2010秋季东海今生颗石藻的空间分布

根据2010年11月东海29站位所采集108个样品偏光镜检分析结果显示:调查区共发现26种今生颗石藻,优势种为赫氏艾密里藻(Emiliania huxleyi)、大洋桥石藻(Gephyrocapsa oceanica)、卡特螺旋球藻(Helicosphaera carteri)和粗壮环翼球(Algirosphaera robusta)等.水体中今生颗石藻丰度为0-76.562个/mL,平均值为18.641个/mL;颗石粒丰度0-4506.47个/mL,平均值为613.44个/mL,今生颗石藻在表层和底层均呈斑块状分布,海盆区站位丰度较近岸站位下降明显,但物种丰富度明显增多;颗石球丰度最大值站位发生在硅藻水华站位.将研究区域划分为3个断面进行分析:PN断面、沿岸流断面和黑潮断面.比较显示,PN断面的空间分布差异性较大,赫氏艾密里藻具有最高丰度的颗石粒和颗石球.沿岸流断面颗石粒/颗石球、黑潮断面中颗石粒(除底层外),自表至底随水深增加有轻微增加趋势,黑潮断面颗石球丰度高值区集中于25-80 m之间.结合历史环境资料,分析得出东海调查期水体混合、泥沙再悬浮以及硝酸盐浓度是控制今生颗石藻物种丰富度与物种特异分布的主要因子;今生颗石藻在不同环境中具有不同的生活策略,其空间分布特征随取样季节和海区不同有较大变化.     

淡水刚毛藻目一新组合种及其系统发育分析

作者于2012-2014年先后在湖北省采集到4株刚毛藻目的丝状绿藻。经鉴定,其形态特征和莫拉瓦刚毛藻Cladophora moravica Gardavsk(1986)非常相似;但相较于刚毛藻属各个种的形态,4株藻体更接近黑孢藻科的分类特征。基于SSU和LSU rDNA序列构建的系统发育树显示,4株刚毛藻目的丝状绿藻均属于黑孢藻科拟湖球藻属(Aegagropilopsis)。据此,作者建议将该种名称作为一个新组合处理,即莫拉瓦拟湖球藻Aegagropilopsis moravica(Dvoˇrák)Zhao et Liu com.nov。拟湖球藻属仅含有3个种:莫拉瓦拟湖球藻、硬枝拟湖球藻和棒状拟湖球藻,其形态特征与湖球藻相近且易混淆,故采用核基因组序列分析方法区分二者是非常有效的。     

南海北部和西菲律宾海颗石藻种群特征及差异

本文对南海北部SCS-N站(116°E,18°30′N,2016年5月)和菲律宾海西部PAC-ST02-34站(129°59.7′E,17°29.7′N,2016年1月)真光层中颗石藻种群结构进行了对比。总体而言,南海北部真光层颗石藻丰度高于西菲律宾海,而物种多样性指数低于西菲律宾海,这与南海北部真光层中营养盐浓度高于同纬度西菲律宾海有关;两个海域颗石藻丰度极大值都出现在次表层,但在南海北部出现的深度要浅于西菲律宾海,这是由于南海北部真光层营养盐、温、盐跃层较西菲律宾海更浅。Florosphera profunda是两个海域颗石藻种群的主要优势种,南海北部次级优势种为Emiliania huxleyi和Gephyrocapsa oceanica,而西菲律宾海次级优势种则为Umbellosphaera irregularis。颗石藻属种的垂直分布构成在两个海域具有相似的特征,其中F.profunda主要分布在真光层中深层(80m);G.oceanica和Gladiolithus flabellatus也主要出现在真光层中深层;Umbellosphaera irregularis,Syracosphaera pulchra,Helicosphaera carteri和Discosphaera tubifera等则主要分布在100m以浅;E.huxleyi和Calcidiscus leptoporus在南海北部主要分布在100m以浅,但在西菲律宾海则出现在深层(150m附近)。     

