紫堇灵对四氯化碳致小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用及机制的研究

探讨紫堇灵(Corynoline,COR)对四氯化碳致小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用及其机制。50只昆明种小鼠随机均分成5组,分别为正常组(Con)、GW9662阻断剂组(GW)、模型组(CCl4)、紫堇灵预处理组(COR)以及紫堇灵与阻断剂GW9662联合处理组(COR+GW),采用腹腔注射0.2%四氯化碳(CCl4)玉米油溶液(10 m L/kg)建造小鼠急性肝损伤模型。20 h后,小鼠脱臼处死后取血清,使用ELISA法检测血液中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)活性。检测肝脏组织中C反应蛋白(CRP)的含量和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的含量。利用HE染色观察肝组织病理学变化,通过Western blot方法检测肝脏组织中过氧化物酶增殖物激活受体γ(PPAR-γ)和NF-κB的蛋白表达。结果显示,紫堇灵能显著降低CCl4性肝损伤所引起的血清中ALT、AST活性升高,明显改善肝组织病理损伤程度;抑制肝脏中炎症因子CRP和TNF-ɑ含量和NF-κB蛋白表达量的升高;有效地拮抗受损肝脏组织中过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor,PPAR-γ)蛋白表达量的降低。并且我们发现紫堇灵的这种减轻CCl4性肝损伤的作用几乎全部被GW9662阻断。COR对四氯化碳致小鼠急性肝损伤有一定的保护作用,其机制可能与PPAR-γ和NF-κB信号通路有关。     

禹州漏芦醇提物对四氯化碳所致小鼠急性肝损伤的影响

探讨禹州漏芦乙醇提取物对四氯化碳(CCl4)诱导小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用。以CCl4诱导小鼠急性肝损伤模型,检测血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活性,同时测定肝匀浆中的超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性和丙二醛(MDA)的水平。将肝大叶HE染色,观察各组小鼠的肝组织病理改变。结果表明,同模型组比较,禹州漏芦乙醇提取物各剂量组均能降低小鼠血清中ALT、AST及MDA活性,升高肝组织中GSH-Px和SOD的活性,并能明显改善肝组织的病理学损伤。禹州漏芦乙醇提取物对CCl4所致小鼠急性肝损伤具有较好保肝作用,其作用可能与清除体内自由基和抗氧化的作用有关。     

黄芪多糖与枸杞多糖联用对小鼠肝组织损伤的保护作用

探究黄芪多糖与枸杞多糖对四氯化碳(CCl_4)所致小鼠急性肝损伤的协同保护作用。采用CCl_4诱导小鼠急性肝损伤,动物处死后取血液测定血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活性,取肝脏计算肝指数并制备肝匀浆测定其中谷胱甘肽(GSH)活力、丙二醛(MDA)含量,并对小鼠肝脏进行组织切片观察,评价黄芪多糖与枸杞多糖联用对小鼠肝组织的保护效果。实验显示,黄芪多糖与枸杞多糖各配比(LBP 50 mg/kg+APS 100,LBP 70 mg/kg+APS 400,LBP 350 mg/kg+APS 800)均能显著抑制CCl_4急性肝损伤所引起的MDA含量、肝脏指数、ALT和AST活性的升高(p0.05),有效地提高肝脏中GSH的含量,减轻小鼠的肝组织损伤程度。本研究表明黄芪多糖与枸杞多糖联用对CCl_4诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤有明显的保护作用。     

金线风总黄酮对四氯化碳致急性肝损伤小鼠的保护作用及机制研究

研究金线风总黄酮(TFC)对四氯化碳(CCl4)致急性肝损伤小鼠的保护作用,并从氧化应激、炎症反应和TLR-4/NF-κB信号通路探讨其作用机制。60只小鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、水飞蓟素组(150 mg/kg)、TFC低、中、高剂量组(100、200、400 mg/kg)、连续灌胃给药10 d。末次给药2 h后,除正常组外,各组腹腔注射0.1%的CCl4花生油溶液(10 m L/kg),建立小鼠急性肝损伤模型,16 h后,收集血清和肝组织。血清指标检测表明,与模型组比较,TFC能够显著降低肝脏指数、ALT和AST活性(P0.05),并减少ALP、TBIL和γ-GT含量(P0.05),且降低MDA含量(P0.05),同时增强T-SOD和GSH-Px活性(P0.05)。ELISA法检测肝组织指标结果表明,与模型组比较,TFC能够显著下调TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6含量(P0.05)。Western blot检测结果显示,与模型组比较,TFC能够明显降低肝组织中TLR-4和NF-κB蛋白表达(P0.05)。HE染色分析肝组织病理学变化结果表明,TFC能够有效改善肝组织损伤程度。综上所述,TFC对CCl4诱导的急性肝损伤小鼠具有保护作用,其保肝作用机理可能与抑制氧化应激、炎症反应以及TLR-4/NF-κB信号通路有关。     

