陕西米仓山国家级自然保护区猕猴的分布及种群数量调查

2013年8至12月,对陕西省米仓山国家级自然保护区境内野生猕猴的种群数量及其社会结构进行调查,并估测该物种栖息环境的偏好性。通过在预先选取的样区域内采用"V"型路线调查法调查,发现该区域生活12群,共有460—500只野生猕猴。结合对其中5个猴群长时间的持续跟踪观察,统计得出成年个体占45.93%,未成年个体占34.45%,幼仔占19.61%,成年与未成年比例为1.33,成年雄雌的比例为0.36。并证实猕猴倾向于选择海拔700—1600m裸露的悬崖峭壁、平缓山坡农田带上缘、灌丛-森林带和半山中部及以上区域的阔叶林带下缘活动。     

野生太行山猕猴的社会结构

2009年2月至2010年7月,在河南太行山猕猴国家级自然保护区济源管理局所辖的天坛山管护区,基于个体识别和野外跟踪,观察了一个野生太行山猕猴群(王屋1群, WW-1)的社会结构,采用随机取样法(Ad libitum sampling)记录了该群内成年个体之间、母系单元之间的竞争行为过程,进而依据"David得分法"构建了WW-1群内成年个体及母系单元间的优势等级, 并采用瞬时扫描取样法(Instantaneous andscan sampling)记录了成年个体到达投食区的移动顺序, 分析了平均移动序位与社会顺位的相关性。结果表明: 1)WW-1群体大小为41只个体, 由7个成年雄性和13个成年雌性以及21个未成年猕猴组成, 群内的成年雌性个体分别隶属于3个母系单元; 2)群中成年雄性、成年雌性、亚成年雄性、亚成年雌性、青少年雄性、青少年雌性、婴幼猴雄性、婴幼猴雌性的比例为1∶1.86∶0.29∶0.43∶0.86∶1.29∶0.14∶0, 且未成年个体占全群的51.2%; 3)WW-1群表现出严格的优势等级结构, 成年个体优势顺位由高到低依次是: 豁鼻>次红>白鼻>痞子>红脸>尖脸>小白脸>皱眉>光鼻>长毛>黑颊>小不点>斑点>斑眼>灰头, 母系单元间的优势顺位由高到低依次是红脸单元>长毛单元>斑点单元。研究结果提示, 太行山猕猴的社会结构为多雄多雌型; 成年雄性个体之间优势等级较成年雌性严格, 而成年雌性的社会顺位受所在母系单元社会顺位的影响; WW-1群的α位为成年雄性, 其在获取资源上具有优先性。     

岷山山系川金丝猴群的社会结构——以唐家河国家级自然保护区川金丝猴为例

为进一步深入理解不同地理区域川金丝猴群的社会结构特点,于2014年3—7月,采用焦点动物取样法对岷山山系唐家河国家级自然保护区辅助投食成功的一个川金丝猴群进行了观察。研究表明:该猴群共有138只个体,包括16只成年雄性,48只成年雌性,11只亚成年雌性,3只亚成年雄性,36只青少年猴以及24只婴幼猴;猴群中成年个体与未成年个体的比例为0.86∶1。唐家河川金丝猴群具有典型的重层社会结构:即由11个一雄多雌单元(one-male units,OMUs)组成2个繁殖分队(breeding band),并分别与1个密切联系的全雄单元(all-male unit,AMU)共同构成。其中,每个OMU分别由6~15只个体组成,平均为10.64只±2.77只;AMU共21只个体,以青少年个体最多,占61.9%。方差分析表明:2个繁殖分队中的OMU大小差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。     

四川唐家河自然保护区扭角羚死亡监测探讨

扭角羚是唐家河国家级自然保护区的优势大型草食动物。2006～2007年,笔者以在保护区内选择的4条监测样线及前往工作样线途中发现的扭角羚死亡个体为研究对象,对保护区内扭角羚死亡情况、生境特征进行分析,以期为扭角羚的科学保护和管理决策提供依据。结果显示:2006～2007年间共发现14头扭角羚死亡个体,其中11例为老年个体,2例为成年个体,1例未判断,死亡主要发生在冬春季节,自然死亡地在海拔1180～1870m的落叶阔叶林内,坡度为5°～15°,乔木层郁闭度为10%～25%,距水源较近。     

