湘江中游江段软体动物的种类组成及其多样性

系统地调查了湘江中游江段软体动物的种类组成、分布、种群数量;借助多样性分析软件对14个生境的软体动物的物种丰富度指数（DMA）、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H′）、均匀度指数（Jsw）进行了计算;用Srensen相似性系数C对不同生境软体动物群落进行了系统聚类分析。研究结果表明,湘江中游计有软体动物53种,分别隶属于9科20属,其中腹足纲6科12属31种,主要是田螺科的种类;双壳纲3科8属22种,主要是蚌科的种类。湘江中游共有10个优势种、22个常见种、21个罕见种;14个生境的物种丰富度指数DMA的取值范围在6.4319~2.3183之间,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H′的范围在3.3859~2.1834之间,均匀度指数Jsw在0.94808~0.82067之间。根据不同生境物种的相似性系数C进行系统聚类分析,14个生境的群落相似性系数在0.5236的水平时全部聚合在一起。探讨了湘江中游建坝对软体动物多样性的影响,并进一步分析了株洲市大桥采集点软体动物多样性最高的原因。     

上川岛潮间带不同生境底栖软体动物物种多样性初步研究

目的:研究上川岛潮间带不同生境底栖软体动物物种多样性。方法:对上川岛潮间带(沙滩、泥沙滩、红树林泥滩、岩石滩) 4种不同生境的7个样方的底栖软体动物进行了生物多样性的初步调查。结果:共鉴定底栖软体动物14科30种,上川岛潮间带底栖软体动物物种丰富度指数为岩石滩(平均为1.784 ) >泥沙滩(平均为1.5 2 1) >红树林泥滩(平均为1.2 35 ) >沙滩(平均为0 .6 92 ) ;多样性指数岩石滩(平均为1.5 5 1) >红树林泥滩(平均为1.30 4 ) >泥沙滩(平均为1.16 2 ) >沙滩(平均为0 .4 0 3)。结论:底栖软体动物的种类及数量分布受底质、浪击等因素的影响。     

大亚湾潮间带软体运动的物种多样性初步研究

1999年7月在大亚湾潮间带4种不同生境（岩石岸、砾石滩、泥沙滩、沙滩）10个样方采集软体动物38种,隶属于23个科。采用丰富度指数和多样性指数对不同生境软体动物的多样性进行研究。研究结果表明,大亚湾软体动物物种丰富度指数砾石滩、岩石岸(D=4.328～9.378)>泥沙滩(D=4.328～6.493)>沙滩(D=2.886)。多样性指数也显示砾石滩、岩石岸(H′=0.429～0.842)>泥沙滩(H′=0.315～0.450)>沙滩(H′=0.182)。对上述样方聚类结果表明,软体动物种类分布及数量受底质、浪击和污染的影响。     

高通量测序分析多种典型生境中厌氧氨氧化细菌的多样性分布特征

【背景】厌氧氨氧化过程是氮素循环过程的重要途径之一,在氮素循环中发挥重要作用。先前的研究已经证实了厌氧氨氧化细菌存在于多种生境中,但对其多样性分布还没有系统的研究。【目的】对厌氧氨氧化细菌在不同类型生境中的多样性分布规律进行深入分析,充分展示其在不同生境中的群落结构特点,并揭示多样性分布与环境因素之间的关系。【方法】在建立厌氧氨氧化细菌16S rRNA基因序列数据库的基础上,运用高通量测序技术分析其在不同生境中的多样性分布特征。【结果】厌氧氨氧化细菌在红树林、海湾和河口生境中的多样性水平较高,而污泥和红壤的多样性水平明显较低。系统发育分析表明,这些生境中的厌氧氨氧化细菌主要由Candidatus Brocadia、Ca.Scalindua和未明确分类地位的菌属组成;从河流到红树林生态系统,随着盐度的增加,厌氧氨氧化细菌的优势种属由Ca. Brocadia转变到Ca. Scalindua,相关性分析也表明了盐度是导致不同生境中厌氧氨氧化细菌群落结构差异的主要因素。【结论】不同生境中存在不同的厌氧氨氧化细菌种群结构,环境条件的差异影响了厌氧氨氧化细菌的种群分布和系统演化。     

