BOOK REVIEWS

Book review in this Article
A Colour Atlas of Histological Staining Techniques. By A. Smith and J. Bruton.
Immunology of the Gut. Ciba Foundation Symposium 46 (New Series). Ed. By Ruth Porter and Julie Knight.
Atlas of Cell Biology. By J. C. Roland, A. SzÖllÖsi and D. SzÖllÖsi.     

Reviews of Publications

Book reviewed in this article:
Flowers of the Himalaya , by Oleg Polunin and Adam Stainton.
A Guide to the Vegetation of Britain and Europe , by Oleg Polunin and Martin Walters.
The Experimental Biology of Bryophytes, edited by A. F. Dyer & J. G. Duckett.
A Birdwatcher's Miscellany, edited by Rob Hume.
The Moths and Butterjlies of Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 10, Noctuidae (Part II) and Agaristidae, edited by J. Heath.
Atlas of Butterjlies in Britain and Ireland, by J. Heath, E. Pollard & J. A. Thomas.
Colour Identification Guide to Butterjlies of the British Isles, revised edition by T. G. Howarth.
The World of Butterjlies, An Illustrated Encyclopaedia, by V. Sbordoni & S.Forestiero.
Colour Identijcation Guide to Moths of the British Isles, by Bernard Skinner.
The Biology of Buttegies, edited by R. I. Vane-Wright & P. R. Ackery.
Australian Grasses, by Nancy T. Burbidge, revised by Surrey W. L. Jacobs.
Collins Guide to Grasses, Sedges, Rushes and Ferns, by R. Fitter & A. Fitter. Collins.
Grasses of the Soviet Union, by N. N. Tsvelev, edited by A. A. Fedorov.
The European Garden Flora, Volume 2, Monocotyledons (Part ZZ), edited by S. M Walters et al.
Grasses, 3rd edition, by C. E. Hubbard, revised by J. C. E. Hubbard.     

Book Reviews

Book reviews in this article:
Insect Pests of Field Crops in Colour: compiled by G. Swaine and D. A. Ironside.
Insect Pests of Fruit and Vegetables in Colour: compiled by G. Swaine, D. A. Ironside and W. H. T. Yarrow.     

SHORT REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Kalmia: The Laurel Book II . R. A. Janes.
Hemerocallis, The Daylily . R. W. Munson, Jr.
Tropicals . G. Courtright. 155 pp., 563 colour photos.
Herbaceous Perennial Plants . A. M. Armitage. 646 pp., 96 colour photos, 160 line drawings.
Once upon a Windowsill . T. Martin. 303 pp., 100 historical engravings.
Orchid Biology: Reviews and Perspectives V. ed. J. Arditti. 451 pp., 51 black-and-white illustrations.
Born in the Spring: a collection of spring wildflowers . June Carver Roberts. 159 pp., 90 water-colour paintings and line drawings.
The Flower Colour Directory . John Dale & Kevin Gunnell. 192 pp., many colour photographs.     

UV reflectance but no evidence for colour mimicry in a putative brood-deceptive orchid Corybas cheesemanii

Rewardless orchids attract pollinators by food, sexual, and brood-site mimicry, but other forms of sensory deception may also operate. Helmet orchids （Corybas, Nematoceras and related genera） are often assumed to be brood-site deceivers that mimic the colours and scents of mushrooms to fool female fungus gnats （Mycetophilidae） into attempting oviposition and polli- nating flowers. We sampled spectral reflectances and volatile odours of an endemic terrestrial New Zealand orchid Corybas cheesemanii, and co-occurring wild mushrooms. The orchid is scentless to humans and SPME GC-MS analyses did not detect any odours, but more sensitive methods may be required. The orchids reflected strongly across all visible wavelengths （300-700nm） with peaks in the UV （-320nm）, yellow-green （500-600 nm） and red regions （650-700 nm）, whereas mushrooms and surrounding leaf litter reflected predominantly red and no UV. Rather than mimicking mushrooms, these orchids may attract pollinators by exploiting insects＇ strong sensory bias for UV. Modelling spectral reflectances into a categorical fly vision model and a generic tetrachromat vision model provided very different results, but neither suggest any mimicry of mushrooms. However, these models require further assessment and data on fly spectral sensitivity to red wavelengths is lacking - a problem given the predominance of red, fly-pollinated flowers worldwide     

Signal content of red facial coloration in female mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx)