育阴软肝中药对实验性肝损伤的保护作用

目的:研究育阴软肝方对小鼠化学性急性肝损伤的保护作用。方法:将55只昆明小鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型对照组、育阴软肝方低、中、高剂量组(n=11),连续给药7 d后,采用腹腔分别注射D-半乳糖胺(DGal N)、四氯化碳(CCl4)或硫代乙酰胺(TAA)复制三种肝损伤模型,通过测定血液生化指标、肝组织抗氧化酶及氧化产物的水平,研究育阴软肝方对实验性肝损伤的保护作用。结果:育阴软肝方能降低D-Gal N、CCl4或TAA诱发急性肝损伤小鼠血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)的水平,提高急性肝损伤小鼠肝组织超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性,降低丙二醛(MDA)的含量。其降酶保肝、抗氧化作用显示出一定的量效关系。结论:育阴软肝方对实验性急性肝损伤具有一定的保护作用。     

睡莲花总黄酮对四氯化碳致小鼠急性肝损伤的防治作用

探讨睡莲花总黄酮(NCTF)对四氯化碳(CCl4)致小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用及其机制。60只昆明种小鼠随机分为6组:正常组、模型组、联苯双酯组(150 mg/kg)和NCTF低、中、高剂量组(50、100、200 mg/kg),灌胃给药,连续7 d。末次给药1 h后,除正常组腹腔注射大豆油0.2 m L/10 g外,其余各组均腹腔注射0.12%的CCl4大豆油溶液0.2 m L/kg。禁食8 h后,摘眼球取血,分离血清,检测谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转胺酶(AST)、白介素-1β(IL-1β)、白介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、γ-干扰素(IFN-γ);解剖取肝脏、脾脏,计算肝、脾指数,制备肝匀浆,检测超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、丙二醛(MDA)和一氧化氮(NO),留取肝左叶行病理组织学检查。与模型组比较,NCTF(100、200 mg/kg)能显著降低小鼠血清ALT、AST、TNF-α和IL-6水平以及小鼠的肝、脾指数(P0.05);并可明显提高小鼠肝组织匀浆SOD、GSH-Px的活性(P0.05),显著降低MDA和NO水平(P0.05)。病理组织学检查结果显示不同剂量NCTF均可减轻小鼠的肝组织损伤程度。结果说明NCTF对CCl4诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤具有明显的保护作用,其作用机制可能与抗氧化和抑制炎症因子的释放有关。     

冬虫夏草菌丝提取物对化学性肝损伤的辅助保护作用

为明确冬虫夏草菌丝提取物对急性肝损伤小鼠谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）、肝细胞变性及坏死程度的影响,采用四氯化碳（CCl4）诱导小鼠急性化学性肝损伤模型,将动物随机分成5组,分别是空白对照组、模型组、冬虫夏草菌丝提取物低剂量组（1.11g/kg BW）、中剂量组（3.33g/kg BW）、高剂量组（10.00g/kg BW）,检测血清ALT、AST值,并取肝脏作病理切片,观察肝脏的病理损伤情况。冬虫夏草菌丝提取物高剂量组能明显降低CCl4急性肝损伤小鼠血清ALT值,减轻肝细胞坏死程度,表明冬虫夏草菌丝提取物对化学性肝损伤有辅助保护功能。     

