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1.
Persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.), belonging to the Ebenaceae family, has been used not only as a fresh fruit, but also for many medicinal uses. Carotenoids
are the main pigment in persimmon fruit, which contribute significantly to fruit color and nutritional quality due to their
composition and content. In this study, fruit quality indices, carotenoid contents and expression of carotenogenic genes were
analyzed in two types of persimmon fruit. The results demonstrated that there was a positive correlation between fruit color
and the contents of main composition and total carotenoids. Carotenoid accumulation in persimmon fruit resulted from the interaction
of carotenogenic genes, but the molecular mechanisms responsible for accumulation of carotenoids in two types of persimmon
fruit had a few differences. As a complete unit, the relatively low expression level of phytoene synthase gene (DkPSY) in “Niuxinshi” resulted in low carotenoid contents or even under the detection limit at the early fruit developmental stages;
but low carotenoid contents in “Nishimurawase” were due to the relatively low expression level of carotenogenic genes other
than DkPSY. At the late fruit developmental stages, increased expression levels of DkPSY, phytoene desaturase gene and beta-carotene hydroxylase gene (DkBCH) induced elevated carotenoid contents; because all carotenogenic genes strongly expressed in “Nishimurawase”, a large amount
of carotenoids were accumulated. In addition, β-cryptoxanthin was the main composition whose content increased with the fruit
maturity changes, which was mainly because of DkBCH which might lead more conversion of β-carotene to β-cryptoxanthin. 相似文献
2.
3.
We conducted a detail study of the photosynthetic apparatus in assimilating organs of three introduced evergreen conifer species:
Taxus cuspidate S. et Z. ex E. (Far-Eastern yew), Thuja occidentalis L. (arbovitae “green”), and Th. occidentalis f. “Reingold” (arbovitae “yellow”) at various times in their life cycle. We studied the potential photosynthesis rate; composition
and ratios of pigments, including primary carotenoids; the violaxanthin cycle (VC) activity, the synthesis of a secondary
carotenoid, rhodoxanthin; and chloroplast ultrastructure. In winter and spring, β-carotene and lutein (primary carotenoids)
contents were relatively constant in yew and arbovitae “yellow”. In December, the VC in yew was balanced and in arbovitae
“yellow” unbalanced. In arbovitae “yellow”, the zeaxanthin pool was heterogeneous, and only part of it took part in the VC.
It can be assumed that the other part of the pool can be oxidized to form a secondary carotenoid, rhodoxanthin. This secondary
carotenoid was also accumulated in arbovitae “green”; its synthesis took place during the season, when the photosynthesis
rate of plants was the lowest, and a significant chloroplast reorganization occurred (the number of thylakoids in grana decreased
and plastoglobules appeared). We suppose that rhodoxanthin forms a filter for the light under the conditions of high insolation
in winter. Thus, the evergreen conifer plants studied, which are adapted to growing at high latitudes where temperature is
low and insolation is high in winter and spring, have a system for protecting the photosynthetic apparatus against photodestruction.
In the basis of this system, the primary and secondary carotenoids lie, whose content changes during the year. 相似文献
4.
Tissue-specific accumulation of carotenoids in carrot roots 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Raman spectroscopy can be used for sensitive detection of carotenoids in living tissue and Raman mapping provides further information about their spatial distribution in the measured plant sample. In this work, the relative content and distribution of the main carrot (Daucus carota L.) root carotenoids, α-, β-carotene, lutein and lycopene were assessed using near-infrared Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy. The pigments were measured simultaneously in situ in root sections without any preliminary sample preparation. The Raman spectra obtained from carrots of different origin and root colour had intensive bands of carotenoids that could be assigned to β-carotene (1,520 cm−1), lycopene (1,510 cm−1) and α-carotene/lutein (1,527 cm−1). The Raman mapping technique revealed detailed information regarding the relative content and distribution of these carotenoids. The level of β-carotene was heterogeneous across root sections of orange, yellow, red and purple roots, and in the secondary phloem increased gradually from periderm towards the core, but declined fast in cells close to the vascular cambium. α-carotene/lutein were deposited in younger cells with a higher rate than β-carotene while lycopene in red carrots accumulated throughout the whole secondary phloem at the same level. The results indicate developmental regulation of carotenoid genes in carrot root and that Raman spectroscopy can supply essential information on carotenogenesis useful for molecular investigations on gene expression and regulation. 相似文献
5.
