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1.
Masayuki Nakamichi Fumiaki Cho Tetsuhiro Minami 《Primates; journal of primatology》1990,31(2):213-224
This study documents age-related changes in the interactions of wild-born cynomolgus macaque mothers and their infants living
in individual cages during the first 14 weeks of infant life. Body contact between mother and infant, maternal holding, and
infant sucking were found to decrease, and the mothers showed an increased frequency of aggression toward their infants with
age. These results were broadly similar to those reported for mother-infant interactions in other macaques living in social
groups. Nevertheless, a clear difference between the present cynomolgus macaques and other macaques in social groups was apparent.
The cynomolgus macaque mothers tended to permit their infants to move about freely without displaying maternal protectiveness
such as restraint or retrieval, unlike other macaque mothers in social groups. Such maternal behaviors might derive from the
experience of living in individual cages for many years and the relative safety of living in individual cages. The lack of
maternal restraint and retrieval could be responsible for the observed sex differences in behavior: male infants moved more
actively, and broke, and made contact with their mothers more frequently than did female infants. Moreover, mothers of female
infants held and groomed them more frequently and were less aggressive toward them. 相似文献
2.
Dario Maestripieri 《Ethology : formerly Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie》2001,107(3):237-248
This study tested the hypothesis that differences in parenting styles between two captive populations of rhesus macaques, one living in the UK (Madingley) and the other in the USA (Yerkes), are associated with differences in the degree to which social interactions with other group members pose a risk to infants. Twenty-eight mother–infant dyads, 17 living at Madingley and 11 at Yerkes, were observed for 24 h during the first 12 wks of infant life. Mother–infant dyads living at Madingley spent a higher percentage of time in contact than those living at Yerkes. The Madingley mothers also restrained and retrieved their infants more often, and rejected them less often than the Yerkes mothers. Consistent with the prediction, the protective parenting style of the Madingley mothers was associated with higher frequency of infant kidnapping and higher risk of infant harassment from other group members. Interpopulation differences in risks to infants and parenting styles are likely to be the result of differences in social density in the two environments rather than differences in the matrilineal structure of the two populations. 相似文献
3.
Experiments on five mother-infant pairs of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata)living together in a captive group were conducted during the first 12 weeks after birth in order to assess the time at which
infants begin to discriminate their own mothers from other adult females. After removal from their social group, infants exposed
to their mothers and three unfamiliar adult females at a distance of 150 cm failed to orient visually toward their mothers.
However, when the infants were allowed to approach the four females, they responded preferentially to their mothers during
the third month of life. We concluded that by 8–12 weeks of age, infant Japanese macaques are able to discriminate between
their mothers and other adult females. 相似文献
4.
Early organization of activity states was studied in 17 tufted capuchin (Cebus apella) infants from birth to 11 weeks of age. Development of exploration and interactions with mothers and other group members were studied in 14 of these infants up to the age of 1 year. Activity profiles changed from 3 to 8 weeks as infants began to move off mothers and explore their environments. From 2 to 6 months time with mothers decreased; time alone increased correspondingly. Time spent with other group members did not vary significantly over the first year. By 7–9 months capuchin infants spent more time alone or with other group members than with mothers, although weaning was still not completed by the end of the first year. Simple environmental exploration began in the 2nd month and reached stable levels by 4 months. Complex manipulation of food and objects first began at 3–4 months and increased to stable levels in the second half of the first year. Some preliminary differences were evident between infants living in indoor cages and those living in indoor/ outdoor runs. Infants in cages spent less time in dorsal contact with mothers, and less time in social play and proximity to other animals than those in runs. Instead, infants in cages spent more time alone and engaged in more manipulation of food. Some measures of social and exploratory behavior showed a high degree of variability which may be useful in exploring individual differences in infant temperament or reactivity. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
5.
Carmen Silvia Martimbianco de Figueiredo Durval Batista Palhares Petr Melnikov Aby Jaine da Cruz Montes Moura Sandra Christo dos Santos 《Biological trace element research》2010,136(1):1-7
Zinc and copper are important trace elements in the nutrition of preterm infants. This study determined and compared the concentrations
of zinc and copper in preterm milk of mothers receiving and not receiving zinc supplementation diets. The effects of maternal
supplementation on the blood levels and anthropometric parameters were evaluated. Thirty-eight mothers and their preterm infants
were enrolled in the study. Eighteen mothers were given a daily supplementation of 50 mg zinc, whereas the other 20 were not.
Zinc and copper levels in milk were determined at 15-day intervals, as were blood zinc levels along with anthropometric parameters.
Zinc and copper contents were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. No significant differences were found between
groups either for zinc values in maternal milk and infant blood or for anthropometric measurements. A pronounced decrease
in copper levels was observed in mothers receiving supplemental zinc. Zinc supplementation given to mothers who were breastfeeding
preterm infants had no significant effect on zinc secretion in milk. 相似文献
6.