湘江长沙段的双壳类软体动物

报道了湘江长沙段双壳类软体动物的调查结果,计有双壳类24种及3亚种(其中椭圆背角无齿蚌和橄榄蛏蚌为湖南省新记录种),分别隶属于双壳纲3科17属,其中主要是蚌科珠蚌亚科的种类。并对它们的种类组成、区系、分布、种群大小及栖息环境进行了分析,叙述了优势种的经济价值及利用前景。     

大亚湾潮间带软体动物的物种多样性初步研究

1999年7月在大亚湾潮间带4种不同生境（岩石岸、砾石滩、泥沙滩、沙滩）10个样方采集软体动物38种,隶属于23个科。采用丰富度指数和多样性指数对不同生境软体动物的多样性进行研究。研究结果表明,大亚湾软体动物物种丰富度指数砾石滩、岩石岸(D=4.328～9.378)>泥沙滩 (D=4.328～6.493)>沙滩(D=2.886)。多样性指数也显示砾石滩、岩石岸(H′=0.429～0.842)>泥沙滩(H′=0.315～0.450)>沙滩 (H′=0.182)。对上述样方聚类结果表明,软体动物种类分布及数量受底质、浪击和污染的影响。     

江苏阜宁不同生境鸟类群落谱系和功能多样性

生境类型对群落多样性的影响是生态学关心的重要问题。本研究对江苏阜宁县域内农田、林地、湿地和城镇等4种生境鸟类进行为期一年的调查,从物种多样性、谱系多样性、功能多样性3个层次探究不同生境对鸟类群落的影响。共记录鸟类115种,隶属15目40科。物种多样性在林地生境最高,然后依次为农田、湿地和城镇生境。谱系多样性和功能多样性与物种多样性变化模式不同,农田生境的谱系和功能多样性较其他3种生境高。比较分析生境间3种多样性指标的季节变化,发现多样性指标在季节间无显著性差异,阜宁县域内鸟类群落多样性受生境影响较大。标准化效应值分析表明,各生境群落谱系和功能多样性均呈现出聚集趋势,生境过滤主导鸟类群落的构建。本研究揭示了阜宁县域范围内鸟类资源现状,环境异质性维持较高的鸟类多样性,生境类型的多样化为保持高的鸟类群落多样性提供有力支持。     

陕西洛河流域不同生境蝗虫的群落结构

应用种-多度分布模型、多样性指数、相似性分析、主成分(PCA)分析及多元逐步回归等方法比较了洛河流域不同生境的蝗虫群落结构。结果显示:洛河流域各生境的蝗虫分布基本上服从Preston对数正态分布,其中以森林拟合的最好。各多样性指数的变化趋势均为森林>森林草原>河滩和农田>典型草原。在相似性分析中,典型草原、森林草原和森林这3种生境相似性很高,而河滩和农田则是完全不同的另一种生境。对各生境植被因素和蝗虫群落所进行的主成分分析,结果非常理想,两维主成分的累计方差贡献率分别达到了92.558%和78.566%。通过多元逐步回归发现,影响蝗虫种类和数量变化的植被因有草本植物高度多样性、树木盖度、豆科优势度、禾本科优势度和其他科优势度等。     

北京密云农业景观步甲群落空间分布格局

采用陷阱法对北京密云县西田各庄南部农业景观中玉米地、花生地、果园及半自然林地4种典型生境中的步甲群落进行调查分析.结果表明: 果园步甲群落α多样性最高,花生地最低,林地与玉米地居中,且二者无显著差异;林地、花生地及果园的步甲群落结构明显不同,但均与玉米地的步甲群落结构有不同程度的相似性.果园维持着较多的捕食性步甲和兼食性步甲个体数;且不同生境间捕食性步甲的物种周转率与兼食性步甲的差异更明显.低集约化的果园生境可能较半自然生境林地维持更高的步甲群落α多样性,但多样化的景观组成有利于维持步甲群落及捕食性步甲较高的β多样性.重视景观多样性和低集约化农田生境的保护对保护农业景观步甲群落多样性和实现其害虫控制功能具有重要的意义.     