6.
Chlorophyll-a (chl-a) and carotenoid pigments of the zooxanthellate octocoral Sinularia flexibilis were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography following exposure to three light intensities for over 30 days.
From the coral fragments located at different light intensities, a total carotenoid of >41 μg g−1 dry weight, including peridinin, xanthophylls (likely diadinoxanthin + diatoxanthin), and chl-a as the most abundant pigments, with minor contents of astaxantin and β-carotene were detected. The whole content of chl-a weighed 5 μg g−1 dry weight in all coral colonies. Chl-a and carotenoids contributed 11.2% and 88.2%, respectively, to all pigments detected, and together accounted for 99.4% of
the total pigments present. The highest contents of carotenoids and chl-a was observed in the coral grafts placed in an irradiance of 100 μmol quanta m−2 s−1; they showed lower ratios of total carotenoids: chl-a compared to those exposed to 400 μmol quanta m−2 s−1 after >30 days of incubation. The ratios of peridinin and xanthophylls with respect to chl-a from the colonies at 400 μmol quanta m−2 s−1 were approximately double those observed at irradiances of 100 and 200 μmol quanta m−2 s−1. Partial quantification of pigments in this study showed that the carotenoids of S. flexibilis showed a decrease at irradiances above 100 μmol quanta m−2 s−1, with the exception of an increase in β-carotene at 200 μmol quanta m−2 s−1. 相似文献
7.
Emmanouil H. Papaioannou Nikolaos G. Stoforos Maria Liakopoulou-Kyriakides 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2011,27(4):851-858
Blakeslea trispora produces carotenoids mixtures consisting mainly of lycopene, γ-carotene and β-carotene, together with trace amounts of other
carotenoid precursors. The yield of these carotenoids and their composition are greatly affected by culture substrate. The
scavenging capacity of carotenoids extract from cultures of B. trispora growing in various substrates was estimated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method. Fractions enriched in β-carotene,
γ-carotene and lycopene, obtained after column chromatography in alumina basic II, were also examined. Substrates containing
starch and oils mixture, Ni2+, and that with pantothenic acid presented higher antioxidant activity. An increase in the antioxidant activity of the crude
carotenoid extract compared to that of the isolated fractions enriched in β-carotene, γ-carotene and lycopene respectively,
observed in most samples, indicated a possible synergistic effect. The results are of interest and by expanding this study
to more substrates and other microorganisms- producing antioxidants, a formulation of extract with high free radical scavenging
potential could be produced. 相似文献
8.
Jean Baptiste Bassene Yann Froelicher Claudie Dhuique-Mayer Waffa Mouhaya Rosa Mar Ferrer Gema Ancillo Raphael Morillon Luis Navarro Patrick Ollitrault 《Plant cell reports》2009,28(11):1689-1697
Allopolyploidy is known to induce novel patterns of gene expression and often gives rise to new phenotypes. Here we report
on the first attempt to relate phenotypic inheritance in an allotetraploid somatic hybrid with gene expression. Carotenoid
compounds in the fruit pulp of the two parental species and the hybrid were evaluated quantitatively by HPLC. Only very low
levels of β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin were observed in Citrus limon, while β-cryptoxanthin was a major component of C. reticulata, which also displayed high levels of phytoene, phytofluene, β-carotene, lutein, zeaxantin and violaxanthin. Total carotenoid
content in mandarin juice sacs was 60 times greater than that in lemon. The allotetraploid hybrid produced all the same compounds
as mandarin but at very low levels. Transgressive concentration of abscisic acid (ABA) was observed in the somatic hybrid.