笼养黑叶猴未成年个体的玩耍行为

哺乳动物的玩耍行为有助于提高运动及社会交往技能,有助于社会关系的建立。为探讨玩耍行为在黑叶猴未成年个体发育过程中的呈现模式,我们以广西南宁动物园两群笼养黑叶猴Trachypithecus francoisi未成年个体为观察对象,应用焦点动物取样法和全事件记录法收集观察对象玩耍行为相关数据。结果表明:打斗式玩耍平均占黑叶猴未成年个体玩耍时间的14.4%¹6.9%,追逐式玩耍占3.6%16.9%,追逐式玩耍占3.6%¹3.6%,运动性玩耍占48.6%13.6%,运动性玩耍占48.6%⁵7.0%,物品玩耍占20.8%57.0%,物品玩耍占20.8%²5.0%。少年个体的玩耍行为存在明显的性别差异,主要表现在少年雄性打斗式玩耍和追逐式玩耍的频次明显高于少年雌性。在社会性玩耍中,少年雄性更为主动。这些结果支持了运动训练假说。在玩耍伙伴的选择上,少年雌雄性个体都喜欢选择少年雄性个体作为玩耍伙伴。未成年个体在不同发育阶段的玩耍行为也存在显著差异,主要表现在幼年个体运动性玩耍和物品玩耍的频率明显高于少年个体。     

野生藏酋猴的体重及其影响因素

体重是体现灵长类动物生活史和生长发育特征的重要指标,可反映其生理状况、行为变化和生态适应等信息。本研究以安徽黄山野生猴谷YA1群的48只藏酋猴为对象,使用地磅秤对群内个体进行连续11个月(2022年7月至2023年5月)的体重监测。研究结果显示,雄性藏酋猴的平均体重为(18.71±2.33) kg,显著高于雌性(11.79±1.97) kg。未成年雄性藏酋猴体重的快速发育期为3～5岁,雌性为2～3岁。成年雌雄体重与个体社会等级间均存在显著的正相关关系(P <0.001)。成年藏酋猴体重存在显著的季节变化(P <0.05),雌雄个体体重均在秋季最高,但是雄性个体在冬季最低,雌性个体春季最低。未怀孕个体体重在不同季节无显著性差异,而怀孕个体的体重从冬季到春季显著降低(P <0.05)。本研究表明,藏酋猴的体重具有显著的雌雄性二型现象,未成年雌雄个体体重的快速发育期存在明显分化,季节和社会等级对藏酋猴体重均具有显著影响。     

小纹背鼩鼱肥满度的研究

对从四川和云南野外捕获的小纹背鼩鼱标本肥满度进行研究。结果表明,雌雄小纹背鼩鼱肥满度之间总体上无显著差异;不同年龄组间肥满度差异显著,未成年个体肥满度明显高于成年个体和老年个体;而不同地区和不同季节的小纹背鼩鼱的肥满度也呈现显著差异。     

利用过夜地粪便估计白马雪山黑白仰鼻猴种群大小和组成

介绍了应用过夜地粪便来估计白马雪山黑白仰鼻猴群大小和组成的一种方法。该物种以单雄多雌单元和全雄组的形式在树上过夜。粪粒根据其大小可分为3种类型成年雄性的(最大)、成年雌性的(中等大小)和未成年个体的(最小)。2000—2001年,搜集了滇西北白马雪山国家级自然保护区北部南任村(99°04′E,28°34′N)附近黑白仰鼻猴群每个季节2个过夜地的粪粒。根据2001年11月猴群通过开阔地的数据来确定猴群组成。每个季节,由于单雄多雌单元的成年个体数与其粪粒数正相关,所以二者回归直线的斜率可以看作是每个个体每晚的平均排便量。由于该物种的栖息地主要为高山峡谷,而且能见度较低,因此,利用过夜地粪便比以前通过猴群活动痕迹来估计猴群大小和组成相对准确、可靠。从估计成年雌性个体数的角度看,利用粪粒来估计种群大约有9·4%的偏差。导致偏差的可能原因有杂草和灌丛对粪粒准确计数的影响、个体排粪率的差异以及成年雄性最小粪粒与成年雌性最大粪粒的混淆等。该方法适应于栖息地和主要食物与本文研究种群相似的其他种群。     