青藏高原极端生境细菌多样性差异及影响因素

土壤微生物组对于生态系统的可持续性至关重要,青藏高原独特的地理环境孕育了多样的极端环境,其土壤细菌组成差异及其驱动因素尚不清楚。【目的】探究不同极端生境土壤细菌多样性及其影响因素。【方法】对7种典型的青藏高原极端生境土壤DNA进行16SrRNA基因高通量测序,通过生物信息分析,找出不同生境细菌群落组成、功能差异;结合土壤理化因子,进一步分析细菌组成差异的潜在影响因素。【结果】通过高通量测序,从7个不同生境的36个土壤样品中共获得16 323 712高质量reads,26 504个可操作分类单元(operational taxonomic units, OTUs)。在门分类水平上,各生境中注释到的放线菌门(Actinomycetota)与假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)相对丰度均最高;在属分类水平上,芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、Ambiguous＿taxa、土壤红杆菌属(Solirubrobacter)、假节杆菌属(Pseudarthrobacter)等为优势属。另外,不同生境中的细菌α多样性无显著差异,但是β多样性差异显著,并且通过LEfSe分析进一步说明了不同生境细菌群...     

中国海棘皮动物的种类组成及区系特点

棘皮动物是大型底栖动物的重要类群和组成部分.本文从种类组成和区系分布类型两个方面分析了各海区棘皮动物的多样性特点,讨论了温度、海流和水团等海洋环境因素对棘皮动物分布的影响.目前中国海域棘皮动物己记录有591种,包括海百合纲44种,海星纲86种,海胆纲93种,海参纲147种,蛇尾纲221种.黄、渤海和东海、南海的种类组成...     

南沙群岛西南部和北部湾口海域鱼类物种多样性

根据2012-2013年在南沙群岛西南部和北部湾口海域春秋两个航次的调查资料, 分析了该海域鱼类种类组成、相对重要性指数和物种多样性等特征。结果表明, 两个航次调查共鉴定鱼类504种, 隶属于2纲31目129科294属; 其中北部湾口海域出现鱼类301种, 南沙群岛西南部海域出现鱼类357种。优势种数量较少, 多以中小型鱼类为主, 且季节间变化较大。春季多样性指数高于秋季, 这主要是因为春季出现的大量鱼类为补充群体, 而许多种类在秋季有向较深海区移动的趋势; 南沙群岛西南部海域多样性指数高于北部湾口海域, 这主要是由于南沙群岛西南部海域受水温和洋流的影响较大造成的。更替指数和迁移指数显示, 秋季鱼类群落结构稳定性要低于春季, 而且两个季节的鱼类群落结构都偏离平衡状态, 主要是由鱼类的洄游和不同适温性鱼类的迁入迁出造成的。综合来看, 南沙群岛西南部海域鱼类物种多样性和群落结构稳定性均高于北部湾口海域, 在努力控制资源可捕量范围的同时, 可合理开发南海中南部海域的渔业资源。     

A twofold role for global energy gradients in marine biodiversity trends

Explanations for major biodiversity patterns have not achieved a consensus, even for the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG), but most relate to patterns of solar energy influx into Earth systems, and its effects on temperature (as biochemical activity rates are temperature sensitive) and photosynthesis (which drives nearly all of the productivity that fuels ecosystems). Marine systems break some of the confounding correlations among temperature, latitude and biodiversity that typify the terrestrial systems that have dominated theoretical discussions and large‐scale analyses. High marine diversities occur not only in warm shallow seas where productivity may be either low or high, depending on regional features, but also in very cold deep‐sea regions, indicating that diversity is promoted by stability in temperature and in trophic resources (nutrients and food items), and more specifically by their interaction, rather than by high mean values of either variable. The common association of high diversity with stable but low to moderate annual productivity suggests that ecological specialization underlies the similarly high diversities in the shallow tropics and deep sea. Recent work on shallow‐marine bivalves is consistent with this view of decreasing specialization in less stable habitats. Lower diversities in shallow seas are associated with either high thermal seasonality (chiefly in temperate latitudes) or highly seasonal trophic supplies (at any latitude), which exclude species that are adapted to narrow ranges of those variables.     