Real-time RT-PCR of total RNA from juice sacs was used to study expression of seven genes (CitDxs, CitPsy, CitPds, CitZds, CitLcy-b, CitChx-b, and CitZep) of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway and two genes (CitNced1 and CitNced2) involved in abscisic acid synthesis from carotenoid. Gene expression was significantly higher for mandarin than lemon for
seven of the nine genes analyzed. Lemon under expression was partially dominant in the somatic hybrid for three upstream steps
of the biosynthetic pathway, particularly for CitDxs. Transgressive over expression was observed for the two CitNced genes. A limitation of the upstream steps of the pathway and a downstream higher consumption of carotenoids may explain the
phenotype of the somatic hybrid. 相似文献
9.
Several wild strains and mutants of Rhodotorula spp. were screened for growth, carotenoid production and the proportion of -carotene produced in sugarcane molasses. A better
producer, Rhodotorula glutinis mutant 32, was optimized for carotenoid production with respect to total reducing sugar (TRS) concentration and pH. In shake
flasks, when molasses was used as the sole nutrient medium with 40 g l−1 TRS, at pH 6, the carotenoid yield was 14 mg l−1 and -carotene accounted for 70% of the total carotenoids. In a 14-l stirred tank fermenter, a 20% increase in torulene content
was observed in plain molasses medium. However, by addition of yeast extract, this effect was reversed and a 31% increase
in -carotene content was observed. Dissolved oxygen (DO) stat fed-batch cultivation of mutant 32 in plain molasses medium
yielded 71 and 185 mg l−1 total carotenoids in double- and triple-strength medium, respectively. When supplemented with yeast extract, the yields were
97 and 183 mg l−1 total carotenoid with a 30% increase in -carotene and a simultaneous 40% decrease in torulene proportion. Higher cell mass
was also achieved by double- and triple-strength fed-batch fermentation. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2001) 26, 327–332.
Received 18 September 2000/ Accepted in revised form 02 March 2001 相似文献
10.
The carotenoid composition of the astaxanthin-producing green alga Chlorella zofingiensis was investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography. Astaxanthin, adonixanthin, and zeaxanthin are the major carotenoids
in this alga. The pigment pattern was characterized during the accumulation period, and in response to diphenylamine (DPA),
an inhibitor of carotenoid biosynthesis. An increase in zeaxanthin followed by a decrease in xanthophyll was seen after the
induction of astaxanthin biosynthesis by glucose. This biphasic kinetics of zeaxanthin was parallel to the marked increase
in adonixanthin (from 0 mg g−1 to 0.21 mg g−1) and astaxanthin (from 0.05 mg g−1 to 0.35 mg g−1) and decrease of β-carotene (from 0.30 mg g−1 to 0.03 mg g−1). More importantly, unlike the Haematococcus alga, in which there was a high β-carotene accumulation after DPA treatment, C. zofingiensis showed an accumulation of extra zeaxanthin instead of β-carotene after treatment of the cells with DPA. All these results
observed in vivo studies corroborate the observations in vitro studies at the enzyme level that zeaxanthin is a substrate
for the carotenoid oxygenase in C. zofingiensis. It is suggested that zeaxanthin might be an important intermediate and not an end product of the biosynthetic pathway of
astaxanthin. Therefore, a new pathway for astaxanthin formation by C. zofingiensis, which is different from that of the other astaxanthin-producing microorganisms, is proposed. An understanding of the astaxanthin
biosynthetic pathway may yield important information toward the optimization of astaxanthin production, especially for the
improvement of astaxanthin through genetic manipulations. 相似文献
11.
Eight carotenoids, such as phytoene, α-carotene, violaxanthin, etc., synthesized in citrus callus of 31 genotypes were identified
and determined. Though varied with genotypes, the carotenoids composition of callus derived from a certain genotype was stable,
while carotenoids contents altered between sub-cultures. Some specific carotenoids were produced in calluses of limited genotypes:
β-citraurin was only synthesized in calluses of Nianju tangerine (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and Page tangelo (C. reticulata × C. paradisi); while 9-Z-violaxanthin was only detected in Nianju tangerine and Skaggs Bonanza navel orange (C. sinensis L. Osbeck). Notably, the only carotenoid detected in calluses of Natsudaidai (C. aurantium L.) and other two sweet oranges (C. sinensis L. Osbeck) was phytoene. It implied that citrus calluses could be employed to produce specific carotenoids in the future.
