中国假尾孢属的研究II．

本文报道中国假尾孢属的24个种,其中有2个新种:杨桐假尾孢(Pseudocercospora adinandrae Guo&Liu),钟萼假尾孢(Pseudocercospora bretschneiderae Liu&Guo),10个新组合,1个新名称:木豆假尾孢(Pseudoeercospora cajani-flavi Guo&Liu)和11个中国新记录。文中对2个新种提供了拉丁文简介、描述及图。所研究的标本全部保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

New species of Dictyochaetopsis and Paraceratocladium from Brazil

Two new conidial fungi, Dictyochaetopsis brasiliensis and Paraceratocladium bacilliformis, both isolated from plant debris collected in Brazil, are described and illustrated. Dictyochaetopsis brasiliensis differs from the previously described species of the genus mainly by small, fusiform conidia with a very thin apical setula, absence of setae, and lateral, discrete conidiogenous cells with usually numerous sympodial proliferations. Paraceratocladium bacilliformis is characterized by small, bacilliform and aseptate conidia.     

Molecular and morphological data reveal two new species of Scolecobasidium

Two species of Scolecobasidium were isolated from soil in Hainan and Hebei Provinces, China. The two taxa develop broadly ellipsoid conidia and ellipsoidal to oblong conidia, respectively. Their taxonomic placement in Scolecobasidium was confirmed by morphological similarity and phylogenetic analysis of the RNA polymerase II subunit b (RPB2) sequence data. The two fungi, which are morphologically distinct to previously described species, and occupy unique positions in the phylogenetic tree, are thus introduced as the new species Scolecobasidium terricola and S. ellipsoideum. They are described and illustrated and compared with similar species in the genus.     

Amorosia littoralis gen. sp. nov., a new genus and species name for the scorpinone and caffeine-producing hyphomycete from the littoral zone in The Bahamas

The new generic and species name Amorosia littoralis gen. sp. nov. is introduced for the conidial dematiaceous hyphomycete isolated from the littoral zone in The Bahamas and reported in 2001 to produce the novel aza-anthraquinone scorpinone, and also caffeine. No satisfactory generic placement was found at the time, but subsequent morphological and molecular investigations reveal that a new generic name is required. The new genus has some similarity to several fungi described in Trichocladium, but differs substantially from the type species of that genus in the form of the conidia and the lack of ornamentation. BLAST studies using the 18S and 28S rDNA gene sequences place the new genus in the Sporormiaceae. In addition to the morphological studies, an ultrastructural examination of the conspicuous porate septa of hyphae showed that they do not belong to a basidiomycete.     

座隔孢属一新种

座隔孢属(Toxosporiopsis Sutton & Sellar)为腔孢纲(Coelomycetes)之一小属,已描述2种。本文报道了该属产自中国的一个新种:中国座隔孢(Toxosporiopsis sinensisW.P.Wu)。新种生于胡桃(Juglans regia L.)枯枝上,它与已知种尖顶座隔孢(Toxosporio-psis capitata Sutton & Sellar)和大孢座隔孢(Toxosporiopsis macrosperma(Cavara)Sutton& Dyko)在子座大小,产孢细胞长度,分生孢子形态、大小,侧丝长度及其外围胶质鞘的有无等特征上差别极大,故另立新种。     

Punctelia colombiana sp. nov. (Parmeliaceae) from South America

Punctelia colombiana Serusiaux, a species apparently endemic to Colombia, is described as new. It is the only isidiate species in the genus with filiform conidia.     

Leptographium piriforme sp. nov., from a taxonomically diverse collection of arthropods collected in an aspen-dominated forest in western Canada

During a survey of fungi associated with arthropods collected in a southern boreal mixed-wood forest in Alberta we obtained 29 isolates of a unique species of Leptographium. This species displayed a distinct combination of characteristics, including curved conidia on short-stipitate conidiophores, a secondary micronematous conidial state, stalked pear-shaped cells and an optimal growth rate at 35 C, and is described as Leptographium piriforme sp. nov. The isolates were most similar morphologically to L. crassivaginatum, but ITS sequence comparisons indicate that our isolates cannot be assigned to this or any other sequenced species in the genus. Initial observations on the pear-shaped cells in feeding experiments with Sancassania berlesei show that these structures may act as a nutritional incentive for visiting arthropods. Most arthropods carrying this new species were caught in traps baited with dung which, in light of its optimum growth temperature, suggests a coprophilous phase in the life cycle of this species. Additional isolates from woody species typical of the survey area might clarify whether Leptographium piriforme in its forest habitat occurs as a plant pathogen or saprobe.     

