The kinetics of the recombination reaction between apomyoglobin and alkaline haematin.

Apomyoglobin was prepared by an extremely mild modification of the acid/butanone technique, and the kinetics of the recombination reaction between this preparation and alkaline haematin were studied. The recombination has been shown to be precisely second-order and mono-phasic. Rate constants obtained from the study are in good agreement with values obtained previously by an indirect technique not involving separation of haem and apoprotein.     

The kinetics of pancreatic ribonuclease reaction with alkaline and acidic forms of poly A

Summary The RNase hydrolysis of random-coil (alkaline form) poly A follows biphasic kinetics at low salt concentrations. However, its resistance to RNase increases with the ionic strength. Helical (acidic form) poly A is also susceptible to RNase but its hydrolysis follows first-order kinetics, and its resistance increases as the pH is lowered. These conformation-dependent kinetics of poly A hydrolysis are similar to those obtained in the hydrolysis of cellular RNA and reovirus double-stranded RNA.     

The kinetics of the reaction of nitrophenyl phosphates with alkaline phosphatase from Escherichia coli

1. The steady-state rate of hydrolysis of 2,4-dinitrophenyl phosphate catalysed by Escherichia coli phosphatase is identical with that of 4-nitrophenyl phosphate over the pH range 5.5-8.5. 2. The increase in the rate of the enzyme-catalysed decomposition of nitrophenyl phosphates in the presence of tris at pH8.1 and 5.9 is consistent with the hypothesis that tris increases the rate of decomposition of a phosphoryl-enzyme intermediate. At pH8.1 the rate of decomposition of the phosphoryl-enzyme is approximately twice as fast as the rate of its formation, whereas at pH5.9 the rate of formation of the phosphoryl-enzyme is considerably faster than its decomposition. 3. Pre-steady-state measurements of the initial transient of the liberation of 2,4-dinitrophenol during the reaction of the enzyme with 2,4-dinitrophenyl phosphate confirmed the above pH-dependence of the ratio of the rates of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the enzyme. At optimum pH (above pH8), when the phosphorylation of the enzyme by the substrate is rate-determining, this step must be controlled by a rearrangement of the enzyme or enzyme-substrate complex.     

The bioenergetics of ammonia and hydroxylamine oxidation in Nitrosomonas europaea at acid and alkaline pH

Autotrophic ammonia oxidizers depend on alkaline or neutral conditions for optimal activity. Below pH 7 growth and metabolic activity decrease dramatically. Actively oxidizing cells of Nitrosomonas europaea do not maintain a constant internal pH when the external pH is varied from 5 to 8. Studies of the kinetics and pH-dependency of ammonia and hydroxylamine oxidation by N. europaea revealed that hydroxylamine oxidation is moderately pH-sensitive, while ammonia oxidation decreases strongly with decreasing pH. Oxidation of these oxogenous substrates results in the generation of higher proton motive force which is mainly composed of a . Hydroxylamine, but not ammonia, is oxidized at pH 5, which leads to the generation of a high proton motive force which drives energy-dependent processes such as ATP-synthesis and secondary transport of amino acids.Endogenoussubstrates can be oxidized between pH 5 to 8 and this results in the generation of a considerable proton motive force which is mainly composed of a . Inhibition of ammonia-mono-oxygenase or cytochrome aa3 does not influence the magnitude of this gradient or the oxygen consumption rate, indicating that endogenous respiration and ammonia oxidation are two distinct systems for energytransduction.The results indicate that the first step in ammonia oxidation is acid sensitive while the subsequent steps can take place and generate a proton motive force at acid pH.     