To further elucidate the characters of callus carotenoids profile, comparisons of carotenoids profiles was made among calluses,
fruit tissues and leaves of four selected citrus genotypes. Results showed that lycopene was not detected in leaves and calluses;
nevertheless, both citrus fruits and calluses accumulated phytoene, whereas leaves did not except those of Cara Cara navel
orange. It is postulated that citrus callus featured its carotenoids profile different from fruit tissues and leaves. In conclusion,
the advantages of using citrus callus as an alternative model research system in understanding the regulation of carotenogenesis
have been discussed. 相似文献
12.
Blanco AM Moreno J Del Campo JA Rivas J Guerrero MG 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2007,73(6):1259-1266
The growth performance of the chlorophycean microalga Muriellopsis sp. outdoors in open tanks agitated with a paddlewheel and its ability to accumulate carotenoids have been evaluated throughout
the year. The cells grown in the open system had free lutein as the main carotenoid, with violaxanthin, β-carotene, and neoxanthin
also present. Lutein content of the dry biomass ranged from 0.4 to 0.6%, depending on the growth and environmental conditions.
In addition, the biomass of Muriellopsis sp. had a high content in both protein and lipids with about half of the fatty acids being of the polyunsaturated type, with
α-linolenic acid accounting for almost 30% of the total fatty acids. The effect of determinant parameters on the performance
of the cultures in open tanks was evaluated. Operating conditions that allow the maintenance of productive cultures were established
under semicontinuous regime for 9 months throughout the year. Biomass and lutein yields in the open system were not far from
those in closed tubular photobioreactors, and reached productivity values of 20 g dry biomass, containing around 100 mg lutein
m−2 day−1 in summer. The outdoor culture of Muriellopsis sp. in open ponds thus represents a real alternative to established systems for the production of lutein. 相似文献
13.
Nanjundaswamy Ananda Praveen V. Vadlani 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》2010,37(11):1183-1192
Whole stillage—a co-product of grain-based ethanol—is used as an animal feed in the form of dried distiller’s grain with solubles
(DDGS). Since animals cannot synthesize carotenoids and animal feed is generally poor in carotenoids, about 30–120 ppm of
total carotenoids are added to animal feed to improve animal health, enhance meat color and quality, and increase vitamin
A levels in milk and meat. The main objective of this study was to produce carotenoid (astaxanthin and β-carotene)-enriched
DDGS by submerged fermentation of whole stillage. Mono- and mixed cultures of red yeasts, Phaffia rhodozyma (ATCC 24202) and Sporobolomyces roseus (ATCC 28988), were used to produce astaxanthin and β-carotene. Media optimization was carried out in shake flasks using response
surface methodology (RSM). Macro ingredients, namely whole stillage, corn steep liquor and glycerol, were fitted to a second-degree
polynomial in RSM. Under optimized conditions, astaxanthin and β-carotene yields in mixed culture and P. rhodozyma monoculture were 5 and 278, 97, and 275 μg/g, respectively, while S. roseus produced 278 μg/g of β-carotene. Since the carotenoid yields are almost twice the quantity used in animal feed, the carotenoid-enriched
DDGS has potential application as “value-added animal feed or feed blends.” 相似文献
14.