甲藻分类历史沿革及中国近海部分甲藻分类地位修订

甲藻自发现至今已有200多年的历史.一方面,甲藻的分类地位越来越受到学者的重视;另一方面,随着研究的深入,出现了越来越多的争议和困惑,在一定程度上阻碍了甲藻分类学的发展.本文简述了国内外甲藻分类研究的历史沿革,主要介绍了几次较大的分类地位的变革.另外,目前中国近海甲藻的分类体系与国际上通用的分类体系还有很多差异,为了更好地促进国内甲藻的分类学研究,方便国际间的合作与交流,我们对国际国内的甲藻分类体系(分别以algaeBASE数据库和《中国海洋生物名录》为代表)进行比较,发现目水平上的分类体系基本相同,但在科、属的划分上有很多差异.针对这些差异点查阅文献,寻根溯源,最终提出了一个较为合理的划分.本文所作的主要调整有:将凯伦藻属(Karenia)、卡罗藻属(Karlodinium)和塔卡藻属(Takay ama)3个属从裸甲藻科(Gymnodiniaceae)中分出,单独成凯伦藻科(Kareniaceae);角藻属(Ceratium)中的大部分海洋种改为新角藻属(Neoceratium);亚历山大藻属(Alexandrium)从屋甲藻科(Goniodomataceae)中分出,归入膝沟藻科(Gonyaulacaceae);取消异沟藻科(Heteraulacus),由屋甲藻科取而代之;成立2个新目,即尖尾藻目(Oxyrrhinales)和梨甲藻目(Pyrocystales).     

颗石藻颗石粒形态的原子力显微观测方法: 以赫氏艾密里藻为例

颗石藻(coccolithophore)作为一种模式生物, 在重建古海洋气候和环境以及预测未来全球气候变化中起着很重要的作用, 赫氏艾密里藻(Emiliania huxleyi)是颗石藻最为典型的代表种。钙质颗石粒(coccolith)是颗石藻形态分类的主要依据, 有着非常精细和复杂的结构, 在样品收集过程中很容易遭到破坏, 这是颗石藻鉴定中经常遇到的一个技术问题。国际上还没有统一的颗石藻定量采样和样品分析方法。本文采用原子力显微方法(atomic force microscopy, AFM)对赫氏艾密里藻的颗石粒形态进行了超显微观察研究, 获取不同扫描范围的高度图(height image)和形貌图(deflection image)以观测其形态结构, 并建立了针对颗石藻的原子力显微样品制备方法。通过离心与膜过滤两种方法收集赫氏艾密里藻, 比较后得出了一种简单、快速的适合于观测颗石藻在大气环境成像的样品处理、制备和图像采集方法: 3,000-4,000 rpm, 20℃离心5 min, 收集颗石藻, 去除有机杂质后取白色沉淀, 将沉淀物悬浮于0.05 M NH₄HCO₃溶液中, 悬浮液滴加于盖玻片表面, 20℃晾干后于样品台在AFM接触模式(contact mode)下原子级扫描, 扫描范围50 µm, 频率1 Hz, 可以得到优质的颗石粒形态图像, 有助于颗石藻的分类鉴别。该方法可用于室内不同环境梯度或参数下的颗石粒形态结构及颗石藻藻华的检测与研究。     

