从白魔芋未授粉子房培养出单倍体植株（简报）

通过花药培养已从20多个科的一百多种植物中得到单倍体植物。未授粉子房离体培养人工诱导单倍体的研究,已从二棱大麦、小麦和烟草、水稻、玉米、普通大麦、向日葵、百合、青稞等植物的未授粉子房培养出单倍体植物。1987年我们进行了白魔芋未授粉子房的离体培养,并获得单倍体植物,现将实验初步结果报道如下。     

百合未授粉子房离体培养胚胎形成及植株再生

未受精子房离体培养是诱导雌核产生单倍体的技术之一。以1个野生种和3个杂种系共7个百合(Lilium)基因型为实验材料, 探讨了基础培养基、花蕾取样时期和外源激素等因素对百合未授粉子房离体培养胚胎形成的影响。结果表明, CBM、MS和BDS三种基础培养基均可诱导百合未授粉子房胚胎形成, 但以BDS培养基诱导效果最佳; 开花前1天的花蕾较适于百合未授粉子房离体培养; 2 mg·L^-1 2,4-D + 2 mg·L^-1 6-BA和2 mg·L^-1 2,4-D + 2 mg·L^-1 KT两种外源激素配方均适用于百合未授粉子房离体培养诱导胚胎形成。在培养过程中, 大多数胚性胚珠中只含有1个胚胎, 位于珠孔端、合子端或极核处, 少数胚性胚珠中含有双胚胎。通过百合未授粉子房离体培养, 从5个基因型材料中共获得146株再生植株。采用根尖染色体计数法对其中的62株进行了倍性测定, 其中43株与母体植株染色体倍性不同。     

从未授粉的小麦及烟草子房培养出单倍体植株

在子房和胚珠培养方面国内外已做了许多工作,但离体培养未授粉的子房获得单倍体植株迄今国内外尚未见报道。从未授粉的子房长出单倍体植株,不但具有育种工作上的实用价值,同时也具有遗传学、胚胎学及细胞学等基础学科的理论意义。我们用未授粉的小麦和烟草子房离体培养,从胚珠中长出了单倍体植株。现将主要的试验结果报道如下:     

向日葵未受精胚珠培养再生植株

迄今,有关向日葵离体雌核发育的研究,仅蔡得田与周嫦(1983)、Gelebart与San(1987)由未传粉子房培养分别得到单倍体小苗和植株,而在未受精胚珠培养方面,阎华等对诱导胚状体形成的因素作了大规模研究,但未继续研究其植株再生问题。我们在上述基础上,经过三次重复实验,建立了向日葵未受精胚珠培养再生单倍体植株的技术流程,使其进一步用于育种及细胞工程成为可能。     

离体培养未传粉烟草子房的胚状体发育

近几十年来,许多科研工作者把培养活细胞的技术,用于诱导离体未传粉的子房和胚珠的培养,除大麦外,其他的试验结果都未获得单倍体植株。我国科学工作者,近年来在离体子房和胚珠培养方面有了新的进展,分别从小麦、水稻、烟草未传粉子房,通过离体培养,获得了单倍体植株。离体培养未传粉子房所获得的单倍体植株是来源于胚珠中的哪一部分,以及通过什么样的发育过程而长出来的,本文将报道这方面的试验结果。     

从大麦雌配子体诱导单倍体植株

近年来,应用离体培养花药的方法诱导花粉单倍体植物的研究得到迅速发展,但从雌配子体系统诱导单倍体植物的研究却作得很少,进展也不大。在裸子植物上,Tulecke曾离体培养未受精的银杏雌配子体,得到单倍体愈伤组织,但没有分化成植株。在被子植物上,用未受精的胚珠或子房进行培养,Uchimica 得到茄子胚珠的单倍体愈伤组织,Jensen 则在棉花的胚珠中看到极核的融合及二倍体胚乳的分裂,但都没有进一步的结     

