌花期嫩隐花果进去传粉。雌蜂在雌株榕树的隐花果内传粉时间为 15～ 2 3h ,在雄株榕树的隐花果内产卵时间为 6～ 9h。对叶榕小蜂在雌株上进入单个隐花果的数量多少关系到雌花结实率 ;观察表明 ,每个隐花果最佳进蜂数为 2头 ;榕小蜂传粉后榕树成熟种子形成率在 5 4 .1%～ 82 .5 %之间 ,平均为 73.8% ;而在雄株上雌蜂进蜂数量则关系到榕小蜂在隐花果内的产卵率 ,     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Acidophilic and acid-tolerant fungi and yeasts

Fungi have not been systematically studied from mines and mine drainage waters, even though they are often encountered there. This paper provides a key from literature sources and lists morphological characteristics and habitat information for the 81 fungal species that have been collected or identified in pH <4 environments.