灵长类社会玩耍的行为模式、影响因素及其功能风险

社会玩耍是指两个或两个以上个体共同参与的一种互作性玩耍行为,个体间的行为彼此适应并相互影响。社会玩耍行为在灵长类物种的社会交往过程中普遍发生,作为未成年个体一种重要的发育行为,其对个体的生存技能和成年后的繁殖成功具有重要影响。灵长类物种的社会玩耍不仅仅表现为追逐、摔跤、跳跃等一些常见行为,部分物种还发展出自己特有的行为。一般而言,社会玩耍在婴儿后期和青少年早期的发生频率最高,然后随着年龄增长直到成年时期,这类行为的平均发生频率将逐渐下降。未成年雄性个体要比同年龄段的雌性个体更喜欢玩耍,但常因物种、研究对象年龄等因素表现不同甚至相反;很多物种的个体喜欢与有亲缘关系的个体玩耍,或者与性别相同、年龄相仿、等级相近的个体玩耍。总之,非人灵长类个体社会玩耍的发育不但受环境参量如食物、场地等的影响,而且还与个体的年龄、性别、等级、亲缘关系等社群因素紧密相关。未成年个体在玩耍过程中,获得了身体机能的快速发育、完善了生存技能、建立了个体间的友好关系、增强了认识自身及适应周围环境的能力,从而为顺利过渡到成年期和履行自己的职能打好基础,但有时却需要承担玩耍过程中受伤甚至死亡的风险。玩耍作为灵长类社会的一种行为文化,对其研究有助于对人类自身行为进化的不断认识,相信这方面的理论将会得到后来者的不断创新和丰富,也期望这方面的理念及经验能被及时运用到保护繁育等实践活动中。     

利用过夜地粪便估计白马雪山黑白仰鼻猴种群大小和组成

介绍了应用过夜地粪便来估计白马雪山黑白仰鼻猴群大小和组成的一种方法。该物种以单雄多雌单元和全雄组的形式在树上过夜。粪粒根据其大小可分为3种类型：成年雄性的(最大)、成年雌性的(中等大小)和未成年个体的(最小)。2000—2001年，搜集了滇西北白马雪山国家级自然保护区北部南任村(99°04′E, 28°34′N)附近黑白仰鼻猴群每个季节2个过夜地的粪粒。根据2001年11月猴群通过开阔地的数据来确定猴群组成。每个季节，由于单雄多雌单元的成年个体数与其粪粒数正相关，所以二者回归直线的斜率可以看作是每个个体每晚的平均排便量。由于该物种的栖息地主要为高山峡谷，而且能见度较低，因此，利用过夜地粪便比以前通过猴群活动痕迹来估计猴群大小和组成相对准确、可靠。从估计成年雌性个体数的角度看，利用粪粒来估计种群大约有9.4%的偏差。导致偏差的可能原因有杂草和灌丛对粪粒准确计数的影响、个体排粪率的差异以及成年雄性最小粪粒与成年雌性最大粪粒的混淆等。该方法适应于栖息地和主要食物与本文研究种群相似的其他种群。     

On the presence of cribra orbitalia in apes and monkeys

One hundred and six skulls of various species of apes and monkeys were examined for the presence of cribra orbitalia. The condition was found in 15 (14.1%) of the animals. As in humans, cribra orbitalia was found localized mainly in the anterior parts of the orbital roof and appeared more frequently in infants and young animals. Only mild degrees of cribra orbitalia, i.e., the porotic type of lesions, were found in this series of animal skulls studied. More advanced degrees of development, as observed in human skulls, were not found. The etiology of the condition is not known; some type of nutritional deficiency is considered to be the most likely cause. The occurrence of cribra orbitalia in animals opens up possibilities of experimental work on the subject and may help to solve the problems of its etiology.     