颗石藻Pleurochrysis carterae抗捕食特征

颗石藻Pleurochrysis carterae是沿海水域中常见钙化微藻,易形成高密度水华,也是养殖环境致害种之一。抗捕食防御能力可能是其种群增殖优势的一个重要原因。以卤虫作为捕食者,分析了颗石藻P.carterae抗捕食现象,以及在捕食压力下的重要生理生化响应特征,以期为颗石藻P.carterea抗捕食机制研究及其高密度增殖机理提供参考。研究结果显示:(1)当颗石藻P.carterae比例增加时,卤虫对微藻的摄食率显著降低,且存活率显著下降,显示该藻具抗捕食能力。(2)以卤虫饵料微藻球等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana)为对照,比较研究发现,相同的捕食压力下,饵料金藻的叶绿素荧光参数(电子传递速率ETR和最大量子产率Fv/Fm)显著降低,但颗石藻P.carterae的ETR和Fv/Fm没有显著变化,显示颗石藻P.carterae对卤虫抗捕食作用。(3)相对于没有捕食压力的对照组,捕食压力下,饵料金藻I.galbana的脂类组成没有显著差异。但是,颗石藻P.carterae的脂类组成则发生了显著变化,主要表现在对细胞叶绿体有重要作用的单半乳糖甘油二酯(MGDG),双半乳糖甘油二酯(DGDG),磷脂酰甘油二酯(PG)含量上升,与促细胞分裂相关的二酰甘油(DAG)和磷脂酰肌醇(PI)也上升。这些脂类代谢物的变化可能在其种群水平上抵抗捕食并实现种群增殖中发挥作用。(4)培养介质中磷的状态对颗石藻P.carterae细胞二甲基巯基丙酸(Dimethyl sulfonio propionate,DMSP)含量有显著影响,且影响颗石藻P.carterae对卤虫的致害效应:缺磷条件下生长的颗石藻P.carterae首先使卤虫受害。当培养液中仅以ATP为磷源时,颗石藻P.carterae的卤虫致害效应则降低。研究证明,颗石藻P.carterae具有抗捕食能力,细胞的脂类代谢物质以及DMSP可能在抗捕食防御中发挥作用。     

颗石藻自动鉴定系统及其古海洋学应用——以南海MD05-2901柱状样研究为例

颗石藻自动鉴定系统SYRACO(Système de Reconnaissance Automatique de Coccolithes)是一种通过人工智能神经网络自动识别颗石藻种类并统计数量的工具软件。该软件能够快速可靠识别观察视域中的所有颗石个体,大幅度提高工作效率并弥补了在颗石藻属种鉴定过程中的人为误差。经过训练的SYRACO系统可以鉴定第四纪以来14个主要颗石藻属种,适用于第四纪以来的古环境研究。作者使用SYRACO自动鉴定系统对南海MD05-2901柱状样进行颗石藻属种鉴定,同时获得了Florisphaera profunda,Emiliania huxleyi,Gephyrocapsa oceani-ca等主要属种含量信息。将结果与先前人工统计数据对比表明二者具有很好的一致性,证明其在古海洋学研究中的应用价值。     

颗石球缓解紫外辐射对颗石藻光合作用的胁迫

正颗石藻(Coccolithophore)是一类胞外具有数层钙质颗石粒(Coccolith)的海洋钙化金藻,在绝大部分海域均有分布。颗石藻通过光合固碳向深海沉降有机碳颗粒,同时其钙化作用形成的颗石粒是海底的重要沉积物。它们与钙化浮游动物翼足类(Petropod)钙化量可占海洋生物钙化量的80%,对于海洋碳、钙循环有重要意义~([1,2])。颗石藻在条件合适时,可形成大面积藻华(全球每年可达上百万平方公里)~([3])。促进藻华形成的环境因素很     

西沙群岛永乐环礁琛科2井的珊瑚藻组成及其水深指示意义

本文对中国南海西沙群岛琛科2井中新世以来的珊瑚藻组成进行了初步研究,共识别出3科4亚科11属,包括石叶藻亚科石叶藻属(Lithophyllum)和蟹手藻属(Amphiroa);宽珊藻亚科似绵藻属(Spongites)、新角石藻属(Neogoniolithon)和石孔藻属(Lithoporella);珊瑚藻亚科让氏藻属(Jania)和珊瑚藻属(Corallina),无节珊瑚藻亚科中叶藻属(Mesophyllum)、奇石藻属(Aethesolithon)和石枝藻属(Lithothamnion);孢石藻亚科孢石藻属(Sporolithon)。并得出以下认识:(1)珊瑚藻类群,指示浅水环境;无节珊瑚藻类群,指示深水环境;宽珊藻类群,指示最浅水环境;石叶藻类群,指示浅水环境。(2)琛科2井自下而上分为7个组合:让氏藻属-珊瑚藻属-石孔藻属组合;奇石藻属组合;中叶藻属-石枝藻属组合;似绵藻属组合;石枝藻属组合;中叶藻属-石叶藻属组合;石孔藻属-石叶藻属组合。(3)878.21 m的珊瑚礁碳酸盐岩心,以309.00-312.00 m为界,分为两个大沉积旋回。第一个沉积旋回珊瑚藻组合经历了具关节的珊瑚藻属-让氏藻属-石孔藻属组合,奇石藻属组合,石枝藻属-中叶藻属组合,似绵藻属组合的变化,反映了水体由浅加深,到最后又变浅的过程;第二个沉积旋回珊瑚藻组合出现了似绵藻藻属组合,石枝藻组合,中叶藻属-石叶藻属-石孔藻属组合,石叶藻属组合的变化,反映了水体由浅加深再变浅的珊瑚藻组合的相应变化。     