黔产毛蒟水提物对急性肝损伤小鼠的保护作用

探讨黔产毛蒟水提物(PTE)对四氯化碳(CCl_4)诱导小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用及其作用机制。本研究中将50只昆明种小鼠随机分为5组,各组10只,分别为空白组、模型组(0.01 g/kg的0.15%CCl_4菜油溶液造模)、PTE组(低剂量组0.5 g/kg和高剂量组1.0 g/kg)和阳性对照组(联苯双酯0.15 g/kg)。检测各组小鼠谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)含量;测定肝组织匀浆中脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性;计算肝脏的湿重指数;HE染色法观察肝脏组织的病理学变化。与空白对照组相比,模型组血清ALT、血清AST、肝脏指数、肝组织MDA含量以及血清TNF-α明显增高(均P0.01),肝组织SOD活性明显降低(P0.01),肝组织病理损伤明显。与模型组相比,PTE高剂量组和阳性对照组血清ALT显著降低(P0.01),PTE低、高剂量组和阳性对照组血清AST、肝脏指数、肝组织MDA含量以及血清TNF-α含量均明显降低(P0.05或P0.01),肝组织SOD活性明显升高(P0.01),并减轻了肝组织病理损害。PTE可减轻CCl_4诱导的急性肝损伤,其机制可能与抗氧化、抑制TNF-α的产生有关。     

杭白菊保肝作用研究

本实验对杭白菊的保肝作用进行了研究。以四氯化碳诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤为模型,将杭白菊乙醇提取物和多糖部分分为高、中、低三个剂量组,以联苯双酯为阳性对照,灌胃给药8 d,分别测定血清谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)、肝匀浆丙二醛(MDA)、肝匀浆超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)。结果表明:杭白菊乙醇提取物和多糖部分高剂量组对血清GPT、GOT具有显著的抑制作用,杭白菊乙醇提取物高剂量组显著拮抗肝脏MDA的升高。表明杭白菊有保护四氯化碳所致肝损伤的作用。     

过墙风总黄酮对四氯化碳致急性肝损伤小鼠的保护作用及机制研究

探讨过墙风总黄酮(CPTF)对四氯化碳(CCl4)致急性肝损伤小鼠的保护作用及作用机制。将60只小鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、水飞蓟素组(150 mg/kg)、CPTF高、中、低剂量组(200、100、50 mg/kg),每组10只。各给药组每天灌胃对应剂量的药物(25 m L/kg),正常组与模型组每天灌胃等体积蒸馏水,连续灌胃10 d。末次给药2 h后,除正常组腹腔注射花生油外,其余各组均腹腔注射0.1%的CCl4花生油溶液(10 m L/kg)。禁食不禁水16 h后,眼球取血,处死后收集肝脏。生化法检测血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的含量,酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-1β(IL-1β)和白介素-6(IL-6)在肝组织中的含量。蛋白免疫印迹实验(Western blot)检测肝组织中酪氨酸蛋白激酶2(JAK2)、磷酸化JAK2(p-JAK2)、信号转导和转录激活因子3(STAT3)和磷酸化STAT3(p-STAT3)含量,HE染色观察肝组织病理学变化。结果显示,与模型组比较,CPTF可显著改善肝组织病变,降低血清中AST、ALT和MDA含量(P0.05),提高T-SOD和GSH-PX活性(P0.05),下调肝组织中TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6表达(P0.05),并抑制p-JAK2和p-STAT3水平(P0.05)。综上所述,CPTF对CCl4致急性肝损伤小鼠具有保护作用,可减轻肝组织损伤程度,其作用机制可能与抗氧化、抑制炎症反应,并调控JAK2/STAT3信号通路有关。     

4-羟基苯并恶唑-2-酮对四氯化碳致小鼠急性肝损伤保护作用

日的研究4一羟基苯并恶唑-2-酮（4-hydroxy-2-benzoxazolone,HBOA）对四氯化碳所致小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用,并探讨其疗效机制。方法采用腹腔注射四氯化碳（carbonte trachloride,cch）制备小鼠急性肝损伤模型,HBOA灌胃给药,检测小鼠血清中的乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性以及肝组织中过氧化氢酶（CAT）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）含量,并用免疫组化法观察肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-a）的表达情况。结果HBOA能明显降低CCh致急性肝损伤小鼠血清LDH活性,同时升高肝组织中CAT、GSH-Px的活性并降低肝组织中TNF-a的表达。结论HBOA对CCh所致小鼠急性肝损伤有一定的保护作用。     

蟛蜞菊内酯对四氯化碳致小鼠肝损伤的保护作用

目的:研究中药活性物质蟛蜞菊内酯的保肝作用及其机制。方法:采用小鼠腹腔注射CCl4制作肝损伤模型,测定小鼠血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、丙二醛(MDA),谷胱甘肽(GSH)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)指标,进行肝脏的组织病理学检查,观察蟛蜞菊内酯对CCl4所致肝损伤的保护作用。结果:蟛蜞菊内酯能明显降低肝损伤小鼠的血清ALT、AST和肝组织匀浆中MDA含量,SOD活力增强,明显减轻肝组织变性。结论蟛蜞菊内酯对CCl4引起的肝损伤有明显的保护作用,其机制可能与其抗氧化作用有关。     