Studies of secondary sexual ornamentation and its maintenance by sexual selection tend to focus on males; however, females may also possess showy ornaments. For example, female mandrills possess facial coloration that ranges from black to bright pink. We used fortnightly photographs of 52 semi-free-ranging females aged above 3years over 19 months to evaluate whether colour conveys information concerning female competitive ability, reproductive quality, age or reproductive status. Colour was not related to female rank or quality (body mass index, age at first birth or mean inter-birth interval); however, colour did increase significantly with age and primiparous females were darker than multiparous females. Colour may therefore signal reproductive quality, as younger females are less fertile and produce smaller offspring. Colour was brighter during the follicular phase than during the luteal phase, suggesting that it may signal fertility. Colour also varied across gestation and peaked at four and eight weeks post-parturition, suggesting that it may signal approaching parturition and lactation. Future studies should examine the relationship between colour and the menstrual cycle in more detail, the hormonal basis of female colour, and determine experimentally whether mandrills of both sexes attend to differences in colour between and within females.     

Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Animal Colour Changes and their Neurohumours. A Survey of Investigations (lgio-43). By G. H. P arker
Plant Viruses. By KENNETH M. SMITH
Gall Midges of Economic Importance. Vol. Ill: Fruit. By H. F. B arnes     

Also Received

Books Reviewed in this article: Barker , R.D. & Vestjens , W.J.M. 1991. The Food of Australian Birds. Beatty , J. 1992. Sula: the seabird hunters of Lewis. Bruun , B., Delin , H. & Svensson , L. 1992. Birds of Britain and Europe. Cowell . S. Adatia , R. & Gibson . B. 1992. Who's Who in the Environment—England. Dimentman , C., Bromley . H.J. & Por , F.D. 1992. Lake Hula: reconstruction of the fauna and hydrobiology of a lost lake. Eagle , R. 1991. Seton Gordon, the Life and Times of a Highland Gentleman. Ford . E. 1992. Falconry: art and practice. Foschi , U.F. & Gellini , S. 1992. Avifauna e Ambiente in Provincia di Fork le comunita di uccelli come indicatori ecologici. Guest , J.P. Elphick , D., Hunter . J.S.A. & Norman . D. 1992. The Breeding Bird Atlas of Cheshire and Wirral. Hayes , L.B. & Hayes , M.L. 1987. Raising Game Birds. Hayes , L. B. 1992. The Chinese Painted Quail, ‘the Button Quail’: their breeding and care Hollands , D. 1991. Birds of the Night, Owls, Frogmouths and Nightjars of Australia. Ironmonger . J. 1992. The Good Zoo Guide. Kiew , R. (ed.) 1991. the State of Nature Conservation in Malaysia. La Bastille , A. 1990. Mama Poc: an ecologist's account of the extinction of a species. Lambert , M. 1992. Birds by Colour. Layton . L. 1991. Songbirds in Singapore: the growth of a pastime. Liversidge , R. 1991. The Birds around Us. Love , J.A. 1989. Eagles. Mellanby , K. 1992. The DDT Story. Pp. 112. Farnham: British Crop Protection Council. Newman , K., Johnston -Stewart , N. & Medland , B. 1992. Birds of Malawi. A supplement to Newman's Birds of Southern Africa. Ogilvie , M. 1992. The Birds of Islay: including when and where to find them. Orr , O.H. 1992. Saving American Birds: T. Gilbert Pearson and the founding movement of the Audubon Society. Ortiz Crespo , F., Greenfield , P.J. & Matheus , J.C. 1990. Aves del Ecuador Continente y Archipielago de Galápagos/Birds of Ecuador Paine , J.R. & World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1991. IUCN Directory of Protected Areas in Oceania. Petersen , M.R., Weir , D.N. & Dick , M.H. 1991. Birds of Kilbuck and Ahklun Mountain Region, Alaska. Riddle , G. 1991. Seasons with the Kestrel. Simpson , M.B., Jr. 1992. Birds of the Blue Ridge Mountains. Stallcup , R. 1990. Ocean Birds of the Nearshore Pacific. Strange , I.J. 1992. A Field Guide to the Wildlife of the Falkland Islands and South Georgia. Trollope , J. 1992. Seed-eating Birds, Their Care and Breeding: finches and allied species—doves, quail and hemipodes. Village , A. 1992. Falcons.     

Animal colour vision--behavioural tests and physiological concepts

Over a century ago workers such as J. Lubbock and K. von Frisch developed behavioural criteria for establishing that non‐human animals see colour. Many animals in most phyla have since then been shown to have colour vision. Colour is used for specific behaviours, such as phototaxis and object recognition, while other behaviours such as motion detection are colour blind. Having established the existence of colour vision, research focussed on the question of how many spectral types of photoreceptors are involved. Recently, data on photoreceptor spectral sensitivities have been combined with behavioural experiments and physiological models to study systematically the next logical question: ‘what neural interactions underlie colour vision ?‘This review gives an overview of the methods used to study animal colour vision, and discusses how quantitative modelling can suggest how photoreceptor signals are combined and compared to allow for the discrimination of biologically relevant stimuli.     