Cribra orbitalia,a possible sign of anemia in early historic native populations of the British Columbia coast

Excavated and museum skeletons of the postcontact period revealed cribra orbitalia in four native ethnolinguistic divisions of the British Columbia coast, Haida, Kwakiutl, Nootka, and Coast Salish. Affected skulls were distributed among 25 of 35 localities, indicating widespread occurrence in a mainly heterogeneous population. Manifestations were similar to porotic hyperostosis, and additional lesions in the sample tend to support the concept that cribra orbitalia is related to anemia. Both inherited and acquired disorders may have been involved in the etiology. A uniquely high incidence of 52.9% occurred in immature of the Haida, a relatively homogeneous population. However, marked variability in expression by age group and by sex in the total sample is suggestive of iron-deficiency anemia. The data and historical information parallel modern expectations of susceptibility. Among 454 skulls, cribra orbitalia occurred in 32.7% of growing children and adolescents, 19% of infants and toddlers, 13.3% of adult females, and 4.8% of adult males. Postcontact disruptions and disease may have figured in promoting iron-deficiency anemia, but noted precontact occurrences may also have been due to the disorder.     

Factors influencing the etiology of cribra orbitalia in prehistoric Nubia

The present research represents an attempt to explain the occurrence of cribra orbitalia in Nubian skeletal remains associated with Meroitic, X-Group and Christian cultural horizons. The distribution of cribra orbitalia among 285 crania examined revealed a concentration of lesions among infants and aged individuals. While earlier studies have suggested cribra orbitalia may reflect the occurrence of abnormal hemoglobins such as sickle cell anemia or thalassemia, a consideration of the environmental context in which the lesions occurred makes an alternative hypothesis more likely. Particularly in Nubia (past and present), where parasitic infection is high, the diet is poor in iron, weanling diarrhea is frequent and multiparity is the norm, chronic iron deficiency anemia is a more likely causal factor. This interpretation is also compatable with clinical observations of cribra orbitalia among modern individuals suffering from chronic iron deficiency anemia.     

Secular trend and age distribution of cribra orbitalia in Japanese

Cribra orbitalia is currently regarded as an indicator of environmental conditions. The prevalence and severity of this lesion in Japanese populations from prehistoric Jomon to modern times were recorded and discussed. Since the lesion was low in both frequency and grade in the late and final Jomon people from Chiba Prefecture, they presumably lived in relatively favorable environmental conditions. The increased prevalence of the lesion in the medieval Muromachi citizens of Kamakura may be attributed to the poor hygiene and social conditions. The high prevalence and marked severity of the lesion in the citizens of Edo (the old name of Tokyo) in the 17th century suggested that they lived under extremely unfavorable situations of nutrition, sanitation and medical care. Cribra orbitalia was most prevalent in adolescence (81.3%) among the Edo citizens. The incidence of the most severe type of lesion rose gradually during childhood, reached a peak in adolescence, and then gradually decreased with age. These findings would reflect intense marrow hyperplasia in the orbital roof associated with both iron deficiency anemia of long standing during the immature period and increased iron requirement in adolescence. The results obtained support the hypothesis that iron deficiency anemia is the primary factor in the etiology of cribra orbitalia. It was concluded that the incidence and severity of cribra orbitalia due to various anemic reactions reflected the dietary, hygienic, social and environmental circumstances of the populations investigated.     

Paleoepidemiology of cribra orbitalia: Insights from early seventh millennium BP Con Co Ngua,Vietnam

Objectives

We test the hypothesis that the condition(s) leading to the development of cribra orbitalia at Con Co Ngua, an early seventh millennium sedentary foraging community in Vietnam, effectively reduced the resilience of the population to subsequent health/disease impacts. An assessment of both the implications and potential etiology of cribra orbitalia in this specific population is carried out.