The leaves of the common box,Buxus sempervirens (Buxaceae), become red as the level of a red carotenoid,anhydroeschscholtzxanthin, increases 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kazuko Ida Kazumori Masamoto Takashi Maoka Yasuhiro Fujiwara Satomi Takeda Emiko Hasegawa 《Journal of plant research》1995,108(3):369-376
Carotenoids from the leaves of the common box,Buxus sempervirens (Buxaceae), which turn red in late autumn to winter, were analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC. A novel carotenoid, monoanhydroeschscholtzxanthin
(3), was isolated from the red-colored leaves. UV-VIS, MS,1H-NMR and CD spectral data showed that the structure of 3 was (3S)-2′, 3′, 4′, 5′-tetradehydro-4, 5′-retro-β, β-caroten-3-ol.
As well as anhydroeschscholtzxanthin (2), the major red carotenoid in the leaves, eschscholtzxanthin (4) was identified. Very
small amounts of yellow carotenoids (neoxanthin, violaxanthin, lutein and β-carotene), which are major components of green
leaves, were present in the red-colored leaves. The amounts of chlorophylla andb in the leaves decreased markedly during coloration, even at the early stages, whereas those of the yellow carotenoids decreased
gradually. In contrast, the content of 2, a red carotenoid, increased steadily during coloration. The biosynthetic pathway
of 2 inB. sempervirens was deduced tentatively on the basis of the individual carotenoid contents during autumnal coloration. 相似文献
15.
Dynamic changes of neoxanthin (NEO), violaxanthin (VIO), anteraxanthin (ANT), zeaxanthin (ZEA), chlorophyll (Chl) a, Chl b, α-carotene, β-carotene, and their behaviour under increasing duration of high irradiance (HI) were investigated in the soybean
hypocotyl callus culture. The calli were induced on solid (1.1 % agar) MS medium (pH 5.8) supplemented with 4.52 μM 2,4-D,
2.32 μM kinetin, and 3 % sucrose. After 30 d of culture, the green calli were irradiated with “white light” (133W m−2) for 0, 3.5, and 24 h. HPLC profiles were separated on a C18 column. With increasing duration of HI, the content of total carotenoids (Cars) increased, but the ratio of Chl a+b/Cars decreased. With lengthening the duration of HI, there was induction of ZEA. Contents of ANT, α-carotene, and β-carotene
remained nearly constant, but ratio of ZEA/Chl a+b increased with lengthening the HI duration.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
16.
Rumila Mukherjee Shailen P. Borah Bhabesh C. Goswami 《Journal of applied phycology》2010,22(5):569-571
Two species of Trentepohlia, i.e., Trentepohlia aurea and Trentepohlia cucullata were collected from walls and tree bark, respectively, at two different seasons in a year. The total carotenoid content in
both the species is very high during winter but decreases significantly during summer. By spectroscopic analysis, it was found
that. T. aurea and T. cucullata growing in natural habitats are rich sources of carotenoids. The individual carotenoids were separated, identified, and estimated
by HPLC, and identified as β-carotene along with some other carotenoids, i.e., neoxanthin, lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, β,γ-carotene,
β,ε-carotene (absent during summer). 相似文献
17.
Citrus is an important fruit crop as regards accumulation of carotenoids. In plant carotenoid biosynthesis, phytoene synthase gene
(Psy) plays a key role in catalyzing the head-to-head condensation of geranylgeranyl diphosphate molecules to produce colorless
phytoene. In the present paper, we reported the phytoene contents determination and characterization of Psy during fruit ripening of “Washington” navel orange and its red-fleshed mutant “Cara Cara”. Results showed that phytoene was
exclusively accumulated in peel and pulp of “Cara Cara”. Although phytoene was observed accumulating with fruit ripening of
“Cara Cara”, the contents in pulp were 10 times higher than those in peel. The isolated two Psy cDNAs were both 1520 bp in full length, containing 436 deduced amino acid residues, with a different amino acid at 412th.
Genomic hybridization results showed that one or two copies might be present in “Cara Cara” and “Washington” genomes. During
“Cara Cara” and “Washington” fruit coloration, expression of Psy was observed to be up-regulated, as revealed by tissue specific profiles in the flavedo, albedo, segment membrane and juice
sacs. However, Psy expression in albedo of “Cara Cara” was higher than that in “Washington”, as evidenced by phytoene accumulation in the peel. 相似文献
18.
