广西巨首蚁属昆虫研究：膜翅目：蚁科

本文记述广西壮族自治区的巨首蚁属Ｐｈｅｉｄｏｌｏｇｅｔｏｎ昆虫６种,其中３新种,即：黑沟巨道蚁,宽结巨首蚁和粗纹巨首蚁。新种正模标本保存于陕西师范大学动物研究所,副模标本保存于广西师范大学生物系。文中提供广西该属已知种的大头工蚁分种检索表。     

中国西南地区角腹蚁属和卡蚁属新种记述（膜翅目：蚁科：切叶蚁亚科）

中国西南地区角腹蚁属和卡蚁属新种记述（膜翅目：蚁科：切叶蚁亚科）徐正会,郑哲民（陕西师范大学动物研究所陕西省西安市７１００６２）本文报道了在中国西南地区发现的２个蚂蚁新种。新种女蜗角腹蚁Ｒｅｃｕｒｖｉｄｒｉｓｎｕｗａ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．与弯刺角腹蚁Ｒ．ｒ...     

中国厚结蚁属分类研究（膜翅目：蚁科：猛蚁亚科）

本文记述中国厚结蚁属ＰａｃｈｙｃｏｎｄｙｌａＦ．Ｓｍｉｔｈ昆虫１５种,其中描述２新种：片突厚结蚁Ｐ．ｌｏｂｏｃａｒｅｎａ新种和郑氏厚结蚁Ｐ．ｚｈｅｎｇｉ新种。还报道２个中国新记录种,并根据该属的现代概念对１０个种作了重新组合。模式标本保存于云南昆明,西南林学院森林保护系昆虫标本室。     

云南多刺蚁属二新种记述：膜翅目：蚁科

在云南省发现多刺 属Ｐｏｌｙｒｈａｃｈｉｓ Ｓｍｉｔｈ２新种,即;驼背多刺景Ｐ．ｃｙｐｈｏｎ－ｏｔａ,ｓｐ．ｎ．和巴卡多刺蚁Ｐ．ｂａｋａｎａ ｓｐ．ｎ驼背多刺义隶属于驼背多刺蚁亚属Ｃｙｒｔｏｍｙｒｍａ Ｆｏｒｅｌ。巴卡多刺义隶属于六刺多刺蚁亚属Ｍｙｒｍｈｏｐｌａ Ｆｏｒｅｌ。巴氏多刺蚁发现于西双版纳自然保护区热带雨林中。     

中国棱胸蚁属系统分类研究（膜翅目：蚁科）

研究中国棱胸蚁属Pristomyrmex Mayr蚂蚁4种;短刺棱胸蚁,P.brevispinosus Emery,台湾棱胸蚁P.formosae Forel,双针棱胸蚁P.pungens Mayr,弯钩棱胸蚁P.hamatus sp.nov。编制了工蚁分种检索表。描述了采于云南省南部勐腊热带雨林内一新种弯钩棱胸蚁P.hamatus sp.nov该新种与双针棱胸蚁P.pungens Mayr接近。但上鄂内缘具1个明显的齿,背面观并胸腹节刺内弯呈钩状,侧面观胸部背面圆形隆起,腹柄结宽且背面较直。模式标本标本保存在西南林学院资源学院。     

云南平结蚁属二新种（膜翅目：蚁科）

本文记述云南省平结蚁属ＰｒｅｎｏｌｅｐｉｓＭａｙｒ２新种：黑角平结蚁Ｐ,ｎｉｇｒｉｆｌａｇｅｌｌａｓｐ,ｎ．与黑腹平结蚁Ｐ．ｍｅｌａｎｏｇａｓｔｅｒＥｍｅｒｙ接近,但新种触角３－１２节黑色或黑褐色,正面观头部长宽相等,唇基前缘圆形突出,头脑部光滑发亮。大眼平结蚁Ｐ．ｍａｇｎｏｃｕｌａｓｐ．ｎ．与那氏平结蚁Ｐ．ｎａｏｒｏｊｉｉＦｏｒｅｌ接近,但新种头部黑褐色,腹部黑色,唇基中央突起,无纵脊。文中提供东亚和南亚地区已知种检索表。模式标本保存于云南昆明,西南林学院森林保护系昆虫标本室。     