绿球藻目的几个中国新记录属种

6个生境比较特殊而有趣的绿球藻目物种首次在我国发现,它们分别是生于土壤的香喇网绿藻(Dictyochloris fragrans Vischer ex Start),寄生于眼子菜叶片的浮萍绿点藻(Chlorchytrium lemmae Cohn.),气生种类—生长在樟树皮上的分层胶囊藻(Gloeocystis polydermatica(Kutz.) Hindak),与真菌共生形成地衣的土著共球藻(Trebouxia aboricola de Puymaly)和团集共球藻(Trebouscia glomerata(Waren) Ahmadjian),还有附生于一种刚毛藻(Cladophora sp.)细胞表面的伊乐外生藻(Ectogeron elodeae Dangeard)。除胶囊藻属(Gloeocystis)外,其它属均为中国新记录属。     

The significance of extant coccolithophores as indicators of ocean water masses, surface water temperature, and palaeoproductivity: a review

Coccolithophores are one of the main groups of marine phytoplankton playing key roles in the marine eco-system as primary producers and in marine biogeochemistry. These organisms have gained considerable attention as they play a unique role in the global carbon cycle because of their combined effects on both the organic carbon and the carbonate pump. In addition to steady advances in research on coccoliths as biogeochemical agents and palaeontological proxies were obtained knowledge of the biology of these organisms has progressed considerably in recent years. It is now clear that holococcolithophores are not autonomous but stages in the life cycle of heterococcolithophores. A general introduction to the taxonomy and biology of extant coccolithophores is followed by a brief overview of the environmental parameters affecting these phytoplanktonic organisms and their biogeography. Another chapter summarizes the investigations on coccolithophores in the Arabian Sea which were conducted during the past years to produce a synthesis of the production of living coccolithophores in the photic zone, their transformation to settling assemblages, their accumulation on the seafloor, and their final burial in the Sediments. In the following, applications of coccolithophores to palaeoenvironmental analyses are provided as case studies. In particular, the usage of both ecologically restricted species, such asFlorisphaera profunda, for palaeoproductivity studies and of a new coccolithophore-based palaeother-mometry for surface-water reconstructions are presented. In addition, haptophyte-specific biomarkers (long-chain alkenones) are reviewed and their applicability for palaeoceanographical reconstructions is demonstrated.      

Observations on Syracosphaera rhombica sp. nov.

A spherical coccosphere and two collapsed coccospheres composed of monomorphic rhombic coccoliths were encountered in 2005 in the Java upwelling system of the SE Indian Ocean, while a further two specimens with elongate coccospheres were recently found in the Gulf of Mexico. All of the specimens were collected from the lower photic zone (75–160 m). The coccoliths possess a proximal flange, a slightly flared wall with a serrated distal margin, and a relatively plain central area structure comprised only of overlapping laths. The taxon appears to be an undescribed species of the Syracosphaera nodosa group, so we describe it herein as Syracosphaera rhombica sp. nov.     

Sea surface distribution of coccolithophores in the eastern Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean (Bellingshausen and Amundsen Seas) during the late austral summer of 2001

Horizontal distributions of coccolithophores were observed in sea surface water samples collected on the RV Polarstern between 27 February and 10 April, 2001, in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean (Bellingshausen and Amundsen Seas). These samples were analyzed to gain information about the distribution of coccolithophores in relation to the oceanic fronts of the Southern Ocean. A total of fifteen species of coccolithophores were identified, showing cell abundances of up to 67 × 10³ cells/l down to 63°S. Emiliania huxleyi was the most abundant taxon, always accounting for more than 85% of the assemblage. The second most abundant species was Calcidiscus leptoporus, with values lower than 7%. Cell density increases significantly in both the Subantarctic and Polar Fronts (155 and 151 × 10³ cells/l, respectively), decreasing abruptly in the intervening Polar Frontal Zone and to the south of the Polar Front. Although temperature at high latitudes is the main factor controlling the biogeographical distribution of coccolithophores, at the regional level (Southern Ocean) the frontal systems, and consequently nutrient distribution, play a crucial role.     