Methods

The effective sample included 141 adults aged ≥15 years (53 females, 71 males, and 17 unknown sex) and 15 pre-adults aged ≤14 years. Cribra orbitalia was identified by way of cortical bone porosity of the orbital roof initiated within the diplöic space, rather than initiated subperiosteally. The approach is also robust to the misidentification of various pseudo-lesions. Resultant data was analyzed using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis.

Results

Median survival is higher in adults aged ≥15 years without cribra orbitalia than those with this lesion. For the pre-adult cohort, the opposite pattern is seen where median survival is higher in those with cribra orbitalia than those without.

Conclusion

Adults displayed increased frailty and pre-adults increased resilience with respect to cribra orbitalia. The differential diagnosis for a survival analysis of adults and pre-adults with and without cribra orbitalia included iron deficiency anemia and B12/folate deficiency, parasitism (including hydatid disease and malaria) in addition to thalassemia. The most parsimonious explanation for observed results is for both thalassemia and malaria being the chief etiological agents, while appreciating these conditions interact with, and can cause, other forms such as hematinic deficiency anemias.

     

Is cribra orbitalia synonymous with anemia? Analysis and interpretation of cranial pathology in Sudan

Cribra orbitalia is a porotic or sieve-like lesion in the bony orbital roof. Its cause has been the object of research and discussion since the end of the 19th century. Since about 1960, most scientists have started to agree on the hypothesis that the lesion is a result of hypertrophy of the red bone marrow, and therefore is proof of anemia. However, recent investigations showed that in some cases, the histologic bone structure does not support the diagnosis of anemia. The status of cribra orbitalia as an indicator then becomes uncertain. We carried out a histologic examination of thin-ground sections in polarized light to clarify the possible sources of orbital roof lesions in a Nubian population from Missiminia, northern Sudan (n = 333). In at least 56.5% of cribra orbitalia cases, there were no histologic features indicating changes due to anemia. Signs of other pathological conditions, such as inflammation or osteoporosis, as well as pseudopathological cases, were found.     

The character of parietal and orbital alterations in the superfamily Hominoidea (families Hominidae [exclusive of Homo] and Hylobotidae)

Parietal external surface disruption routinely referred to as porotic hyperostosis, and orbital alterations (cribra orbitalia), have been attributed to anemia‐related bone marrow hyperplasia in humans. A recent study in humans identified that they were actually vascular in nature. Skeletons were examined and epi‐illumination surface microscopy was performed on the parietal region and orbit of 156 Hominidae and 123 Hylobotidae to assess if these phenomena were trans‐phylogenetic. Trans‐cortical channels were recognized on the basis of visualized ectocranial surface defects penetrating the parietal; cribra orbitalia, by alteration of the normally smooth orbital roof appearance. Trans‐cortical parietal channels, ranging in size from 20 to 100 µm, are rare in Gorilla and Pan troglodytes and absent in Pan paniscus. They are universally present in adult Pongo abeli and in Hylobatidae, independent of species. Cribra orbitalia was common in Hylobotidae, Pongo pygmaeus and P. abelii, less prevalent in adult P. troglodytes, and not recognized in any Gorilla gorilla or P. paniscus examined. The proliferative form predominated, with the exception of Hylobates concolor and muelleri, in which uncalcified vascular grooves predominated. No correlation was observed between the presence of either trans‐cortical channels or cribra orbitalia and fractures, osteoarthritis, or inflammatory arthritis. Parietal alterations observed in apes are trans‐cortical channels, analogous to those observed in humans, and do not represent porosity. Similarly, cribra orbitalia in apes is confirmed as vascular in nature. The proliferative form apparently represents calcification of blood vessel walls, indistinguishable from observations in humans. Predominant presence in adults rather than in juveniles suggests that both forms are acquired rather than developmental in derivation. Sex and bone alteration/disease‐independence suggests that mechanical, endocrine, and inflammatory phenomena do not contribute to the development of either. Further, independent occurrence of trans‐cortical channels and cribra orbitalia suggests that they do not have a shared etiology.     

