Observations sur le projet de nomenclature phytosociologique de M. Meijer Drees

Sans résumé     

Méthode de contrôle visuel des infestations d'arthropodes ravageurs du pommier

Summary The method of visual control proposed in this note consists of a periodic count of the principal pests and their antagonists occuring on some selected vegetative organs of trees that are representative of the culture. The percentage of infestation obtained in this manner corrected by an evaluation of other factors influencing the destructive potential of the pests is then translated into a ?degree of danger?. The results of this control indicate, therefore, the danger each of the pests holds for the culture and give an account of the critical level of tolerance.      

Une forme de cryptorchidie d’origine génétique: le syndrome de persistance des canaux de Müller

Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome (PMDS), a rare form of male peudohermaphrodism, is characterized by lack of regression of Müllerian derivatives. These patients are externally phenotypic males in whom the presence of a uterus and Fallopian tubes is discovered during surgical correction of cryptorchidism and/or inguinal hernia. Molecular studies, in a total of 76 PMDS families, were performed by automatic sequencing after amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of different parts of the gene. AMH, synthesized by Sertoli cells, is a member of the Transforming Growth Factor-β superfamily. The 560 amino-acid glycoprotein is formed by two 70 kDa monomers linked by disulfide bonds. This hormone is cleaved at a proteolytic site 109 amino acids upstream of the C-terminus, yielding the bioactive C-terminal domain and a N-terminus which is not itself bioactive, but which enhances the bioactivity of the C-terminus. The gene, composed of five exons, is located on chromosome 19 (band p13.3). AMH gene mutations are present on the whole length of the gene in 47% of PMDS families. Sixty-one per cent were homozygous due to a high proportion of patients from Arabic or Mediterranean countries, characterized by a high rate of consanguinity. The serum AMH level, assessed by a commercially available enzyme immunoassay technique (ELISA), is extremely low in the great majority of patients, even before puberty when AMH levels are normally high. AMH binds to two distinct membrane-bound receptors, both serine/threonine kinases. The type II AMH receptor (AMHR-II) binds to the ligand, and this complex recruits receptor type I, which acts as a signal transducer by activating specific cytoplasmic substrates, the Smad molecules. AMHR-II, coded by a 8 kbp gene on chromosome 12 (band q13), contains 11 exons. Exons 1–3 encode the extracellular domain, exon 4 encodes the transmembrane part and exons 5–11 encode the intracellular serine/threonine kinase domain. An AMHR-II mutation was detected in 38% of PMDS families, characterized by a normal AMH level for the patient’s age. A particular mutation, a deletion of 27 bp in exon 10, was present in 45% of families of this group. No mutation of either AMH or the AMHR-II gene could be detected in 11 PMDS families.     

Mode de formation des inclusions lamellaires dans le poumon embryonnaire de poulet

Résumé Les pneumocytes granuleux, qui constituent l'un des principaux types cellulaires de l'épithélium pulmonaire, sont caractérisés par la présence de volumineuses inclusions osmiophiles lamellaires.Nous avons étudié l'apparition et l'origine de ces inclusions dans l'épithélium du poumon embryonnaire de Poulet, en l'examinant à différents stades du développement.Les premières inclusions lamellaires apparaissent dans le poumon de l'embryon de 16 jours. A ce stade, quelques lamelles concentriques entourent une zône centrale amorphe étendue; la périphérie des inclusions contient toujours de petites structures granulaires. Les jours suivants le nombre de cellules contenant des inclusions lamellaires augmente rapidement; en même temps, les lamelles deviennent plus nombreuses. A 19 jours, les inclusions lamellaires ont un aspect semblable à celui qu'elles ont dans les poumons d'animaux adultes.Dès l'apparition des ébauches pulmonaires, à 2 1/2 jours d'incubation, les cellules épithéliales contiennent des inclusions typiques: les inclusions granulaires. Ces organites sont caractérisés par un centre granulaire, qu'entouré un système membranaire. Ce système, simple chez le jeune embryon, évolue ensuite en se compliquant; chez l'embryon de 16 jours, il s'enroule en plusieurs couches autour de la masse centrale. Au moment où les premières inclusions lamellaires apparaissent, le nombre des inclusions granulaires augmente rapidement; on les trouve souvent étroitement associées à des vacuoles lipidiques.L'analyse des relations entre inclusions lamellaires, inclusions granulaires et vacuoles lipidiques suggère que l'inclusion lamellaire résulte de la collaboration entre une vacuole lipidique et plusieurs inclusions granulaires.