尘白灯蛾的病原真菌新种——福建虫瘴霉

本文报道了采自福建南平尘白灯蛾的病原真菌新种:福建虫瘴霉(Furia fujianaHuang et z.z.Li sp.nov)该菌分生孢子单核,双囊壁,倒卵形,16.0-25.8 ×8.4-18.4μm,平均20.0×9.9μm,长径比1.5-3.0,平均2.0。次生分生孢子梨形,平均18.4×11.7μm。分生孢子梗棍棒状,二歧分枝或单枝。有假根和囊状体,基本等粗于孢子梗。假根不形成明显分化的固着器。休眠孢子光滑,20.3—22.8μm。     

CODONMYCES AND LICHENOSTELLA,TWO NEW GENERA OF LICHENICOLOUS CONIDIAL FUNGI

The new generic names Codonmyces and Lichenostella are introduced for two new species of conidial fungi. Lichenostella hypotrachynae gen. et sp. nov. is a commensal of Hypotrachyna species, and is mainly characterized by forming black sporodochia with setae and, particularly, by its star-like conidia. Codonmyces lecanorae gen. et. sp. nov. occurs on Lecanora valesiaca and differs from the genus Xanthoriicola by its 1-septate conidia and campanulate conidiogenous cells with several conspicuous, flared annellations. Comments on the ecology ofL. valesiaca , and its associated lichens and lichenicolous fungi are also given.     

The occurrence of ergot fungi (Glavicipitales) on the genus Hyparrhenia in southern Africa

LOVELESS, A. R., 1985. The occurrence of ergot fungi (Clavicipitales) on the genus Hyparrhenia in southern Africa . In southern Africa the presence of ergots has been confirmed on 11 wild grasses of the genus Hyparrhenia . Two species of Claviceps are involved. One of them has predominantly triangular conidia, and is therefore identified as C. pusilla . The other has very characteristic truncate conidia, and is either an undescribed species or C. inconspicua , depending upon how problems in the identification of species of Claviceps are to be resolved. On Hyparrhenia, C. pusilla is restricted to species belonging to the series Cymbariae, and the undetermined species of Claviceps infects various species of Hyparrhenia belonging to at least four other series of the genus.     

Morphology and molecular taxonomy of Evlachovaea-like fungi,and the status of this unusual conidial genus

The entomopathogenic anamorphic genus Evlachovaea was described to differ from other fungi in forming its conidia obliquely to the axis of the conidiogenous cell and with successive conidia having alternate orientations with a zipper- or chevron-like arrangement resulting in flat, ribbon-like chains. Morphological and molecular studies of six Evlachovaea-like isolates baited from Central Brazilian soils using Triatoma infestans (a vector of Chagas disease) and of other entomopathogens with Evlachovaea-like conidiogenesis led to a re-evaluation of the status of this little known fungal genus. The Brazilian isolates formed two distinct groups based on gene sequences for both the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and translation elongation factor (EF-1α) genes, morphology, and growth patterns; both groups also differed from the type species, Evlachovaea kintrischica. More detailed studies of these fungi indicated that the alternatingly oblique orientations of forming conidia are neither a stable nor invariant character (even on single phialides). Furthermore, the molecular cladistic analysis unambiguously placed the Evlachovaea isolates firmly within the genus Isaria (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae). The ITS sequences of E. kintrischica were very similar or even identical to those of Isaria amoenerosea and Isaria cateniobliqua, thereby suggesting that E. kintrischica is a synonym of one of these species, and that the genus Evlachovaea must be treated as a later synonym of Isaria, which must now be recognized to include several highly divergent modes of conidiogenesis. These taxonomic findings are discussed in the context of dramatic changes recently imposed on the nomenclatural standards used to determine the correct names of all pleomorphic fungi.     

Berkleasmium crunisia sp. nov. and its phylogenetic affinities to the Pleosporales based on 18S and 28S rDNA sequence analyses

Berkleasmium crunisia sp. nov. is described from a decaying rachis of Calamus sp. (Arecaceae) from Khuan Ka Long, Satun Province, Thailand. This Berkleasmium species differs morphologically from other species in possessing subtending cells and larger conidia. The phylogenetic relationship of the genus Berkleasmium among sexual ascomycetes also was examined. Sequence analyses from 18S, 28S and ITS-5.8S rDNA were analyzed phylogenetically under maximum parsimony, Bayesian and neighbor joining criteria. Phylogenies revealed that Berkleasmium is not monophyletic. Berkleasmium micronesicum and B. nigroapicale are related to Westerdykella cylindrica and Sporormia australis, which are members of the family Sporormiaceae (Pleosporales). Other species, including our new taxon, appear to share phylogenetic affinities with other anamorphic fungi, whose classification within the Pleosporales is still obscure. Analyses of 18S, 28S, ITS (+5.8S) rDNA and combined (18S+28S) gene sequences fail to give sufficient phylogenetic resolution within the Pleosporales.     

