Adenosine triphosphatases of cestodes Bothriocephalus scorpii

Activities and properties of adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) were studied in mitochondrial and microsomal fractions of cestodes Bothriocephalus scorpii parasitizing in pyloric appendages of the Brandt’s bullhead Myoxocephalus brandti. The highest activity was revealed in the mitochondrial fraction. The mitochondrial and microsomal fractions of B. scorpii had the ATPase activity dependent on the presence of cations Mg²⁺, Mn²⁺, and Ca²⁺. Effects of ions and inhibitors on the B. scorpii ATPase activity with various cations were. Both subcellular fractions were able to hydrolyze, apart from ATP, also GTP, CTP, and UTP.     

Adenosine triphosphatases of cestodes Bothriocephalus scorpii

Activities and properties of adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) have been studied in mitochondrial and microsomal fractions of cestodes Bothriocephalus scorpii parasitizing in pyloric appendages of the Brandt's bullhead Myoxocephalus brandti. The highest activity has been revealed in the mitochondrial fraction. The mitochondrial and microsomal fractions of B. scorpii have the ATPase activity dependent on the presence of cations Mg2+, Mn2+, and Ca2+. Effects of ions and inhibitors on the B. scorpii ATPase activity with various cations have been studied. Both subcellular fractions are able to hydrolyze, apart from ATP, also GTP, CTP, and UTP.     

Carbohydrate metabolism of Bothriocephalus scorpii (Cestoda: Bothriocephalidae)

The cestodes Bothriocephalus scorpii during the incubation in vitro assimilated glucose from the incubation medium and synthesized of glycogen. End products of carbohydrate metabolism in B. scorpii were lactic, succinic and volatile fatty acids. Mitochondria isolated from B. scorpii intensively oxidized succinate, alpha-ketoglutarate, isocitrate and less intensevely oxidized citrate, oxalacetate, pyruvate, cis-aconitate and malate.     

Activities and properties of phosphorylases of turbellariae Phagocata sibirica and cestodes Bothriocephalus scorpii

Activities and properties of phosphorylases of cytosol and mitochondrial fractions are studied in free-living turbellaria Phagocata sibirica and cestodes Bothriocephalus scorpii. The phosphorylase activities in P. sibirica and B. scorpii differ significantly both in form and the total activity of this enzyme. Dependence of the phosphorylase reaction rate on substrate concentration is studied. The high activity of phosphorylase as compared with that of hexokinase suggests glycogen to be the main energy source of the studied flatworms. Effects of various effectors on activities of cytosol and mitochondrial phosphorylases are studied.     

A new approach using the Pierce two-node model for different body parts

This paper presents a new approach, in applying the Pierce two-node model, to predict local skin temperatures of individual body parts with good accuracy. In this study, local skin temperature measurements at 24 sites on the bodies of 11 human subjects were carried out in a controlled environment under three different indoor conditions (i.e. neutral, warm and cold). The neutral condition measurements were used to adjust the local skin set-points in the model for each body part. Additional modifications to the calculation algorithm were introduced corresponding to different body parts. The local core set-points were then calculated, using a line search method, as the input values that allow the model to predict the skin temperatures with maximum deviation of ±0.1°C for the neutral condition. The model predictability was verified for the other two indoor conditions, and the results show that the modified model predicts local skin temperatures with average deviation of ±0.3°C.     

Comparison of ATPase activity of cardiac myosins from different species

Ca2+--ATPase activity of myosins prepared from hearts with different shortening speeds was measured in order to determine whether an alteration in hydrolitic activity or in the affinity of myosin for its substrate, or both, may be responsible for the species differences in Ca2+--ATPase. The KM values of ATP for cardiac myosins from rat, guinea-pig and rabbit did not differ significantly, whereas the Vmax decreased in the following order: rat greater than guinea pig greater than rabbit. These facts lead us to assume that, in spite of a great similarity of the active centres of the these myosins, the catalytic sites may not be identical.     

A plant proton-pumping inorganic pyrophosphatase functionally complements the vacuolar ATPase transport activity and confers bafilomycin resistance in yeast

V-ATPases (vacuolar H+-ATPases) are a specific class of multi-subunit pumps that play an essential role in the generation of proton gradients across eukaryotic endomembranes. Another simpler proton pump that co-localizes with the V-ATPase occurs in plants and many protists: the single-subunit H+-PPase [H+-translocating PPase (inorganic pyrophosphatase)]. Little is known about the relative contribution of these two proteins to the acidification of intracellular compartments. In the present study, we show that the expression of a chimaeric derivative of the Arabidopsis thaliana H+-PPase AVP1, which is preferentially targeted to internal membranes of yeast, alleviates the phenotypes associated with V-ATPase deficiency. Phenotypic complementation was achieved both with a yeast strain with its V-ATPase specifically inhibited by bafilomycin A1 and with a vma1-null mutant lacking a catalytic V-ATPase subunit. Cell staining with vital fluorescent dyes showed that AVP1 recovered vacuole acidification and normalized the endocytic pathway of the vma mutant. Biochemical and immunochemical studies further demonstrated that a significant fraction of heterologous H+-PPase is located at the vacuolar membrane. These results raise the question of the occurrence of distinct proton pumps in certain single-membrane organelles, such as plant vacuoles, by proving yeast V-ATPase activity dispensability and the capability of H+-PPase to generate, by itself, physiologically suitable internal pH gradients. Also, they suggest new ways of engineering macrolide drug tolerance and outline an experimental system for testing alternative roles for fungal and animal V-ATPases, other than the mere acidification of subcellular organelles.     

