Cdk5与学习和记忆的研究进展

越来越多的证据表明,Cdk5通过与大量蛋白相互作用而在学习和记忆过程中发挥重要作用。近来,关于Cdk5的研究结果不仅证实其参与药物成瘾过程中细胞间的通路改变,且其活性与一些神经退行性疾病的发生有关。本文就Cdk5对学习和记忆的影响及其相关机制的研究进展予以综述。     

A role for Melanin-Concentrating Hormone in learning and memory

The neurobiological substrate of learning process and persistent memory storage involves multiple brain areas. The neocortex and hippocampal formation are known as processing and storage sites for explicit memory, whereas the striatum, amygdala, neocortex and cerebellum support implicit memory. Synaptic plasticity, long-term changes in synaptic transmission efficacy and transient recruitment of intracellular signaling pathways in these brain areas have been proposed as possible mechanisms underlying short- and long-term memory retention. In addition to the classical neurotransmitters (glutamate, GABA), experimental evidence supports a role for neuropeptides in modulating memory processes. This review focuses on the role of the Melanin-Concentrating Hormone (MCH) and receptors on memory formation in animal studies. Possible mechanisms may involve direct MCH modulation of neural circuit activity that support memory storage and cognitive functions, as well as indirect effect on arousal.     

The role of the prefrontal and parietal cortex in learning and memory in monkeys

Removal of the 7th field of parietal cortex and sulcus principalis of prefrontal cortex did not affect learning processes for images with such properties as spatial frequency, orientation, geometrical form, but worsen learning characteristics in visual differentiation of spatial information making the learning processes unstable, longer and below the 85% level. Removal of sulcus principalis also affects learning of differentiation among various colour stimuli. The short-term memory in these monkeys are also much worse than in intact animals. A scheme of learning involving interacting sensory and cognitive processes controlled by motivation system, is proposed.     

外侧杏仁核在恐惧性条件化学习和记忆中的作用

恐惧性条件化学习的行为范式是研究情绪信息编码和储存的神经生物学机制的一个重要手段。杏仁核,尤其是外侧杏仁核(lateral nucleus of amygdala,LA),在恐惧性条件化的建立、恐惧信息的表达,以及恐惧性事件信息的存贮过程中起着非常重要的作用。本文着重论述外侧杏仁核在恐惧性条件化学习过程中的神经可塑性变化和相关的LTP机制,以及决定这种可塑性变化的分子信号转导通路。     

Cdk5: a novel role in learning and memory

Learning and memory are processes by which organisms acquire, retain and retrieve information. They result in modifications of behavior in response to new or previously encountered stimuli thereby enabling adaptation to a permanently changing environment. Protein phosphorylation has long been known to play a key role in triggering synaptic changes underlying learning and memory. Although intracellular phosphorylation and dephosphorylation is orchestrated by a complex network of interactions between a number of protein kinases and phosphatases, significant advances in the understanding of neuronal mechanisms underlying learning and memory have been achieved by investigating the actions of individual molecules under defined experimental conditions, brain areas, neuronal cells and their subcellular compartments. On the basis of these approaches, the cyclic AMP protein kinase (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC) and extracellularly regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (Erk-1/2) have been identified as the core signaling pathways in memory consolidation. Here we review recent findings demonstrating an important novel role for Cdk5 in learning and memory. We suggest that some of the well-characterized roles of Cdk5 during neurodevelopmental processes, such as interactions with distinct cytoplasmic and synaptic target molecules, may be also involved in synaptic plasticity underlying memory consolidation within the adult central nervous system.     

The biochemistry of learning and memory

Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry - An overview of some of the biochemical and molecular events involved in the process of learning and memory are presented in a short review. Two invertebrate...     

