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1.
Diahan Harley 《American journal of primatology》1988,15(2):103-114
Longitudinal reproductive and mortality data collected from two colonies of Hanuman langur monkeys (Presbytis entellus) in California (University of California, Berkeley; San Diego Zoo) are presented. Approximately 10 years of data from each facility reveal that langur monkey females reach reproductive maturity between 3 and 5 years and have median birth intervals, following the birth of a live infant that survives beyond 9 months, of approximately 15.5 months. Births are not seasonal at either facility and pregnancy failure rates at UCB are approximately 30%. Mortality of subadults was highest during the neonatal period (<30 days), and probability of Sarvivorship at 5 years is between .41 and .50. Observed differences and similarities in patterns of reproduction and mortality between the two colonies and field populations are discussed. 相似文献
2.
Phyllis Dolhinow 《Primates; journal of primatology》1978,19(3):449-472
This behavior repertoire for the Indian langur monkey (Presbytis entellus) is based on observations of free-ranging langurs in north and central India and on an ongoing study of social behavior in
colony-living langur monkeys. The purposes of this repertoire are: (1) to allow the investigator to record all social behavior
observed, (2) to allow comparison with the results of other observations, and (3) to draw a baseline picture of behavior against
which the effects of experimental manipulations may be measured. The behavior units of this repertoire are organized into
the categories of general behaviors, infant caretaking, sexual, play, vocalization, agonistic, and grooming. Each unit is
defined and examples are given of the contexts in which behaviors are most often used. The repertoire, as designed, is appropriate
for use with a focal animal sampling method. 相似文献
3.
Diahan Harley 《International journal of primatology》1985,6(3):227-242
This paper presents 10 years of reproductive data on birth interval length and 5 years of data on reproductive behavior postpartum
from a captive colony of gray langur monkeys (Presbytis entellus)housed in Berkeley, California. Birth intervals of females following different pregnancy and nursing schedules are compared.
Females whose infants survive to the age of 9 months have a median birth interval of 15.4 months. The experimental separation
of mothers from infants for a period of 2 weeks, 6 to 9 months postpartum, had no significant effect on the median birth interval
length. Females experiencing a pregnancy failure or the loss of a neonate had median birth intervals of 9.6 and 10.7 months,
respectively. These intervals were significantly shorter than the birth intervals of females whose infants survived to 9 months,
showing that the presence of a nursing infant delays the female’s time to next conception by approximately 5 to 6 months.
Females experienced a median of three estrous periods (two estrous cycles) before conceiving postpartum, regardless of pregnancy
outcome or length of infant survival, and females rarely conceived during their first estrous period postpartum. Weaning did
not occur until after the mother’s next conception. These data indicate that, in populations of langurs characterized by average
birth intervals of 15 to 16 months, the loss of an infant after the age of 5 to 6 months will not accelerate a female’s ability
to conceive or shorten the birth interval length. The available data on birth spacing from populations of free-ranging langurs
are reviewed. It could not be demonstrated that non-Himalayan populations are characterized by birth intervals which are as
long as 20 to 24 months. Rather, it is suggested that female langurs inhabiting seasonally arid sites, such as Jodhpur, Abu,
and
Dharwar, may be capable of producing infants on the average of every 15 to 16 months. Flexibility in the timing of births
and the lack of well-defined birth seasons at these sites may be explained by this species’ dietary and digestive adaptations.
Additionally, data on birth spacing and the age of missing infants from the above field sites, where it has been suggested
that infanticide following changes in male leadership occurs habitually, do not lend support to the sexual selection hypothesis
of infanticide as proposed by S. Hrdy (1974, 1977). 相似文献
4.
D Harley 《American journal of physical anthropology》1990,83(2):253-261
Analysis of data on age and reproductive performance in 16 captive female Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus) shows that adult females under the age of 6 years and over the age of 19 years had the lowest rates of reproductive success as measured by the production of viable young that survived beyond 30 days of age. With the possible exception of one female, females over the age of 19 years experienced a variety of idiosyncratic reproductive problems but did not experience a true menopause as defined by total cessation of menstrual cycles. There was no support for the hypothesis that langur monkey females have evolved a lengthy postreproductive period. 相似文献
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N.K. Lohiya R.S. Sharma B. Manivannan T.C. Anand Kumar 《Journal of medical primatology》1998,27(1):15-20
The reproductive exocrine and endocrine profiles in male langurs are reported with an emphasis on seasonality. The animals showed positive response to electroejaculation throughout the year. The sperm concentration varied between 10–383 × 106/ejaculation with wide fluctuations all through the year. No appreciable changes in the motility and percent live sperm were observed throughout the year. The levels of seminal fructose and magnesium remained unchanged throughout the year, while acid phosphatase showed wide fluctuations. Citric acid showed elevation during February and March and LDH showed elevated levels during April and May. The annual range of serum testosterone was 6–34 nMol/l with a peak during July. Cortisol ranged between 575–1587 nMol/l and prolactin ranged between 107–900 mU/l. Wide fluctuations were observed in hormonal levels. No seasonality was exhibited in the seminiferous tubule diameter, nuclear diameter of Sertoli cells and Leydig cells, and the cholesterol, glycogen, and sialic acid contents of testis. None of the parameters studied have shown any correlation with season. The results suggest that the male langurs lack seasonality in their reproductive exocrine and endocrine profiles and thus could be used as model for research in human reproduction. 相似文献
8.