The colour of fitness: plumage coloration and lifetime reproductive success in the tawny owl

We studied variation in plumage colour and life history in a population of tawny owls (Strix aluco) in southern Finland, using 26 years of data on individually marked male and female owls. Colour was scored on a semi-continuous scale from pale grey to reddish brown. Colour scoring was repeatable and showed a bimodal distribution (grey and brown morph) in both sexes. During the study period, colour composition was stable in the study population in both sexes. The sexes did not mate assortatively with respect to their colour. Colour was a highly heritable trait and was under selection. Grey-coloured male and female owls had a higher lifetime production of fledglings, and grey-coloured male (but not female) owls produced more recruits during their lifetime than brown individuals. Selection on colour was mediated through viability selection and not through fecundity selection. Our results reveal remarkably strong selection on a genetically determined phenotypic trait.     

Assessment of dose & optimisation of image quality in the XVI cone beam CT system

Background: Colour and power Doppler have become integral parts of many clinical ultrasound investigations and, due to this, refinements are made to the current technology to ensure accurate results for clinical perception of image quality.Method: The aim of this study was to modify and evaluate existing Doppler Ultrasound devices for the assessment of Colour Doppler spatial resolution. In this study a convention flow phantom design was modified to have a set of line pairs of varying     

Artificial selection for food colour preferences

Colour is an important factor in food detection and acquisition by animals using visually based foraging. Colour can be used to identify the suitability of a food source or improve the efficiency of food detection, and can even be linked to mate choice. Food colour preferences are known to exist, but whether these preferences are heritable and how these preferences evolve is unknown. Using the freshwater fish Poecilia reticulata, we artificially selected for chase behaviour towards two different-coloured moving stimuli: red and blue spots. A response to selection was only seen for chase behaviours towards the red, with realized heritabilities ranging from 0.25 to 0.30. Despite intense selection, no significant chase response was recorded for the blue-selected lines. This lack of response may be due to the motion-detection mechanism in the guppy visual system and may have novel implications for the evolvability of responses to colour-related signals. The behavioural response to several colours after five generations of selection suggests that the colour opponency system of the fish may regulate the response to selection.     

Correspondence

Sealing Celluloid Colour Rings, by Graham C. Phillips

Loss of Rings, by Robert Elmes     

Book Reviews

Books review in this article:
Practical Histochemistry. 2nd edn. Chayen & Bitensky
A Colour Atlas of Breast Pathology. M. Trojani     

Film Review

Colour Slides in Plant Anatomy

Film News     

Only aldehyde fuchsin made from pararosanilin stains pancreatic B cell granules and elastic fibers in unoxidized microsections: problems caused by mislabelling of certain basic fuchsins

The most distinctive property of aldehyde fuchsin is its staining of certain nonionic proteins and peptides in unoxidized cells and tissues. These substances include granules of pancreatic islet B cells, elastic fibers and hepatitis B surface antigen. Aldehyde fuchsin made from two different basic fuchsins, each certified by the Biological Stain Commission and labelled C.I. (Colour Index) No. 42500 (pararosanilin), did not stain pancreatic B cells at all. Stain Commission's records and retesting showed that each of the "faulty" basic fuchsins was not pararosanilin, but rosanilin, whose Colour Index number is 42510. These basic fuchsins were labelled with the wrong Colour Index number when packaged. Additional basic fuchsins were coded by V.M.E. and tested by R.W.M. for their capacity to make satisfactory aldehyde fuchsins. Only certain of these aldehyde fuchsins stained unoxidized pancreatic islet B cells. The same aldehyde fuchsins stained elastic fibers strongly. Each basic fuchsin whose aldehyde fuchsin was judged satisfactory proved to be pararosanilin. Aldehyde fuchsin solutions made from other basic fuchsins stained elastic fibers only weakly and did not stain pancreatic B cells at all in unoxidized sections. Each basic fuchsin whose aldehyde fuchsin was unsatisfactory proved to be rosanilin. It appears that only aldehyde fuchsin made from pararosanilin stains unoxidized pancreatic B cell granules dependably. We found that basic fuchsins from additional lots of Commission-certified pararosanilin and rosanilin were also labelled with incorrect Colour Index numbers when packaged. Steps were taken to prevent recurrences of such mislabelling which has made it difficult until now to correlate differences in the properties of pararosanilin and rosanilin. A table is provided of all basic fuchsins that have been certified by the Biological Stain Commission since 1963 when they began the practice of subdesignating basic fuchsins according to whether they are pararosanilins or nonpararosanilins. The consumer can readily determine from the certification number on the label the correct subdesignation of any Commission-certified basic fuchsin listed here. Until now, mislabelling of some lots of pararosanilin as rosanilin and vice-versa has confused and frustrated the users of basic fuchsins in other applications such as the carbol fuchsin staining of tubercle bacilli and certain cytochemical tests, e.g. esterase and acid phosphatase, that utilize hexazotized pararosanilin as a coupling reagent. Consumers experiencing trouble with any Commission-certified dye should look to the Biological Stain Commission for help. This is an important reason for purchasing, whenever possible, only Biological Stain Commission certified dyes.     