被子植物未受精胚珠与子房离体培养的研究进展

介绍被子植物未受精胚珠与子房离体培养诱导单倍体植株的研究进展。迄今已有9个科21种植物用这一方法诱导出单倍体植株,植物的基因型、外植体的发育程度、接种前的预处理、培养基和培养条件等均能影响诱导率的高低。胚胎学观察揭示大孢子与胚囊内的卵细胞、助细胞和反足细胞均有可能在培养中启动分裂,通过胚状体或愈伤组织形成单倍体植株。本项技术在植物单倍体育种中可发挥重要作用。     

从未授粉的青稞子房培养出单倍体植株

通过未授粉子房的离体培养诱导产生单倍体植株的研究,虽然只在大麦、小麦、水稻、烟草、玉米、百合等几种作物上取得了进展,但近几年已受到国内外许多学者的关注,这一课题的研究在理论上和育种实践上都具有重要的意义。为此,我们继百合之后,又在青稞上开展了此项研究,获得了单倍体植株。现将结果报道如下。     

植物雌性单倍体的离体诱导

对单倍体的用途和来源作了简略的概括。回顾了通过离体诱导获得雌性单倍体的研究历程 ,并分析了这一方法的优势。离体诱导雌性单倍体的效果受到供体植株的基因型、供体植株的生理状态、胚囊发育时期、材料预处理、花器附属物、培养基、培养方式、培养条件等一系列因素的影响。对这些影响因子的有关研究进行了系统的总结。在雌性单倍体的个体发育方面 ,对一些有代表性的实验结果进行了总结     

非洲菊未授粉胚珠的离体诱导和植株再生

通过不同培养基及培养条件的筛选,离体诱导12个品种的非洲菊未授粉胚珠的结果表明:MS中的大量元素 Heller中的微量元素 1/2铁盐 0.2mg·L~(-1)6-BA 0.1mg·L~(-1)IAA较适宜于非洲菊未授粉胚珠愈伤组织的诱导和芽的再生,8个品种中以品种‘E19’诱导愈伤组织的诱导率最高(为23.1%);5个品种可再生形成不定芽,再生率为4.8%-19.6%。用根尖染色体鉴定法鉴定再生的23个植株的倍性的结果显示,21.7%为二倍体,43.5%为单倍体,34.8%为混倍体.     

Effect of optimal stage of female gametophyte and heat treatment on in vitro gynogenesis induction in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

Gynogenic plants of pickling cucumber were successfully produced by in vitro culture from unpollinated ovules. Haploids and spontaneous doubled haploids originated directly through embryogenesis. The cucumber ovaries were placed on induction media containing thidiazuron and cultured in the dark for 2-5 days, at 24°C, 28°C or 35°C. After induction, the material was transferred to regeneration media containing !-naphthaleneacetic acid and 6-benzylaminopurine. Results from the regeneration test indicated that the heat treatment increased the efficiency of gynogenesis in the optimal developmental stage of the female gametophyte. The highest number of embryos occurred following the35°C induction treatment. The maximum frequency of gynogenesis was 18.4%, while maximum plant regeneration was 7.1%. The flow cytometry analysis showed that 87.7% of the regenerants were haploid. On the basis of histological studies carried out on the female gametophyte, the best developmental stage for haploid induction seems to be the cellularization stage of embryo-sac formation, when the nuclei are already in position, the membranes have sometimes developed, and the cells are quite uniform in shape and structure.     

Androgenesis,gynogenesis, and parthenogenesis haploids in cucurbit species

Haploids and doubled haploids are critical components of plant breeding. This review is focused on studies on haploids and double haploids inducted in cucurbits through in vitro pollination with irradiated pollen, unfertilized ovule/ovary culture, and anther/microspore culture during the last 30 years, as well as comprehensive analysis of the main factors of each process and comparison between chromosome doubling and ploidy identification methods, with special focus on the application of double haploids in plant breeding and genetics. This review identifies existing problems affecting the efficiency of androgenesis, gynogenesis, and parthenogenesis in cucurbit species. Donor plant genotypes and surrounding environments, developmental stages of explants, culture media, stress factors, and chromosome doubling and ploidy identification are compared at length and discussed as methodologies and protocols for androgenesis, gynogenesis, and parthenogenesis in haploid and double haploid production technologies.     