A population of langurs (Presbytis entellus)at the Rajaji Wildlife Sanctuary in northern India was investigated for 1820 hr throughout a 10-month period in 1978. Data
were collected from four bisexual troops and the adult males that ranged outside of bisexual troops. Most (60%) of the observation
hours occurred with a main study troop from which social and ecological data were collected. The langur population at Rajaji
shows pronounced birth and mating seasons. The population density is high (ca. 80/km
2), with about 75% of the adult males living outside of bisexual troops, which typically are large and multimale. Males outside
of bisexual troops occur in small all-male bands or as isolates. Relations between bisexual troops and all-male bands are
characterized by relatively low levels of aggression, and members of all-male bands are able to associate with bisexual troops
for prolonged periods during the mating season. As a result of these associations, nontroop males are about as successful
as troop males in achieving reproductive access to troop females. These associations between bisexual troops and all-male
bands occurred with a minimal amount of agonistic behavior and without mortality or injury to troop females or immatures. 相似文献
9.
Biosocial functions of grooming behavior among the common Indian langur monkey (Presbytis entellus).
J J McKenna 《American journal of physical anthropology》1978,48(4):503-509
An intensive study of the Indian langur monkey (Presbytis entellus) reveals an interplay between biological and social processes. This study which involved captive animals and over 1,500 observation hours suggests that grooming behavior alone cannot be used to measure status differences between the sexes, nor as a means to understand how pathogens carried by ecto-parasites are controlled. It is shown that the type of grooming exhibited in an interactional setting and the region of the body presented by one animal to another for grooming is often determined by the immediate social events and by the nature of the relationship existing between the participants. For these Colobine langur monkeys grooming behavior not only facilitates integration but it also enables an animal to manipulate a tense situation into a peaceful one. Without reference to many of the other patterns of behavior which only relatively, not absolutely differentiate age and sex classes, grooming behavior cannot be entirely understood. 相似文献
10.
Paul Newton 《Primates; journal of primatology》1990,31(1):143-145
During fieldwork in Kanha Tiger Reserve, Central India, in 1980 an adult female hanuman langur (Presbytis entellus) was observed with the forearm of a dead foetus protruding from her vagina without evidence of uterine contractions. It is
likely that a transverse lie or oblique malpresentation with consequent foetal arm prolapse occurred during labour with subsequent
impaction, uterine inertia, and foetal death. The female disappeared from the troop over the following 18 hr, presumably dying
as a consequence of the complications of the malpresentation. 相似文献
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We carried out a study of Hanuman langurs in Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, India during three months in 1990. The area
surveyed included habitat disturbed by human activity, with both the grazing of livestock and firewood collecting resulting
in degraded forest. Langur population density was estimated to be between 19 and 36 animals/km2. The density of langurs in disturbed areas was significantly lower than in undisturbed areas. Both tree cover, total tree,
and shrub cover were positively correlated with langur density, suggesting that a lack of trees in disturbed areas may have
caused the lower langur densities. Although bisexual groups were significantly more common in undisturbed areas the distribution
of all male groups did not appear to be affected by human disturbance, suggesting that male bands are likely to inhabit more
disturbed habitats than bisexual groups. We suggest that either a lack of food trees or the high density of predators in Sariska
may prevent bisexual groups from inhabiting areas where tree cover is low, although the more mobile male groups can survive
in these areas. Although Hanuman langurs are a relatively common species in India, these results suggest that they are not,
as is commonly assumed, immune to the effects of human disturbance. In areas where langurs appear to survive in disturbed
habitats the different response of bisexual and all male groups to disturbance may still result in serious disruption to the
population structure. 相似文献
14.
C. Borries 《Human Evolution》1988,3(4):239-259
The behaviour of two Hanuman langur grandmothers towards their grandchildren is examined with emphasis on the spatial relationship,
the contact behaviour, and vigilance. Interaction patterns with infants and juveniles are analysed separately to disclose
the influence of a social partner's reproductive value and the variance of this value on grandmaternal behaviour. The shape
of grandmaternal behaviour seems to differ for male and female grandchildren, and it seems to depend on the reproductive value
of both, the grandmother and the grandchild. These results are in accordance with sociobiological hypotheses. Evaluation of
costs and benefits suggests that grandmaternal behaviour in langurs can be called investment. 相似文献
15.