Brexit,British People of Colour in the EU-27 and everyday racism in Britain and Europe

This paper foregrounds an understanding of Brexit as unexceptional, as business as usual in Britain and Europe. It reports on original empirical research with British People of Colour who have settled elsewhere in Europe, to bring into view an original perspective to understandings of what Brexit means to Britons living in Europe, and to consider what these testimonies offer to emerging social science research on Brexit. As we argue, focussing on the testimonies of British People of Colour living in the EU-27 offers a unique lens into how Brexit is caught up in everyday racism, personal experiences of racialization and racial violence, and longer European histories of racialization and racism. Importantly, these experiences precede and succeed Brexit, taking place in both Britain and other European Union countries.     

REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Colour-changes in Animals. The Pigmentary Effector System: A Review of the Physiology of Colour Response . By Dr L ancelot H ogben .
Outlines of Fungi and Plant Diseases for Students and Practitioners of Agriculture and Horticulture . By F. T. B ennet .
The Evolution of Plants . By D uckenfield H enry S cott . Home University Library.
An Introduction to the Study of Heredity . By E. W. M acbride .
The Biological Foundations of Society . By A rthur D endy .     

Besprechungen

Book reviewed in this article: Spradbery , J. P. (1970): Host finding by Rhyssa persuasoria (L.), an Ichneumonid parasite of Siricid woodwasps (Wie Schlupfwespen (Rh. p.) Holzwespenlarven finden). Butler , C. G., D. J. C. Fletcher und D. Watler (1970): Hive entrance finding by Honeybee (Apis mellifera) foragers (Wie Honigbienenarbeiterinnen ihr Flugloch finden). Swihart , C. A. und S. L. (1970): Colour selection and learned feeding preference in the Butterfly Heliconius charitonius Linné (Angeborene und erlernte Farbbevorzugungen des Tagschmetterlings H. c.). Grzimeks Tierleben, Band 3 (1970). Ray , A. Joseph jr. (1970) Instrumental avoidance learning by the Tiger Salamander Ambystoma tigrinum (Negativdressur des getigerten Querzahnmolches A. t.). Ferguson , Gary W. (1970): Mating behaviour of the side-blotched Lizards of the Genus Uta (Sauria: Iguanidae) (Paarungsverhalten von Leguanen der Gattung Uta). Stresemann , Erwin ed. (1969): Exkursionsfauna von Deutschland. Gauthier-Pilters , H. (1970): Atschana — das heißt Durst. Klös , Heinz-Georg (1969): Von der Menagerie zum Tierparadies. Rensch , B. (1968): Biophilosophie auf erkenntnistheoretischer Grundlage (Panpsy-chistischer Identismus). Vogt , Hans-Heinrich (1970): Fortschritt ins Chaos? Die Zukunft des Menschen. Walter , Roger O., und James P. Hamilton (1970): Head-up movements as an indicator of sexual unreceptivity in female Medaka (Oryzias latipes) (“Vorne-hoch” als Zeichen fehlender Paarungsbereitschaft beim Japanischen Medaka-Kärpflings-♀ O.l.).     

Relationships between tristimulus colour values and digestibility of grain sorghum by swine

Fourteen grain sorghum cultivars were used to study the degree of relationship between energy and protein digestion coefficients and tristimulus colour values of grain sorghum. Colour values from whole grain, ground dry and ground blended samples of each cultivar were used. Colour values of the ground blended samples were more highly associated with digestibility and nitrogen retention than were colour values of either whole grain or ground dry grain sorghum. Although close relationships were shown by simple correlation coefficients, valid prediction equations could not be developed (P < 0.05) from combinations of these three colour observations. These data indicate that colour difference meter values can be used to develop linear regression equations that would assist in screening grain sorghum cultivars for nutritive value in swine.