Effects of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenases in carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatitis model of rats

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) converts tryptophan to l-kynurenine, and it is noted as a relevant molecule in promoting tolerance and suppressing adaptive immunity. In this study, to investigate the effects of IDO in carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4) )-induced hepatitis model, the levels of IDO enzymic activities in the mock group, the control group and the 1-methyl-D-tryptophan (1-MT)-treated group were confirmed by determination of l-kynurenine concentrations. Serum alanine aminotransferase levels in 1-MT-treated rats after CCl(4) injection significantly increased compared with those in mock and control groups. In CCl(4)-induced hepatitis models, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is critical in the development of liver injury. The mRNA expression and secretion levels of TNF-α in the liver from 1-MT-treated rats were more enhanced compared with those in the mock and the control groups. Moreover, the levels of cytokine and chemokine from mock, control group and 1-MT-treated rats after treated with CCl(4) were analyzed by ELISA, and the level of interleukin-6 was found to increase in 1-MT-treated rats. It was concluded that the deficiency of IDO exacerbated liver injury in CCl(4)-induced hepatitis and its effect may be connected with TNF-α and interleukin-6.     

Protective effect of chromium(III) on acute lethal toxicity of carbon tetrachloride in rats and mice.

Trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) preadministered intraperitoneally (5 mg Cr/kg body weight) to rats and mice protected these animals from acute lethal toxicity of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Some other metals, Cr(VI), Cu(II), and Zn(II), had no effect on CCl4 lethal toxicity. DL-alpha-tocopherol, one of the antioxidative agents, showed similar protective effects to Cr(III). Activities of serum GOT and GPT in mice were increased sharply by the administration of CCl4, but these elevations were depressed by Cr(III) preadministration. Serum glucose levels of mice increased transiently after CCl4 administration and then in the control group fell to hypoglycemic levels after 6 hr, whereas the Cr(III)-pretreated group kept to homeostatic levels. Lipid peroxidation of microsomes in mice 24 hr after Cr(III) administration was lower than that of the control. These results suggest that Cr(III) preadministered to mice might act as a radical scavenger to CCl4 to form trichloromethyl radicals which are a major initial product of CCl4 in liver cells.     

Characterization and protection on acute liver injury of a polysaccharide MP-I from Mytilus coruscus

In this study, we analyzed a water-soluble polysaccharide MP-I isolated from Mytilus coruscus. MP-I was obtained by hot-water extraction, anion-exchange and gel-permeation chromatography. Complete hydrolysis, periodate oxidation, methylation analysis, as well as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were conducted to elucidate its structure. MP-I was subjected to investigate the protective effect on carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) induced liver damage in male Kunming mice. Based on the data obtained, MP-I was found to be an alpha-(1-->4)-D-glucan, branched with a single alpha-D-glucose at the C-6 position every eight residue, on average, along the main chain. Based on the calibration with Dextran, the glucan had a molecular weight of about 1.35 x 10(6) Da. Pharmacological studies revealed that MP-I could decrease serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and hepatic malondialdehyde aldehydes (MDA) levels, increase the hepatic total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity, and improve hepatic damage in the CCl(4) induced liver injury in mice in a dose-dependent manner. The results suggest that the possible mechanism is due to its antioxidant activity of MP-I.     

Extracts of Phellinus linteus grown on germinated brown rice suppress liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats

Extracts of Phellinus linteus (EPB), grown on germinated brown rice, protected rats from liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Peroxidation products in the liver were decreased to 10% by EPB. Catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were significantly decreased to 55% and 39% by CCl4 administration, but EPB blocked this effect, resulting in enzyme activities at control levels. Expression of cytochromeP450 2E1 (CYP2E1) protein was significantly decreased to 88% in CCl4-treated rats but remained at control levels when EPB was also administered. EPB did not affect the altered fatty acid composition induced by CCl4. The hepatoprotective effect of EPB may be mediated by EPB's prevention of CCl4-induced CYP2E1 degradation.     