中国西南地区铺道蚁属的新种和新记录（膜翅目：蚁科）

中国西南地区铺道蚁属的新种和新记录（膜翅目：蚁科）徐正会,郑哲民（陕西师范大学动物研究所,陕西省西安市７１００６２）关键词蚁科,铺道蚁属,新种,新记录,中国本文报道了中国西南地区发现的铺道蚁属ＴｅｔｒａｍｏｒｉｕｍＭａｙｒ３新种和１新记录种：心头铺道...     

中国细蚁亚科系统分类研究（膜翅目：蚁科）

记载中国细蚁亚科Leptanillinae昆虫2属。报道细蚁属Leptanilla Emery 3种：湖南细蚁L. hunanensis Tang, Li et Chen分布于湖南省,台湾细蚁L.taiwanensis Ogata, Terayama et Masuko分布于台湾省,云南细蚁L.yunnanensis sp.nov.分布于云南省。原细蚁属Protanilla Taylor为中国新记录属,在云南省采集并描述该属2新种：单色原细蚁P.concolor sp.nov.和双色原细蚁P.bicolor sp.nov.。编制了细蚁亚科这2属的工蚁分属检索表和中国分布种工蚁分种检索表。     

中国西南地区曲颊猛蚁属一新种（膜翅目：蚁科：猛蚁亚科）

本文记述中国西南地区曲颊猛蚁属Ｇｎａｍｐｔｏｇｅｎｙｓ　Ｒｏｇｅｒ１新种──版纳曲颊猛蚁Ｇ．ｂａｎｎａｎａ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,本新种与双色曲颊猛蚁Ｇ．ｂｉｃｏｌｏｒ（Ｅｍｅｒｙ）接近,但前者后头角向后延长成叶状突;头、胸、腹柄和腹部第１节具粗糙窝状刻纹;头和足黑色。文中提供了该属中国已知５种的检索表。模式标本保存于陕西师范大学动物研究所昆虫标本室。     

中国西北地区斜结蚁属一新种记述（膜翅目：蚁科：蚁亚科）

记述采臬宁夏和甘肃地区的斜结蚁属1新种：心头斜结蚁Plagiolepis cardio-carenis,sp.nov.。新种与P.alluaudi Emery近似,但新种后头缘仅具1根短立毛;后头缘微凹,致使头稍成心形;后腹部第1、2节背板中部约全长的1／2缺立毛。模式标本保存在宁夏大学农浓缩标本室。     

Review: Helicobacter: Inflammation,immunology, and vaccines

Chronic inflammation induced by Helicobacter pylori infection is a critical factor in the development of peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. Central to this inflammation is the initiation of pro‐inflammatory signaling cascades within epithelial cells, in particular those mediated by two sensors of bacterial cell wall components, nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain‐containing protein 1 (NOD1) and alpha‐protein kinase 1 (ALPK1). H pylori is, however, also highly adept at mitigating inflammation in the host, thereby restricting tissue damage and favoring bacterial persistence. H pylori modulates host immune responses by altering cytokine signaling in epithelial and myeloid cells, which results in increased proliferation of regulatory T cells and downregulation of effector T‐cell responses. H pylori vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA) has been shown to play an important role in the dampening of immune responses and induction of immune tolerance capable of protecting against asthma. It is also possible to generate protective immune responses by immunization with various H pylori antigens or their epitopes, in combination with an adjuvant, though this for now has only been shown in mouse models. Novel non‐toxic adjuvants, consisting of modified bacterial enterotoxins or nanoparticles, have recently been developed that may not only enhance vaccine efficacy, but also help translate candidate vaccines to the clinic. This review will summarize the main discoveries in the past year regarding host immune responses to H pylori infection, as well as the design of new vaccine approaches against this infection.     