Phytoplankton across Tropical and Subtropical Regions of the Atlantic,Indian and Pacific Oceans

We examine the large-scale distribution patterns of the nano- and microphytoplankton collected from 145 oceanic stations, at 3 m depth, the 20% light level and the depth of the subsurface chlorophyll maximum, during the Malaspina-2010 Expedition (December 2010-July 2011), which covered 15 biogeographical provinces across the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans, between 35°N and 40°S. In general, the water column was stratified, the surface layers were nutrient-poor and the nano- and microplankton (hereafter phytoplankton, for simplicity, although it included also heterotrophic protists) community was dominated by dinoflagellates, other flagellates and coccolithophores, while the contribution of diatoms was only important in zones with shallow nutriclines such as the equatorial upwelling regions. We applied a principal component analysis to the correlation matrix among the abundances (after logarithmic transform) of the 76 most frequent taxa to synthesize the information contained in the phytoplankton data set. The main trends of variability identified consisted of: 1) A contrast between the community composition of the upper and the lower parts of the euphotic zone, expressed respectively by positive or negative scores of the first principal component, which was positively correlated with taxa such as the dinoflagellates Oxytoxum minutum and Scrippsiella spp., and the coccolithophores Discosphaera tubifera and Syracosphaera pulchra (HOL and HET), and negatively correlated with taxa like Ophiaster hydroideus (coccolithophore) and several diatoms, 2) a general abundance gradient between phytoplankton-rich regions with high abundances of dinoflagellate, coccolithophore and ciliate taxa, and phytoplankton-poor regions (second principal component), 3) differences in dominant phytoplankton and ciliate taxa among the Atlantic, the Indian and the Pacific oceans (third principal component) and 4) the occurrence of a diatom-dominated assemblage (the fourth principal component assemblage), including several pennate taxa, Planktoniella sol, Hemiaulus hauckii and Pseudo-nitzschia spp., in the divergence regions. Our findings indicate that consistent assemblages of co-occurring phytoplankton taxa can be identified and that their distribution is best explained by a combination in different degrees of both environmental and historical influences.     

Cerebral salt wasting in subarachnoid hemorrhage rats: model, mechanism, and tool

Cerebral salt wasting (CSW) frequently occurs concomitantly with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). CSW induces excessive natriuresis and osmotic diuresis, and reduces total blood volume. As a result, the risk of symptomatic cerebral vasospasm may be elevated. Therefore, it is important to determine the mechanism of CSW. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the rat SAH model exhibits CSW and to investigate the relationship between CSW and natriuretic peptides. A SAH model was produced in 24 rats by perforating a cerebral artery with a nylon thread up through the common carotid artery. To evaluate CSW, urine was cumulatively collected from SAH onset to 12 hours and sodium (Na) excretion was analyzed. Body weight and hematocrit were analyzed before and after SAH onset. Concentrations of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in plasma were also analyzed. Urine volume and total Na excretion of SAH rats were significantly higher than those of sham rats (p<0.05). Body weight of SAH rats significantly decreased and hematocrit significantly increased (p < 0.05). ANP concentration was significantly decreased in SAH rats (p<0.05). However, BNP concentrations did not change. This study demonstrated for the first time that a rat SAH model exhibited CSW. It was suggested that the cause of CSW was neither ANP nor BNP. In addition, this rat SAH model will be useful for study of CSW after SAH.     