学习记忆中的关键物质

谷氨酸是神经系统中较普遍的兴奋性神经递质,其受体有三种亚型:海人草酸(kainate,KA)受体、使君子氨酸(quisqualate,QA)受体和N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸(N-methyl-D-aspartate,NMDA)受体。KA、QA、NMDA都是L-谷氨酸的类似物。KA受体、QA受体通道维持平时的信息传递,而NMDA受体通道只在学习记忆过程中才开启,因而被认为是学习记忆中的关键物质。     

Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II: role in learning and memory

Numerous studies over the past decade have established a role(s) for protein phosphorylation in modulation of synaptic efficiency. This article reviews this data and focuses on putative functions of Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM-kinase II) which is highly concentrated at these synapses which utilize glutamate as the neurotransmitter. Evidence is presented that CaM-kinase II can phosphorylate these glutamate receptor/ion channels and enhance the ion current flowing through them. This may contribute to mechanisms of synaptic plasticity that are important in cellular paradigms of learning and memory such as long-term potentiation in the hippocampus.     

Eph家族蛋白在学习记忆中作用的研究进展

作为大脑最基本和重要的功能之一,学习记忆始终是脑科学研究的热点领域。尽管相关研究已经取得了很大进展,但其具体机制尚不完全清楚。能产生促红细胞生成素的肝癌细胞(eryth-ropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma cell,Eph)受体与其配体肝配蛋白被统称为Eph家族蛋白,其分布十分广泛且功能复杂。越来越多的研究表明,Eph家族蛋白能够调控包括突触发生及突触可塑性等多种细胞行为,在学习记忆中发挥不可或缺的作用。本文重点介绍Eph家族蛋白对学习记忆的作用并对其可能的作用机制进行概述。     

钙神经素与学习和记忆

钙神经素 (calcineurin ,CN)是一种钙依赖的蛋白磷酸酶 ,其催化亚基的基因编码具严格保守性。近年来研究证明其在学习和记忆中有重要作用 ,参与了大脑神经元突触效应的去增强、多种不同机制的长时程抑制 (LTD)、长时程增强 (LTP)、认知记忆、短期记忆向长期记忆的转换、脑老化等过程。深入研究CN参与学习和记忆的机制及其与记忆减退性疾病的关系 ,具有重要理论与实践意义     

Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis in learning and memory

Sensitization of defensive reflexes inAplysia is a simple behavioral paradigm for studying both short- and long-term memory. In the marine mollusk, as in other animals, memory has at least two phases: a short-term phase lasting minutes and a long-term phase lasting several days or longer. Short-term memory is produced by covalent modification of pre-existing proteins. In contrast, long-term memory needs gene induction, synthesis of new protein, and the growth of new synapses. The switch from short-term (STF) to long-term facilitation (LTF) inAplysia sensory neurons requires not only positive regulation through gene induction, but also the specific removal of several inhibitory proteins. One important inhibitory protein is the regulatory (R) subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). Degradation of R subunits, which is essential for initiating long-term stable memory, occurs through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.     

The neurodynamic bases of imitating learning and episodic memory

In this review, three essentially important processes in the development of cognitive behavior are considered, viz., knowledge of a spatial environment by means of physical activity, coding, and the calling of the existential context of episodic memory and imitation learning based on the mirror neural mechanism. The data show that the parietal and frontal systems, which are involved in learning by imitation, allow a developing animal to obtain skills of management and motive synergies in perisomatic space, as well as to understand the intentions and the purposes of the observed actions of other individuals. At the same time the widely distributed parietal and frontal and entorhinal–hippocampal system mediates spatial knowledge and the solution of the navigation tasks that are important for the creation of the existential context of episodic memory.     

环腺苷酸应答元件结合蛋白与学习记忆

环腺苷酸(cAMP)应答元件结合蛋白(cAMP response element binding protein,CREB)是一种核转录因子,可与cAMP反应元件结合,调节基因转录,具有调节精子生成,昼夜节律,学习记忆等功能.近年来关于其在学习记忆中的作用成为医学研究热点.CREB是神经元内多条信息传递途径的汇聚点,参与长时记忆形成和突触可塑性.长时记忆(long-term memory)形成需依赖CREB介导的基因转录,干扰或抑制CREB活性可破坏长时记忆.长时程增强(long-term potentiation,LTP)是研究学习记忆的理想模型,在LTP诱导和维持过程中均可观察到CREB活性持续升高.但增龄过程中,海马CREB活性下降,影响学习记忆功能,与许多神经退行性疾病发生有关.