Phylogeny,classification, and biogeography of Afrotrichloris,Apochiton, Coelachyrum,Dinebra, Eleusine,Leptochloa, Schoenefeldia,and a new genus,Schoenefeldiella (Poaceae: Chloridoideae: Cynodonteae: Eleusininae)

To investigate the evolutionary relationships among species of Afrotrichloris, Apochiton, Coelachyrum, Dinebra, Eleusine, Leptochloa, and Schoenefeldia of subtribe Eleusininae, a phylogeny based on DNA sequences from nine gene regions (ITS, rps16-trnK, rps3, rps16, rpoC2, rpl32-trnL, ndhF, ndhA, ccsA) is presented. Previous molecular phylogenies indicated that Coelachyrum was polyphyletic and Schoenefeldia was paraphyletic, with Afrotrichloris embedded within it. Apochiton burttii was embedded in the Coelachyrum clade paired with C. longiglume, Coelachyrumpoiflorum was placed outside of Coelachyrum and sister to Eleusine, and Schoenefeldia is paraphyletic, with its two species forming a grade sister to Afrotrichoris. Our molecular phylogeny supports recognition of a new genus, Schoenefeldiella, and a new combination, Schoenfeldiella transiens. In addition, we provide generic emendations for Coelachyrum, which now includes five species including a new combination proposed here, Coelachyrum burttii, and Eleusine, which now includes 11 species.     

Focus: A Multifaceted Battle Against Cancer: Basal Cell Carcinoma: Pathogenesis,Epidemiology, Clinical Features,Diagnosis, Histopathology,and Management

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common malignancy. Exposure to sunlight is the most important risk factor. Most, if not all, cases of BCC demonstrate overactive Hedgehog signaling. A variety of treatment modalities exist and are selected based on recurrence risk, importance of tissue preservation, patient preference, and extent of disease. The pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, histopathology, and management of BCC will be discussed in this review.     

Islands: stability, diversity, conservation

Islands present both a diversity and a stability paradox. They are often highly species-poor but have considerable biological interest in terms of extraordinary endemic genera and taxonomically isolated groups. They appear to be stable, as in some cases these organisms have persisted for many millions of years, and having an oceanic climate, extreme climatic events may be comparatively rare. However, when subject to extrinsic (anthropogenic) disturbance they do not appear to be stable, but often suffer catastrophic ecological change. These apparent paradoxes are resolved when it is realized that all these features are consequences of the same island characteristics: biotic isolation and oceanicity. As a result of these two characteristics, far oceanic islands are quantitatively different from continental systems in the nature of their ecological processes, which appear to give rise to an extreme punctuated equilibrium model of evolutionary change. Endemics may be ancient relict endemics displaying prolonged stasis and persistence, or products of adaptive radiation representing rapid punctuational events. A process-based definition of a relict endemic (palaeoendemic) is one whose founding lineage (i.e. the original continental source taxon) has not left any descendents. A corollary of this definition is that the time of divergence between an endemic and its continental sister-group should predate the colonization of the island by the now endemic lineage. An example is Dicksonia arborescens which has been on St Helena for at least 9 Myrs and no longer occurs in the likely source area of Africa. These relict endemics, frequent on islands, are important as the last remnants of tranches of biodiversity that have vanished elsewhere. Island conservation strategies require an integrated understanding of both sides of the diversity and stability paradox so that both island processes and island organisms can be conserved.     

Eliciting Play: A Comparative Study: (Octodon, Octodontomys, Pediolagus, Phoca, Chocropsis, Ailuropoda)

The social play behavior of six mammalian species (Rodentia,Pinnipedia, Artiodactyla, Carnivora) is described and compared.Locomotor and Rotational Movements, e.g., jumping, running,and headshaking, occurred in all species and predominated inthe rodent play. These movements are similar in form to anti-predatorand "protective" responses and result in an immediate but temporarycessation of sensory stimulation from conspecifics. Investigation of body odors was the most important stimuluseliciting Locomotor-Rotational Movements in the rodents. Inthe larger mammals, body odor sniffing was enhanced during play,but specialized signals from other sensory modalities elicitedand maintained play interactions. The possible functions ofa heightened exchange of olfactory information during juvenilesocial development are discussed.