New examples of holococcolith–heterococcolith combination coccospheres and their implications for coccolithophorid biology

Recently discovered coccospheres with combinations of coccoliths normally considered to belong to different taxa are presented here. By analogy with other coccolithophorids especially Coccolithus pelagicus we can hypothesize that these associations probably represent moments of phase change in a complex, possibly haplo-diplontic, life-cycle. Seven of these associations are composed of heterococcoliths with holococcoliths; five of them are presented here for the first time: Helicosphaera carteri with Syracolithus catilliferus, Syracosphaera pulchra with Calyptrosphaera oblonga, Syracosphaera anthos with Periphyllophora mirabilis, Acanthoica quattrospina with holococcolithophorid sp. and Syracosphaera sp. with Corisphaera sp. type A (see Kleijne, A., 1991. Holococcolithophorids from the Indian Ocean, Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea and North Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Micropaleontol. 17, 1–76); the other two are Coronosphaera mediterranea with Calyptrolithina wettsteinii, found previously by Kamptner (Kamptner, E., 1941. Die Coccolithineen der Südwestküste von Istrien. Naturhistorischen Museum in Wien. Annalen 51, 54–149), and Syracosphaera nana with undescribed holococcoliths, figured previously by Kleijne (1991) as Syracosphaera sp. type A. In addition the association of Neosphaera coccolithomorpha and Ceratolithus cristatus, recently presented by Alcober and Jordan (Alcober, J., Jordan, R.W., 1997. An interesting association between Neosphaera coccolithomorpha and Ceratolithus cristatus (Haptophyta). Eur. J. Phycol. 32, 91–93) is verified by discovery of a further example. A further five combinations of heterococcoliths and holococcoliths are shown, these probably mostly represent life-cycle combinations but the evidence in each case is insufficient to consider these as definite associations although in these collapsed coccospheres the association of different species is less certain. Two examples of holococcolith–holococcolith associations are presented: S. catilliferus with Syracolithus confusus, and Zygosphaera bannockii with Corisphaera sp. type A. These are probably examples of intra-specific variation.A new species, Syracosphaera delicata sp. nov., is described.     

Index of the Venezuelan marine microflora: diatoms, dinoflagellates and cocolithophorids

The marine phytoplankton of Venezuela has been studied on a regular basis since the mid 20th century. However, a species checklist that can be used as a framework for taxonomic studies is lacking. In this paper, an index of the marine microflora of Venezuela is presented for the first time. The index includes only those diatoms (89 centric and 186 pennate species), dinoflagellates (eight naked and 154 thecate species) and coccolithophores (24 species) for which formal diagnosis and illustrations (drawings and/or photographs) have been reported in the scientific literature (journals and/or first degree or master's theses). It is ordered alphabetically according to class, order, family, and species. It includes the author (s) of the taxa.     

TESTING THE EFFECTS OF ELEVATED PCO2 ON COCCOLITHOPHORES (PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE): COMPARISON BETWEEN HAPLOID AND DIPLOID LIFE STAGES1

The response of Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) W. W. Hay et H. Mohler, Calcidiscus leptoporus (G. Murray et V. H. Blackman) J. Schiller, and Syracosphaera pulchra Lohmann to elevated partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO₂) was investigated in batch cultures. We reported on the response of both haploid and diploid life stages of these three species. Growth rate, cell size, particulate inorganic carbon (PIC), and particulate organic carbon (POC) of both life stages were measured at two different pCO₂ (400 and 760 parts per million [ppm]), and their organic and inorganic carbon production were calculated. The two life stages within the same species generally exhibited a similar response to elevated pCO₂, the response of the haploid stage being often more pronounced than that of the diploid stage. The growth rate was consistently higher at elevated pCO₂, but the response of other processes varied among species. Calcification rate of C. leptoporus and of S. pulchra did not change at elevated pCO₂, whereas it increased in E. huxleyi. POC production and cell size of both life stages of S. pulchra and of the haploid stage of E. huxleyi markedly decreased at elevated pCO₂. It remained unaltered in the diploid stage of E. huxleyi and C. leptoporus and increased in the haploid stage of the latter. The PIC:POC ratio increased in E. huxleyi and was constant in C. leptoporus and S. pulchra. Elevated pCO₂ has a significant effect on these three coccolithophore species, the haploid stage being more sensitive. This effect must be taken into account when predicting the fate of coccolithophores in the future ocean.