Early growth response (EGR)-1 is required for timely cell-cycle entry and progression in hepatocytes after acute carbon tetrachloride exposure in mice

Cell-cycle induction in hepatocytes protects from prolonged tissue damage after toxic liver injury. Early growth response (Egr)-1(-/-) mice exhibit increased liver injury after carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) exposure and reduced TNF-α production. Because TNF-α is required for prompt cell-cycle induction after liver injury, here, we tested the hypothesis that Egr-1 is required for timely hepatocyte entry into the cell cycle after CCl(4)-induced liver injury. Acute liver injury was induced by a single injection of CCl(4). Assays were employed to assess indices of the cell cycle in liver after CCl(4) exposure. Bromodeoxyuridine incorporation peaked in wild-type mice at 48 h after CCl(4) but was reduced by 80% in Egr-1(-/-) mice. Proliferating-cell nuclear-antigen immunohistochemistry revealed blocks in cell-cycle entry and progression to DNA synthesis in Egr-1-deficient mice 48 h after CCl(4). Cyclin D, important for G0/G1 progression, was reduced at baseline and 36 h after CCl(4). Cyclin E1, required for G1/S-phase transition, was reduced in Egr-1(-/-) mice 24 and 48 h after CCl(4) exposure and was associated with reduced phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein. Proliferation in Egr-1(-/-) mice was delayed, rather than blocked, because indices of cell-cycle progression were restored 72 h after CCl(4) exposure. We concluded that Egr-1 was required for prompt cell-cycle entry (G0- to G1-phase) and G1/S-phase transition after toxic liver injury. These data support the hypothesis that Egr-1 provides hepatoprotection in the CCl(4)-injured liver, attributable, in part, to timely cell-cycle induction and progression.     

Inhibitors of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase are more effective than an NO donor in reducing carbon-tetrachloride induced acute liver injury

The exact functional role of nitric oxide (NO) in liver injury is currently a source of controversy. NO is enzymatically synthesized by nitric oxide synthase (NOS). In this study, we assessed the role of inducible NOS (iNOS) in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury using inhibitors of iNOS, and an NO donor. Adult ICR mice were injected with CCl4 with or without the iNOS inhibitors (5-methylisothiourea hemisulfate [SMT] and l-N6-(1-iminoethyl)-lysine [L-NIL]) and an NO donor (Sodium Nitroprusside [SNP]). Blood and liver tissues were collected for analysis. Immunohistochemistry (IHC), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), serum total 8-isoprostane analysis, RT-PCR, Western Blotting (WB) and EMSA were done. Our results showed increased levels of ALT, necrosis, total 8-isoprostane and nitrotyrosine after CCl4 administration. iNOS inhibitors and SNP abrogated these effects but the effect was more pronounced with SMT and L-NIL. RT-PCR, WB and IHC in CCl4-treated mice demonstrated upregulation of TNF-alpha, iNOS, and COX-2. The administration of iNOS inhibitors with CCl4 diminished the expression of these proinflammatory mediators. NF-kappaB was also upregulated in CCl4-treated mice and was reversed in mice pretreated with iNOS inhibitors. SNP pretreated mice also showed a lower expression of COX-2 when compared with CCl4 treated mice but TNF-alpha, iNOS and NF-kappaB activity were unaffected. We propose that a high level of nitric oxide is associated with CCl4-induced acute liver injury and the liver injury can be ameliorated by decreasing the NO level with iNOS inhibitors and an NO donor with the former more effective in reducing CCl4-induced liver injury.     

Chromium (III) decreases carbon tetrachloride-originated trichloromethyl radical in mice.

Effects of the administration of trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) to mice and the activation of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) to form trichloromethyl radicals (.CCl3) in the liver were studied. The lipid peroxidation in liver microsomes induced in vitro by CCl4 in the presence of NADPH was decreased by the preadministration of Cr(III) to mice. The activity of NADPH-cytochrome C reductase, which presumably catalyzes the formation of .CCl3 from CCl4 in liver microsomes, was depressed by Cr(III) administration and kept at a level lower than that of the control group for at least 2 hr after CCl4 dosing. Furthermore, the frequency of appearances of ESR signals of .CCl3 in the liver homogenate of mice 1 min after CCl4 administration was markedly decreased by Cr(III) preadministration, similarly to DL-alpha-tocopherol. These results suggest that Cr(III) preadministered to mice decreases the formation of .CCl3 from CCl4, an activating process of CCl4, in the liver, presumably by scavenging the radical.