Akihiro Yokoyama Yoshikazu Shizuri Takayuki Hoshino G. Sandmann 《Archives of microbiology》1996,165(5):342-345
Various thermozeaxanthins are the end products of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway of the thermophilic eubacterium Thermus thermophilus. These compounds are zeaxanthin glucoside esters. Carotenoid analysis and inhibitory studies led to the identification of
most of the intermediates of the pathway: β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, and several new carotenoids. The intermediates,
identified by various spectroscopic methods as β-cryptoxanthin glucoside esters carrying fatty acid moieties of different
chain lengths, were designated as thermocryptoxanthins. The use of the inhibitors diphenylamine and 2-(4-chlorophenylthio)-triethylamine-HCl
resulted in the accumulation of the intermediates phytoene, lycopene, and γ-carotene derivatives, which normally are present
in amounts below the detection limit. The levels of non-esterified glycosides were extremely low. The results presented were
used to establish the complete carotenoid biosynthetic pathway of T. thermophilus.
Received: 9 September 1995 / Accepted: 14 February 1996 相似文献
19.
M Vázquez V Santos J C Parajó 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》1997,19(4):263-268
Phaffia rhodozyma strains ATCC 24202, ATCC 24203, ATCC 24228, ATCC 24229, ATCC 24261, NRRL Y-10921, NRRL Y-10922 and NRRL Y-17268 were grown
on culture media containing glucose, sucrose or xylose as carbon sources. Carotenoids were extracted from biomass and analyzed
by HPLC with diode-array detection. The carotenoid profiles depended on both the strain considered and the carbon source
employed. Astaxanthin, the main pigment found in P. rhodozyma, accounted for 42–91% of total carotenoids. Other carotenoids such as canthaxanthin, echinenone, 3-hydroxyechinenone, lycopene,
4-hydroxy-3′, 4′-didehydro-β-ψ-carotene and phoenicoxanthin were detected. The highest volumetric carotenoid concentration (3.60 mg L−1) was obtained with strain NRRL Y-17268 growing on xylose. In this case, astaxanthin accounted for 82% of total carotenoids.
Received 29 May 1997/ Accepted in revised form 08 August 1997 相似文献
20.
Araya-Garay JM Feijoo-Siota L Rosa-dos-Santos F Veiga-Crespo P Villa TG 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2012,93(6):2483-2492
In this study, we used the non-carotenogenic yeast Pichia pastoris X33 as a receptor for β-carotene-encoding genes, in order to obtain new recombinant strains capable of producing different
carotenoidic compounds. We designed and constructed two plasmids, pGAPZA-EBI* and pGAPZA-EBI*L*, containing the genes encoding
lycopene and β-carotene, respectively. Plasmid pGAPZA-EBI*, expresses three genes, crtE, crtB, and crtI*, that encode three
carotenogenic enzymes, geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, phytoene synthase, and phytoene desaturase, respectively. The
other plasmid, pGAPZA-EBI*L*, carried not only the three genes above mentioned, but also the crtL* gene, that encodes lycopene
β-cyclase. The genes crtE, crtB, and crtI were obtained from Erwinia uredovora, whereas crtL* was cloned from Ficus carica (JF279547). The plasmids were integrated into P. pastoris genomic DNA, and the resulting clones Pp-EBI and Pp-EBIL were selected for either lycopene or β-carotene production and purification,
respectively. Cells of these strains were investigated for their carotenoid contents in YPD media. These carotenoids produced
by the recombinant P. pastoris clones were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by high-resolution liquid chromatography, coupled to photodiode array
detector. These analyses confirmed that the recombinant P. pastoris clones indeed produced either lycopene or β-carotene, according to the integrated vector, and productions of 1.141 μg of
lycopene and 339 μg of β-carotene per gram of cells (dry weight) were achieved. To the best of our knowledge, this is the
first time that P. pastoris has been genetically manipulated to produce β-carotene, thus providing an alternative source for large-scale biosynthesis
of carotenoids. 相似文献