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Differentiation of lamellar inclusions in the chick embryonic lung

Summary The granular pneumocytes, one of the main cellular types of the lung epithelium, are characterized by the presence of large osmiophilic lamellar inclusions. The appearance and origin of these inclusions has been studied in the epithelium of chick embryonic lung at different developmental stages.Lamellar inclusions are first seen in the lung of 16 day old embryos. At this stage, few concentric lamellae surround a large amorphous center; the periphery of the inclusions always contains small granular structures. In the following days, the number of cells containing these lamellar inclusions increases rapidly, while their lamellae progressively become more numerous. In 19 day old embryos, the lamellar inclusions are similar to those in the lungs of adult animals.From the earliest formation of the bronchial primordia, their epithelial cells contain a number of typical granular inclusions. These organelles are characterized by a granular center, enclosed in a membranous system. This structure becomes more complex as the embryo develops; in the 16 day old embryo, the multilayered membranous system coils around the granular center. At the time when lamellar inclusions first appear, granular inclusions increase rapidly in number and are often found in close association with lipidic vacuoles.The relationships between lamellar inclusions, granular inclusions and lipidic vacuoles are discussed. The evidence suggests that a lamellar inclusion arises from the cooperation of several granular inclusions and a lipidic vacuole.

     

Fixation de l'acide phosphorique sur le calcaire des sols

Conclusion Les expériences ci-dessus nous montrent que le P₂O₅ des solutions du sol à faible concentration se fixent sur les grains calcaire de la terre arable non par précipitation, mais par un phénomène d'adsorption.L'acide phosphorique ainsi fixé peut repasser en solution par le phénomène inverse de désorption pour être mis a la disposition des plantes lorsque le titre de la solution du sol en P₂O₅ s'appauvrit.Lorsqu'on ajoute au sol des engrais phosphates, la concentration en P₂O₅ autour des grains d'engrais peut ëtre suffisamment élevée pour qu'il y ait précipitation de phosphate gélatineux autour des granules d'engrais.Mais ces précipités se redissolvent au moins partiellement dans les solutions du sol et se fixent sur les grains calcaire suivant le processus que nous venons d'indiquer.     

Commentaires sur le système de classification des angiospermes de takhtajan

The authors analyze Takhtajan's system of classification of the Angiosperms in relation to the principles of evolutionary and cladistic systematics. It is shown that Takhtajan belongs to the evolutionary school: he identifies the ancestors of some taxa, he accepts polytomous branching and he groups taxa on the basis of primitive as well as derived character states. Takhtajan's notion of weighted similarity does not appear to be based on objective criteria, when determining the weight and evolutionary status of characters.After a summary of the modifications brought out by Takhtajan in his 1980 version, the weak and strong points of evolutionary systems as a whole are emphasized. In these, the delimitation of taxa and their filiation are difficult to refute since they do not rely on precise criteria, which would ensure continuity and uniformity within a given system. However, these systems have some flexibility, which allows them to incorporate readily new information, a feature unfortunately missing in cladistic classifications. In fact, while it does have weaknesses from a theoretical point of view, the system of Takhtajan gives us an idea of flowering plants phylogeny that appears to be one of the most complete at the present time from both analytical and synthetic standpoints.

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Commentaires sur le système de classification des angiospermes de takhtajan

Résumé Les auteurs analysent le systeme de classification des Angiospermes de Takhtajan en fonction des principes de la systematique evolutive et de la systematique cladistique. Il est démontré que le systeme de Takhtajan appartient a l'école evolutive: cet auteur reconnait directement les ancêtres pour certains taxons; il accepte des embranchements polytomiques dans ses dendogrammes et, enfin, il réunit les taxons aussi bien sur la base de caractères évolués que primitifs. La notion de similarités pondérées de Takhtajan ne semble pas basée sur des criteres objectivs pour determiner le poids et le stade évolutif des caractères.Après avoir resume les modifications apportées par Takhtajan dans la version de 1980, les auteurs font ressortir les faiblesses et les points forts des systemes evolutifs en general. Dans les systemes evolutifs, la delimitation des taxons et leur filiation sont difficilement réfutables puisqu'ils ne reposent pas sur des criteres precis qui assureraient une continuity et une uniformity a l'intérieur d'un même systeme. D'un autre côté, ces systemes possèdent une flexibility qui les rend aptes a incorporer des changements mineurs apportés par des travaux nouveaux, element qui fait malheureusement défaut a la systematique cladistique. En fait, tout en comportant des faiblesses au niveau théorique, le systeme de Takhtajan nous donne une vision de la phylogénie des plantes a fleur qui, pour le moment, demeure Tune des plus complete tant du point de vue analytique que synthétique.

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Adresse actuelle: Institut botanique de l'Université de Montréal, 4101 est, rue Sherbrooke, Montréal, Canada H1X 2B2.     