Abstract: The Indian langur monkey (Presbytis entellus) is an experimental host for a range of human diseases and for the assessment of vaccine candidate antigens to some common parasitic infections. This experimental host is particularly suitable for the follow‐up of immunological responses. To understand some of the mechanism that underlies the defense against experimental pathogens there is a need of the basic knowledge on antibody and cell mediated immune responses. In the present study 25 naïve monkeys were subjected to for assessment of their antibody responses to various human parasitic antigens as well as mitogen induced cellular responses. Only few monkeys were found to have low titer of antiparasitic antibodies. There was compressive dose dependent proliferative response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Unlike humans, the blastogenic as well as cytokine responses (IFN‐γ, IL‐2 and IL‐4) to Con A was considerably higher as compared to PHA. These findings are similar to what have been reported in other non‐human primates, confirming the appropriateness of Indian langurs for pre‐clinical trials. 相似文献
16.
The primary structure of langur (Presbytis entellus) pancreatic ribonuclease: adaptive features in digestive enzymes in mammals 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
J J Beintema 《Molecular biology and evolution》1990,7(5):470-477
The primary structure of pancreatic ribonuclease from langur (Presbytis entellus) has been determined. This sequence differs from that of human pancreatic ribonuclease at 14 (11%) of the amino acid positions. Eight of these 14 differences involve changes of charge, with the langur enzyme having five fewer positive charges than the human enzyme. The difference in charge between human and langur ribonuclease may be an adaptation to the different requirements for a nondigestive and a digestive role, respectively. A number of similarities in expression, gene duplications, and properties between mammalian ribonucleases and lysozymes have been observed, indicating similar adaptations in both enzyme systems. 相似文献
17.
We investigated sex differences in the social behavior of immature Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus) in the light of sex-specifically different life-courses and Hanuman langur characteristics, such as the individualistic dominance hierarchy and the rarity of intragroup coalitions among adult females. We observed four immature female and four immature male langurs—all members of the same free-ranging multimale multifemale group in Ramnagar, South Nepal—from November 1992 to February 1993 for 288 hr via focal-animal and instantaneous sampling techniques. Immature females spent significantly more time in proximity to other group members than immature males did. They had more physical contact and groomed more. Other immature females were their preferred social partners. Immature males also preferred like-aged females. They restricted their relationships with other immature males to proximity and occasional grooming. Monitoring was directed especially toward adult males. Female behavior can be interpreted as oriented toward integration into the female social network and their age-inverted dominance hierarchy. Males seem to prepare for leaving their natal group and for future strong intrasexual competition. 相似文献
18.
Ecology, nutrition, and timing of reproductive events in an Asian primate, the Hanuman langur (Presbytis entellus) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ecological conditions, feeding and ranging behaviour as well as physical condition of female Hanuman langurs ( Presbytis entellus ) were studied in order to analyse the major influences on the timing of reproductive events. The langurs inhabited a semi-evergreen forest dominated by Sal trees ( Skorea robusta ). The climate was dominated by the summer monsoon lasting from May to September. Availability of plant phytophases was markedly seasonal, with fruiting as well as flushing of the six main food plants during the monsoon. Feeding and ranging behaviour of the females varied with food availability and its distribution. High dietary quality was only obtained during a short period from May to July. Physical condition of the females varied in accordance with dietary quality and energy expenditure, with a good physical condition during the second half of the year. Births occurred from January until June, with most births around the energetically worst period of the year. The results indicate that, in contrast to several other non-human primates, most females of this population gave birth too early to meet the optimum lactation requirements. Complete weaning mainly took place during an energetically bad time of the year (October to December). However, it can be inferred that the reduction of suckling bouts prior to the next conception took place when high quality food was available. Conceptions were confined to the months of July to November, coinciding with the time of best physical condition. Moreover, females who conceived were in a better physical condition than those who failed to conceive, suggesting a primary influence of nutrition on the probability of conception. Seasonality and timing of births may be the result of a regular seasonal shortfall of resources influencing the ability of the females to ovulate and to conceive. 相似文献
19.
Carola Borries 《International journal of primatology》1992,13(1):19-32
Factors influencing grooming site preferences in adult female Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus) were investigated. The females belonged to a free-ranging harem troop (Jodhpur, India) and were observed for 569 hr by focal-female
sampling. Decisive factors for grooming site preferences were the following: autogrooming was determined mostly by site accessiblity.
Allogrooming was significantly concentrated on parts that are inaccessible to the groomee. Close female kin groomed significantly
longer, more frequently, and more precisely at inaccessible body parts. Lower-ranking females were groomed significantly less
often and more briefly but also more precisely at inaccessible parts. However, the latter might be due to a lower-ranking
subjects desire to face away from the higher-ranking groomer in order to avoid eye contact. The data suggest that the groomee
determines the sites being groomed. 相似文献
20.
Tokuma Yanai Masayo Hosoi Toshiaki Masegi Katsumato Ueda Toshiro Iwasaki Naoto Kimura Akira Katou Shigetaka Kotera 《Journal of medical primatology》1994,23(7):410-412
A rectal adenocarcinoma in a 22-year-old capped langur histologically resembling those in human cases is reported. An ill-defined diffuse tumor with fibrously firm rectal wall showed diffuse infiltrative growth of signet-ring cancer cells. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated positive staining for CEA, lysozyme, EMA, keratin and B72.3. 相似文献