Formation of a steady state in the radiolysis of ferrimyoglobin in aqueous solution

The interaction of radiation-generated · OH radicals with ferrimyoglobin in deaerated aqueous solution at neutral pH has been quantitatively studied. Changes in the visible absorption spectrum have been analyzed on the basis of composition changes of the ferri, deoxy, and ferriperoxide forms of the metalloprotein. A postirradiation thermal process must be considered in order to evaluate the radical-induced composition changes. Initially, ·OH induces reduction of ferrimyoglobin to the deoxy form with a G value (molecular yield/100 eV of absorbed energy) in the zero-dose limit of 1.4 (±0.2). Radiation-generated H₂O₂ reacts with the ferrimyoglobin substrate to produce ferrimyoglobin peroxide with a G value of 0.7 (±0.1) in the zero-dose limit. At doses of >1 krad μm^?1 of myoglobin present, the composition of the three myoglobin derivatives reaches a radiolysis steady state. In this moderate-dose plateau region, this composition is 44% ferri, 18% deoxy, and 38% ferri peroxide. The · OH-induced hemoprotein radicals that do not initiate 1-eq redox conversions undergo reactions that generate dimer and other globin-modified material.     

Reactions of anthranilate hydroxylase with salicylate, a nonhydroxylated substrate analogue. Steady state and rapid reaction kinetics

Steady state and rapid reaction kinetics of the flavoprotein anthranilate hydroxylase (EC 1.14.12.2) have been examined with the nonhydroxylated substrate analogue, salicylate. Since the reaction with salicylate does not involve events in which aromatic substrate is oxygenated, it provides a simpler model for studying the hysteresis exhibited by this enzyme. It is shown that the first turnover of the enzyme is slower than subsequent turnovers owing in part to slow initial binding reactions of salicylate with the enzyme. The reductive half-reaction of the first turnover is also slow since rapid reduction of the enzyme flavin requires bound aromatic substrate. The oxidative half-reaction involves reaction of the reduced enzyme-salicylate complex with oxygen to form a flavin C4a-hydroperoxide, which then decays to oxidized flavoenzyme and H2O2. Several lines of evidence indicate that salicylate remains bound to the enzyme at the end of the catalytic cycle so that in turnovers subsequent to the first, the slow steps involving salicylate binding are avoided.     

The reaction of ammonia with acylated disaccharides : XI. The wohl reaction with octa-O-acytylmelibiononitrile

Octa-O-acetylmelibiononitrile (1) was prepared from melibiose oxime. The reaction of aqueous ammonia with 1 gave 1,1-bis(acetamido)-1-deoxy-5-O-α-D-galactopyranosyl-D-arabinitol (2), N-acetyl-5-O-α-D-galactopyranosyl-α-D-arabinofuranosylamine (3), and the anomeric pair of 5-O-α-D-galactopyranosyl-D-arabinofuranoses (4 and 5). The hepta-O-acetyl derivative of 2 was prepared, and the acyclic structure of the nitrogen-containing moiety was established by oxidation with periodate. The α anomeric configuration of 3 was demonstrated by periodate oxidation and subsequent reduction with sodium borohydride and hydrolysis.     

pH modulation of transient state kinetics of enzymes. II. Transient state kinetics of plant cell wall acid phosphatase

The pre-steady-state kinetics of plant cell wall acid phosphatase has been investigated at different pH values. The approach of the steady stale lasts about 1 or 2 s and may be fitted with two exponential terms. For certain pH values the approach to the steady state exhibits damped oscillations. Plotting the sum and the product of the two time constants of these exponentials as a function of substrate concentration yields two straight lines. From the slopes and intercepts of these lines one may determine the values of rate and ionization constants involved in the reaction scheme. The results obtained are consistent with the view that the binding of the substrate to the enzyme does not induce a 'slow' conformation change of the enzyme. The enzyme reacts with its substrate while being mostly in its ionized form. Release of p-nitrophenol is also favoured by this ionized form of the enzyme. However, the hydrolysis of the phosphoryl-enzyme complex mostly occurs from the protonated form of the enzyme. The ionization constants of the free enzyme and of the various enzyme-ligand complexes are very similar.