Variability in the Correlation between Asian Dust Storms and Chlorophyll a Concentration from the North to Equatorial Pacific

A long-term record of Asian dust storms showed seven high-occurrence-frequency centers in China. The intrusion of Asian dust into the downwind seas, including the China seas, the Sea of Japan, the subarctic North Pacific, the North Pacific subtropical gyre, and the western and eastern Equatorial Pacific, has been shown to add nutrients to ocean ecosystems and enhance their biological activities. To explore the relationship between the transported dust from various sources to the six seas and oceanic biological activities with different nutrient conditions, the correlation between monthly chlorophyll a concentration in each sea and monthly dust storm occurrence frequencies reaching the sea during 1997–2007 was examined in this study. No correlations were observed between dust and chlorophyll a concentration in the <50 m China seas because atmospheric deposition is commonly believed to exert less impact on coastal seas. Significant correlations existed between dust sources and many sea areas, suggesting a link between dust and chlorophyll a concentration in those seas. However, the correlation coefficients were highly variable. In general, the correlation coefficients (0.54–0.63) for the Sea of Japan were highest, except for that between the subarctic Pacific and the Taklimakan Desert, where it was as high as 0.7. For the >50 m China seas and the North Pacific subtropical gyre, the correlation coefficients were in the range 0.32–0.57. The correlation coefficients for the western and eastern Equatorial Pacific were relatively low (<0.36). These correlation coefficients were further interpreted in terms of the geographical distributions of dust sources, the transport pathways, the dust deposition, the nutrient conditions of oceans, and the probability of dust storms reaching the seas.     

中国东南部农区蚂蚁物种多样性研究

为探清我国东南部农区内蚂蚁物种多样性,本研究共设置86个采样单元格,每个单元格内选择农田、草地和人工林3种生境,每种生境设置3个重复样地,每个重复生境设置5个1 m2的重复采样样方,用吸虫器采集样方内的地表蚂蚁。结果表明：在我国东南部农区共采集鉴定地表蚂蚁30 077头,隶属于7亚科49属155种;长江中下游地区共采集蚂蚁5亚科34属93种,其中优势种3个,常见种9个,稀有种81个;华南地区采集蚂蚁7亚科42属124种,其中优势种2个,常见种11个,稀有种111个。红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren是华南地区个体数目最多的物种,占个体总数的39.40%;物种数目、个体密度、多样性指数和优势度指数均表现为华南地区＞长江中下游地区;不同生境内蚂蚁群落的物种数目、多样性指数和均匀度指数表现为人工林＞草地＞农田,个体密度和优势度指数人工林生境最低;两个地区3种生境蚂蚁群落间相似性系数0.2437~0.6581,处于极不相似至中等相似水平。结果表明,我国东南部农区蚂蚁种类丰富,在农区的生物多样性保护中具有重要价值;红火蚁在华南地区入侵扩散严重,亟需治理;农区内不同土地利用方式造成的生境差异影响蚂蚁群落的物种组成和多样性;不同区域、不同生境的蚂蚁群落间差异明显。     

Cryptic genetic diversity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Neverita didyma</Emphasis> in the coast of China revealed by phylogeographic analysis: implications for management and conservation

Revealing cryptic biodiversity and understanding the processes that promote lineage diversification will provide valuable insights into management and protection of exploitable species. Neverita didyma is one of the most common marine species along the coast of China and possesses highly economic and nutritional value. Despite being heavily harvested each year, the genetic diversity of this species has never been assessed in the coastal areas of China. Here, we analyzed the diversity of this species based on the barcode region of the mitochondrial gene Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I (COI) and utilized different species delineation approaches to infer evolutionarily significant units (ESUs). Three distinct ESUs, with high genetic distance among each, were identified. Divergence time estimates suggested that the high genetic distances were probably associated with historical isolation of the marginal seas during Pleistocene low sea level periods. The three ESUs did not map to distinct geographical distribution, possibly attributing to the repeated isolation in different refugia and random postglacial recolonization. Moreover, N. didyma in Haizhou Bay deserves priority protection due to its unique ESU. To improve management regulations in the marine realm, our research also stresses the need for more empirical studies on genetic diversity of commercially exploited species in coastal environments of China.     

中国近海浮游动物多样性研究的过去和未来

中国是世界上南北纬度跨度最大的国家之一.复杂的气候、水文和地形因素形成了我国海洋环境的多样性,也造就了浮游动物多样性的格局.我国浮游动物多样性的研究经历了分类、分布为主、环境变化对浮游动物的影响和浮游动物环境适应研究等阶段.在我国,地形、季风和水团是形成海洋环境格局的三大驱动力,因此不同环境对浮游动物的影响是较为活跃的研究方面.无论在我国还足在世界上,浮游动物对环境适应的研究是薄弱环节,研究方法的缺乏是重要的原因.近年来,已经解决了利用现场调查获得的多学科观测数据和资料(field data)结合统计方法求得种类最适温度、最适温度区间等生态学参数的技术难点.yield-density函数模型,麦夸特(Marquardt)法曲线拟合,中值定理,龙贝格(Romberg)积分法计算等数学方法得到应用.这些研究方法应用在生态类群划分是一项创新,对于浮游动物多样性成因分析有重大意义,未来浮游动物多样性应从不同生境、不同时空尺度、不同分类单元、不同粒径谱、不同生态类群和不同测度方法等多个方向展开,而这些领域的应用研究是浮游动物多样性最具前景的方向.     