Porotic hyperostosis in a marine-dependent California Indian population

A maize-based iron- and protein-deficient diet is commonly cited as the most important cause of porotic hyperostosis among American Indian agriculturalists. An alternative to this maize dependence hypothesis is suggested by the analysis of 432 crania from the nonagricultural, fish-dependent population of the Channel Island area of southern California. Cribra orbitalia, a form of porotic hyperostosis associated with iron deficiency anemia, is just as common among these fisherpeople, whose diet was rich in iron and essential amino acids, as it is among maize-dependent agriculturalists. Northern Channel Island crania have much more cribra orbitalia than those from the California mainland. The highest incidence is on San Miguel, a small geographically isolated island with a shortage of fresh water and terrestrial resources. The Indians who lived on Santa Cruz, the largest of the northern Channel Islands with the greatest diversity of terrestrial plants and animals, have less cribra orbitalia than those who lived on Santa Rosa or San Miguel Island. This geographical distribution appears to be explained by island-mainland and interisland differences in water contamination, exposure to fish-borne parasites, and nutritional adequacy of the diet. The prevalence of porotic hyperostosis in a population with a heavy dietary dependence on marine resources shows that among prehistoric American Indians, this condition is not always associated with an iron- and protein-deficient diet of cultigens. It seems likely that high nutrient losses associated with diarrheal disease are often more significant in the etiology of porotic hyperostosis than a low dietary intake of essential nutrients.     

Cribra orbitalia and trace element content in human teeth from neolithic and early bronze age graves in southern Poland

Determination of element levels in bones and teeth can complement knowledge of the diagnostics and etiology of various diseases in prehistoric populations. Calcium (Ca), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and lead (Pb) content were analyzed in teeth from human skeletons dated to 3,000–1,400 BC from Malopolska Upland loess. Levels of iron and calcium were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), and lead, cadmium, and copper levels were measured using anodic stripping voltametry (ASV). Molar teeth from specimens with cribra orbitalia were selected for analyses, and teeth from specimens with no pathological changes were used as a control. No significant correlations between the content of particular elements and the tooth class, specimen age, or depth of burial pit were observed. The Fe content in specimens with cribra orbitalia is not the best measure for this disease's etiology. Thus, interelement correlations and proportions might give a better picture of the biological condition of the specimen and of the investigated groups. Am J Phys Anthropol 103:201–207, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Morbidity in the marshes: using spatial epidemiology to investigate skeletal evidence for Malaria in Anglo-Saxon England (AD 410-1050)

Concerns over climate change and its potential impact on infectious disease prevalence have contributed to a resurging interest in malaria in the past. A wealth of historical evidence indicates that malaria, specifically Plasmodium vivax, was endemic in the wetlands of England from the 16th century onwards. While it is thought that malaria was introduced to Britain during the Roman occupation (AD first to fifth centuries), the lack of written mortality records prior to the post-medieval period makes it difficult to evaluate either the presence or impact of the disease. The analysis of human skeletal remains from archaeological contexts is the only potential means of examining P. vivax in the past. Malaria does not result in unequivocal pathological lesions in the human skeleton; however, it results in hemolytic anemia, which can contribute to the skeletal condition cribra orbitalia. Using geographical information systems (GIS), we conducted a spatial analysis of the prevalence of cribra orbitalia from 46 sites (5,802 individuals) in relation to geographical variables, historically recorded distribution patterns of indigenous malaria and the habitat of its mosquito vector Anopheles atroparvus. Overall, those individuals living in low-lying and Fenland regions exhibited higher levels of cribra orbitalia than those in nonmarshy locales. No corresponding relationship existed with enamel hypoplasia. We conclude that P. vivax malaria, in conjunction with other comorbidities, is likely to be responsible for the pattern observed. Studies of climate and infectious disease in the past are important for modeling future health in relation to climate change predictions.