Interactions des ions métalliques avec le DNA. IV. Fixation de i'ion cuivrique sur le DNA

The binding of cupric ion (Cu⁺⁺) to DNA was followed by spectrophotometry, melting profiles, and hydrodynamic techniques, in 0. 1M NaClO₄ and at pH 5. 6. A small amount of Cu⁺⁺ is bound specifically to bases (about 1 Cu⁺⁺ per 20 nucleotides), in agreement with polarographic and EPR data. A preferential stabilization of G–C pairs and only a slight increase of the flexibility of the molecule were observed. In 5 × 10^?3M NaClO₄, a higher number of nonhomogeneous binding sites is found by spectrophotometry. It is concluded that at least two types of sites are available for Cu⁺⁺. The first one, where Cu⁺⁺ is chelating N₇ of purines to phosphate, is observed only at low ionic strength and destabilizes the double helix. The second exists mainly at 0, 1M or higher ionic strength. All the sites are identical and could be attributed to two successive guanine residues in the same strand. Similar behavior was found for other divalent cations, e. g., Fe⁺⁺, Mn⁺⁺, and Co⁺⁺.     

Enjeux psychosociaux du don de sperme: le point de vue des couples

The French national debate, which took place during the review of bioethical laws, concerns the issue of anonymity of gametes donations, among other questions. More specifically, the debate was focused on sperm donations in which numerous arguments have advocated for a partial opening of sperm donor’s anonymity. But what about couples who are implicated in donation programs? What do they want? What sort of practical changes occur for receiving couples in countries which take away the donor’s anonymity? Our article presents some results of recent social psychological research conducted on a significant sample of French receiving couples. Results focus as much on their experience and their intention to share the secret of conception through sperm donation, as on specific aspects of this type of donation and its defining legislative principles in France. Finally, we question the organizing principles of their stand regarding donator’s anonymity and the convergence of parental strategies in dissident legal frameworks, through the lens of international scientific literature.     

Évaluation des effets prosexuels des extraits de Bridelia ferruginea chez le rat mâle naïf

The stem barks and the leaves from Bridelia ferruginea (BF, Euphorbiaceae), a medicinal plant, are used in traditional medicine for the treatment of several ailments including male impotency. The present study was aimed at investigating the effects of the dried stem bark of BF on the sexual behaviour of normal and castrated sexually inexperienced male Wistar rats. Animals were orally administered with 100 mg/kg of either the aqueous or the ethanol extracts of BF whilst the neutral control group received in the same way 10 ml/kg of distilled water. The positive control group was treated with a subcutaneous injection of testosterone propionate (20 mg/kg/day/3days) prior to the experiment. The sexual behaviour of all rats was monitored on days 0, 1 and 7 by measuring frequencies of penile erection, mount, intromission and ejaculation. In a separate group of normal sexually inexperienced rats, the pro-sexual effects induced by a single dose of the aqueous extract (100 mg/kg) were measured after pre-treatment with either haloperidol (10 mg/kg), atropine (10 mg/kg) or L-omega-nitro-arginine methyl ester (Lω-NAME, 10 mg/kg). Results obtained showed a significant influence of the duration of treatment on the frequencies of penile erection, mount and intromission of both normal and castrated rats. An increase in all sexual performance parameters was observed when compared to respective controls. The intromission frequency of normal animals was significantly increased (P < 0.05–0.01) on day 1 of treatment and the effect was more expressed in rats receiving the aqueous extract. In castrated animals, a statistical increase was noticed on day 7 for rats treated with testosterone. The sexual effects induced by the aqueous extract of BF were completely abolished after pre-treatment of rats with atropine or haloperidol while pre-administration of Lω-NAME did not produce any significant effects. Flavonoids and sterols revealed in the aqueous and ethanolic extracts from the barks of BF may account for the enhancement of sexual activity in naive rats which could be expressed through dopaminergic and/or cholinergic receptor(s). Results of this work also give value to the traditional use of the plant for the improvement of male sexual behaviour.     

La place des protheses de verge dans le traitement de la maladie de La Peyronie

In Peyronie’s disease, a penile curvature makes sexual intercouse painful or impossible. Surgery is a treatment option after medical treatment failure. The aim of surgery is to restore an erection allowing sexual intercourse. Beside corpus cavernosus modeling procedures, penile prosthesis implantation (i.e.,semi-rigid, inflatable, orimplants) is rarely indicated. Such procedures should be based on erectile response to intracavernous injection and penile and corpus cavernosus anatomy.     

Datation des formationsbrioveriennes et paleozoiques de Bretagne par le microplancton

Recent investigations obtained in the research of the organic microplankton in Brittany and foreign countries, confirm an evident disparity between precambrian and «cambro ordovician formations.