Pockmarks enhance deep‐sea benthic biodiversity: a case study in the western Mediterranean Sea

Aim Pockmarks are craters on the sea floor formed by sub‐sea‐floor fluid expulsions, which occur world‐wide at all ocean depths. These habitats potentially host a highly specialized fauna that can exploit the hydrocarbons released. Pockmarks at relatively shallow depths can be easily destroyed by human activities, such as bottom trawling. In the present study, we investigated the combined effects of sea‐floor heterogeneity, rate of fluid emission and trophic conditions of different pockmarks on the biodiversity of the deep‐sea assemblages. Location Continental slope of the Gulf of Lions, western Mediterranean Sea, at water depths from 265 to 434 m. Methods We investigated the biodiversity associated with sea‐floor pockmarks that are both inactive and that have active gas emissions. Control sites were selected on the sea floor outside the influence of the gas seepage, both within and outside the pockmark fields. We examined the combined effects of: (i) sea‐floor heterogeneity; (ii) variable levels of fluid (gas) emissions; and (iii) trophic characteristics of the meiofaunal assemblage structure and nematode diversity. Results Sediments within the pockmark fields had lower meiofaunal abundance and biomass when compared with the surrounding sediments that were not influenced by the gas seepage. Although several higher taxa were absent in the pockmarks (e.g. Turbellaria, Tardigrada, Cumacea, Isopoda, Tanaidacea, Nemertina and Priapulida, which were present in the control areas), the richness of the nematode species within all of these pockmarks was very high. About 25% of the total species encountered in the deep‐sea sediments of the investigated areas was exclusively associated with these pockmarks. Main conclusions We conclude that both active and inactive pockmarks provide significant contributions to the regional (gamma) diversity of the continental slope in the western Mediterranean Sea, and thus the protection of these special and fragile habitats is highly relevant to the conservation of deep‐sea biodiversity.     

中国海物种的一般特点

中国海已记录20 278个物种,它们隶属于5个界、44个门,其中,有12个门是海洋特有的。中国海洋的物种比淡水多,比陆地少。物种数由北往南递增。中国海洋的物种有暖水种、温水种和广分布种。许多热带海洋生物分布的北界和一些温带海洋生物分布的的南缘就在中国海域。     

BIODIVERSITY RESEARCH: Fidelity to foraging sites,consistency of migration routes and habitat modulation of home range by sea turtles

Aim Resources can shape patterns of habitat utilization. Recently a broad foraging dichotomy between oceanic and coastal sites has been revealed for loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta). Since oceanic and coastal foraging sites differ in prey availability, we might expect a gross difference in home‐range size across these habitats. We tested this hypothesis by equipping nine adult male loggerhead sea turtles with GPS tracking devices. Location National Marine Park of Zakynthos (NMPZ) Greece, central and eastern Mediterranean (Adriatic, Ionian and Aegean seas). Methods In 2007, 2008 and 2009, Fastloc GPS‐Argos transmitters were attached to nine male loggerheads. In addition, a Sirtrack PTT unit was attached to one male in 2007. Four of the turtles were tracked on successive years. We filtered the GPS data to ensure comparable data volumes. Route consistency between breeding and foraging sites of the four re‐tracked turtles was conducted. Foraging site home range areas and within site movement patterns were investigated by the fixed kernel density method. Results Foraging home range size ranged between circa 10 km² at neritic habitats (coastal and open‐sea on the continental shelf) to circa 1000 km² at oceanic sites (using 90% kernel estimates), the latter most probably reflecting sparsely distributed oceanic prey. Across different years individuals did not follow exactly the same migration routes, but did show fidelity to their previous foraging sites, whether oceanic or neritic, with accurate homing in the final stages of migration. Main conclusions The broad distribution and diverse life‐history strategies of this population could complicate the identification of priority marine protected areas beyond the core breeding site.