Age and changes in succinate dehydrogenase activity in functionally different muscles of the young rat

The antigravitational m. triceps brachii, its antagonist m. brachialis and the muscle having a universal functional specialization--m. serratus ventralis--have been studied in 35 male rats of Wistar strain, 60-105-day-old. Succinate dehydrogenase activity is determined in muscle fibers. Changes in the muscle fibers continue after the rats reach their sex maturation. Certain stageness of the process is observed, but the division of the period into separate steps either is absent (m. brachials), or their number is not great as compared to those during the 1st--60th days after birth. The borders of the periods in the muscles studied coinside (the 70th--74th day). Although it is possible to reveal the periods and separate steps in the changes occurring in the muscle fibers and in the muscles of the animals having reached their sex maturation, nevertheless, the borders between them are not distinct, the reconstruction during this age proceeds slower and more smoothely than before the sex maturation. It is possible that in young rats after sex maturation differentiation of the muscle fibers continues and that, in its turn, stimulates further specialization of the muscles as organs. The changes in the muscle fibers revealed histochemically occur most slowly under a low static loading, and when loading of various modality (kinetic and static) are combined, they are mostly pronounced.     

野豌豆不同提取物抑菌活性比较

探讨野豌豆茎叶、花、种子及豆荚4个部位提取物的体外抑菌作用。采用连续倍比稀释法,观察野豌豆植株不同部位不同提取物对各供试菌种的体外抑菌作用。结果表明野豌豆各部位对供试菌种的最佳活性物质提取部位是花,其次是茎叶和子。3种提取方法中,最佳的提取方法是酸水提取法,其次是去离子水提取法。     

Low-level noise affects balance control differently when applied at different body parts

The main purpose of this study was to determine which body part is the best position to apply noise at so that balance control can be improved most. Twelve young healthy participants were recruited in this study. Balance control was assessed by center of pressure (COP) measures, which were collected when participants were blindfolded and stood upright quietly on a force platform. Low-level mechanical noise was separately applied at seven body parts during quiet upright stance, including the forehead, neck, shoulder, finger, abdomen, knee, and ankle. Results showed that dependent COP measures as a whole were not improved when noise was at the finger, shoulder, abdomen, knee, and ankle. In contrast, with the application of noise at the forehead and neck, the dependent COP measures as a whole significantly changed. The forehead appeared to be the better position at which noise should be applied, since the ANOVAs revealed that body sway significantly decreased with the application of noise at the forehead. Findings from this study can aid in the development of noise-based intervention strategies aimed at improving balance. A possible intervention solution might be embedding noise-based devices into head belt.     

Physiological and behavioral effects of chemoreceptors located in different body parts of the swimming crab Callinectes danae

By perfusing their branchial chambers with filtered seawater, we have developed a preparation that allows us to maintain the swimming crab Callinectes danae outside water without any major effects on its cardiac activity. This in turn allowed us to selectively stimulate chemoreceptors located in different body parts, and specifically to discriminate between the receptors located in the branchial chambers and those located in the oral region (mainly in the mouthparts, antennules and antennae). We show that a taurine solution can evoke bradycardia when applied to the oral region or to a combination of the oral region and the branchial chambers. Although the precise localization of the oral region receptors involved remains to be determined, ablation experiments show that the olfactory organs (i.e., the antennules) are not involved. Finally, we show that although stimulating the pereiopods has no effect on the animals' cardiac activity it causes the animals to move, putatively to try to grasp a piece of food, a reaction not evoked by stimulating the gills or the oral regions. Our results lend support to the idea that chemoreceptors located in different parts of the body play different functional roles in decapod crustaceans.     

Myosin ATPase activity in somatic muscle fibers in different degree of pH of the pre-incubation medium

The problem on presence of muscle fibers (MF) types is an actual one, since it is a prerequisite to forecasting certain changes in MF under different conditions. The aim of the investigation has been to find out whether independent groups of MF exist or whether they react as a whole population to gradual changes in pH of the preincubational medium, when dynamic changes in m-ATPhase activity are studied. In serial transversal cryostate slices 10 mcm thick m-ATPhase activity has been defined in MF at preincubation of the slices in media having various pH. The experiment has had three series. In the I--the ventral denticulate muscle with universal biomechanical properties has been investigated; preincubation has been carried out in media having pH from 3.0 up to 11.0 with the intervals 0.5 pH. In the II--besides the muscle mentioned the fast brachial muscle and the force triceps muscle have been studied; preincubation has been performed only at pH 9.5, since in the I series two dissociated groups of MF have been distinguished. In the III series, at studying the same three muscles m-ATPhase activity has been detailed with their preincubation at pH from 3.8 up to 4.5 with the interval 0.1. The m-ATPase activity begins to manifest in various MF at pH of the preincubational medium within the limits of 3.8-4.2. A gradual increase in amount of MF that are revealing, as pH is gradually increasing, evidences most likely against independence of separate groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Pharmacokinetics of Bevidox in functionally different muscles of albino rat during prolonged intense activity

Intramuscular Bevidox treatment for five days influenced the metabolic status and functional efficiency of the different types of muscles in rat during exhaustion. Glycogen and protein depletion observed during exhaustion was alleviated by Bevidox treatment to a greater extent in cardiac and soleus over the other muscles. The improved metabolic function of the muscles during contractile stress has been related to stepped up energy cycle operations through increased transamination reactions and consequent feeding of glycogenic and ketogenic amino acids into oxidative pathway besides, rapid supply of glucose moieties by stimulated phosphorylase action on vitamin treatment.