Phialomyces fusiformis sp. nov. from soil in Singapore is identified and described

Phialomyces fusiformis sp. nov., isolated from soil in Singapore, is described and illustrated. The species is similar to P. macrosporus-type species of the genus but differs in that it has longer, more ellipsoid-limoniform, fusiform and more coarsely ornamented conidia.     

Phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Cylindrocladiella

The genus Cylindrocladiella was established to accommodate Cylindrocladium-like fungi that have small, cylindrical conidia and aseptate stipe extensions. Contemporary taxonomic studies of these fungi have relied on morphology and to a lesser extent on DNA sequence comparisons of the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS 1, 2 and 5.8S gene) of the ribosomal RNA and the ??-tubulin gene regions. In the present study, the identity of several Cylindrocladiella isolates collected over two decades was determined using morphology and phylogenetic inference. A phylogeny constructed for these isolates employing the ??-tubulin, histone H3, ITS, 28S large subunit and translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene regions resulted in the identification of several cryptic species in the genus. In spite of the 18 new Cylindrocladiella species described in this study based on morphological and sequence data, several species complexes remain unresolved.     

Polyphasic characterization of Plectosphaerella oligotrophica,a new oligotrophic species from China

Oligotrophic fungi can grow on carbon-free media. Most of the currently known oligotrophic fungi were reported from soil. Plectosphaerella oligotrophica sp. nov. was recently isolated from soil in China using a low carbon medium. The new species is morphologically characterized by pale yellow colonies on PDA, phialidic conidiogenous cells, and hyaline, ellipsoidal and 0–1-septate conidia. Phylogenetic analysis based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) rDNA sequences confirmed the placement of P. oligotrophica as a new species in the genus Plectosphaerella. The new species is compared to the morphologically and phylogenetically closely related species. Beta-tubulin fragments from the new species were also sequenced and deposited in GenBank. A key to the currently accepted species of the genus is provided.     

Parablastocatena tetracerae gen. et sp. nov. and Corynesporella licualae sp. nov. from Hainan, China

Parablastocatena tetracerae gen. et sp. nov. and Corynesporella licualae sp. nov., collected on dead branches of Tetracera asiatica and Licuala fordiana, respectively, in tropical forests of China, are described and illustrated. Parablastocatena tetracerae is the type species for a new monotypic genus in possessing macronematous conidiophores forming distinct synnemata with holoblastic conidiogenesis and euseptate, short-chained conidia ending in a paler brown rostrum, whereas C. licualae is distinguished from described species by the smaller conidia with long appendages. A key to currently accepted species of Corynesporella is provided.     

Phylogenetic relationships among Phialocephala species and other ascomycetes

Phialocephala was established for species in the Leptographium complex that produce conidia from phialides at the apices of dark mononematous conidiophores. Some species previously included in Phialocephala were re-allocated to Sporendocladia because they resembled Thielaviopsis in having ring-wall-building conidial development and conidia with two attachment points that emerge in false chains. Despite this significant realignment of the genus, a great deal of morphological heterogeneity remains in Phialocephala. The objective of this study was to consider the heterogeneity among Phialocephala spp. based on comparisons of sequence data derived from the large and small subunits (LSU and SSU) of the rRNA operon of species in Phialocephala. Phialocephala dimorphospora, the type species of the genus, and P. fortinii grouped with genera of the Helotiales in phylogenetic trees generated based on the LSU and SSU datasets. Phialocephala xalapensis and P. fusca clearly are unrelated to Phialocephala sensu stricto and should represent a new genus in the Ophiostomatales. Phialocephala compacta resides with representatives of the Hypocreales, and we believe that it represents a distinct genus. Phialocephala scopiformis and P. repens are not closely related to the other Phialocephala species and group within the Dothideales. The morphological heterogeneity among species of Phialocephala clearly is reflected by phylogenetic analysis of sequence data from two conserved rRNA gene regions. Appropriate genera now need to be found to accommodate these fungi.     

Cheiromycina flabelliformis gen. et sp. nov. on Picea from Sweden

The new genus Cheiromycina , based on the new species C. flabelliformis is described and illustrated from Picea wood in Sweden. It is characterized by eustromatic sporochial conidiomata, a thick-walled branched conidiogenous system and holobastic flabelliform to palmate, hyaline to pale brown, distoseptate conidia. It is compared and contrasted with several similar deuteromycetes, especially on coniferous substrates.