In vitro induction of genetic variability in cotton (Gossypium spp.)

Summary Through the in vitro culture of excised embryos and ovules, interspecific hybrids have been obtained from cultivated and wild species of Gossypium. The hybrids matured upon transfer to the field. The anthers, ovules and embryos from both the diploid (2n=26) and tetraploid (2n=52) species underwent proliferation, and this response was genotypic. The diploid species invariably showed profuse callusing in comparison with the tetraploid. The callus showed various chromosome numbers, ranging from haploids to hexaploids, and from high polyploidy to aneuploidy. Hybrid callus culture may augment the genetic variability by providing a means for obtaining genetic exchange in interspecific hybrids. The implications of the in vitro induction of genetic variability for cotton improvement are discussed.     

菊科植物单倍体研究进展

单倍体培养是快速获得菊科纯合系的重要途径。目前已进行单倍体研究的菊科植物共有13个种,其中9个已成功获得单倍体植株。菊科中诱导单倍体的途径有花药培养、小孢子培养、离体雌核培养、远源杂交和辐射花粉诱导单倍体。本文详细论述了不同外植体发育时期、预处理、培养基、培养条件等因素对单倍体植株诱导再生的影响。对菊科植物单倍体诱导的几种途径进行对比总结,指出研究中存在的问题并提出思路和建议。     

Gynogenesis in gentians (Gentiana triflora, G. scabra): production of haploids and doubled haploids

Gynogenesis was investigated on gentian (Gentiana triflora, G. scabra and their hybrids), which is an important ornamental flower. When unfertilized ovules were cultured in 1/2 NLN medium containing a high concentration of sucrose (100 g/l), embryo-like structures (ELS) were induced. Although genotypic variation was observed in ELS induction, all four genotypes produced ELSs ranging from 0.93 to 0.04 ELSs per flower bud. The ovules collected from flower buds of later stages (just before anthesis or flower anthesis) tended to exhibit higher response. The dark culture condition produced more than four times as many ELSs than in 16-h light condition. A significant number of plantlets were directly regenerated from ELSs on MS regeneration medium. The ploidy levels of 179 regenerated plants were determined by flow cytometry, revealing that the majority of them were diploid (55.9%) and haploid (31.3%). When a total of 54 diploid plants were examined by molecular genetic markers, 52 (96.3%) were considered as doubled haploids (DHs). This is the first report showing successful gynogenesis in gentian. The production of haploids and DHs by unfertilized ovule culture opens a novel prospect in gentian F1 hybrid breeding.     

Induction of homozygous Spathiphyllum wallisii genotypes through gynogenesis

In Spathiphyllum wallisii the production of doubled haploids was attempted. Different combinations of growth regulators were tested, as well as different cultivars. The use of TDZ (0.25–1 M) in ovary cultures of Spathiphyllum was required. On the contrary, cytokinins were not crucial during ovule culture; in fact, the use of a too high TDZ concentration induced diploid parthenogenesis in ovules of `Alfa'. The use of the imidazole fungicides IMA, PRO or TRI during ovary culture was not critical, though they enhanced the swelling of ovules during ovary culture, making the isolation of the ovules easier. The ovule cultures yielded different plantlets. Flow cytometry and AFLP-patterns showed that two doubled haploid genotypes could be obtained from `Stefanie'. These plants showed a normal phenotype. We concluded that the induction of homozygous Spathiphyllum through gynogenesis is possible and is genotype dependent.     

In vitro haploid and dihaploid production via unfertilized ovule culture

Haploids and doubled haploids are very important in plant breeding, enabling the time needed to produce homozygous lines to be shortened compared with conventional breeding. In the present review, emphasis is given to haploid induction through unfertilized ovule/ovary culture. Attention is given to induction of haploid plants from female gametophyte culture through analysis of factors in the processes of gynogenesis, including genotype selection, stage of ovule development, pretreatment, and culture media containing nutritional components and phytohormones. The gynogenetic approach may be of great value in discovering novel genetic recombinations. Application of double haploids in genetics and plant breeding is also highlighted. This review also identifies some existing knowledge gaps where work may increase the efficiency of this process in different plant species.