Carol M. Berman 《Animal behaviour》1980,28(3):860-873
The general course of mother-infant relationships among free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago is remarkably similar both qualitatively and quantitatively to that observed in the socially living captive colony at the MRC Unit at Madingley, England. Nevertheless, small but consistent differences appear to be due to differences between mothers in the two environments rather than differences between infants. Captive mothers may be described as more protective and less encouraging of early independence in their infants than free-ranging mothers. Moreover, captive pairs have become more like free-ranging pairs over the years, perhaps as captive mothers have been allowed to raise their infants in the presence of kin. A unitary concept of environmental complexity is not useful in accounting for the results. 相似文献
7.
The relationships of 42 rhesus monkey mother-infant dyads were examined to investigate the effects of the mothers' parity.
Primiparous mothers were found to be younger, more excitable and less confident than the multiparous mothers. They also received
more aggression from other adult females living in their social group and were more anxious about their infants, approaching
and leaving them more frequently. The primiparous mothers protected their daughters more than the multiparous mothers and
their daughters correspondingly spent more time in the ventro-ventral position and more time on the nipple. Their sons however
spent less time in contact with their mothers than did the sons of the multiparous mothers. Although the primiparous mothers
protected their daughters more than their sons, for the multiparous mothers the converse was true and sons received more maternal
protection. It is suggested that the greater protectiveness of the multiparous mothers towards male infants may be a consequence
of the interest siblings have in males, whereas the greater protectiveness of primiparous mothers to daughters may stem from
their greater vulnerability to attacks from adult females. The importance of mother-mediated sibling influences may explain
the lack of strong parity differences in previous studies. 相似文献
8.
F Cockburn N R Belton R J Purvis M M Giles J K Brown T L Turner E M Wilkinson J O Forfar W J Barrie G S McKay S J Pocock 《BMJ (Clinical research ed.)》1980,281(6232):11-14
Pregnant women receiving daily supplements of 400 IU (10 microgram) of vitamin D2 from the 12th week of pregnancy had plasma calcium concentrations higher at 24 weeks but similar at delivery to those in control pregnant women who did not receive the supplements. Infants of the women receiving the supplements had higher calcium, lower phosphorus, and similar magnesium concentrations on the sixth day of life and a lower incidence of hypocalcaemia than infants of the control women. Plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, which showed a seasonal variation, were higher in mothers and infants in the treated group. Cord-blood calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentrations correlated with maternal values at delivery. Breast-fed infants had higher calcium and magnesium and lower phosphorus and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentrations than artificially fed infants. A defect of dental enamel was found in a high proportion of infants (many of whom had suffered from hypocalcaemia) born to the control women. These results suggest that vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy would be beneficial for mothers, whose intake from diet and skin synthesis is appreciably less than 500 IU of vitamin D daily. 相似文献
9.
M. J. A. Simpson M. A. Gore M. Janus F. D. G. Rayment 《Primates; journal of primatology》1989,30(4):493-509
A review of the literature suggested that animals exposed to more risk in their social groups should be more enterprising.
Rhesus monkey infants of 37 to 44 weeks were attracted to bait in places out of their mothers' reach. The tests were run in
the home pen, in the absence of social companions apart from a sibling in its second year of life, if present. In each test
the bait was a sawdust and grain mixture, with two or three raisins, and enterprise was measured in terms of the number of
raisins taken. Before the test period, the infants had lived in small stable captive social groups. Infants of non-top-ranking
mothers took more raisins than infants of top-ranking mothers, if infants subject to high levels of aggression from their
own mothers or from the adult males in their groups, were excluded. Observations of the group in a competitive foraging situation
confirmed that non-to-ranking infants should be at greater risk than top-ranking ones. The infants receiving notably high
levels of aggression from their mothers or the adult males in their groups took more raisins than the remainder. These results
are consistent with the view that experience of risk in a social group can promote enterprise in rhesus monkey infants of
less than a year old. The problems of assessing “risk” faced by socially living animals, and the mechanisms whereby experience
of risk could enhance enterprise, ere discussed. 相似文献
10.
The behavior of two lowland gorilla mother-infant pairs living in a social group at Zoo Atlanta was compared in an indoor holding area vs. an outdoor exhibit. Focal animal data were collected for each pair during 30-min observation sessions over 24 days, alternating between indoors and outdoors. A variety of individual and social behaviors differed in the two conditions, particularly infant behaviors and infant-controlled behaviors. Mothers and infants spent more time closer together inside than outside, and infants left mothers more and mothers approached infants more outside than inside. Additional differences included more object examination and solitary play by the infants, and more feeding by the mothers, outside. Mothers autogroomed more and infants engaged in more self-manipulation inside. Additionally, there were significantly more aggressive display behaviors directed toward the mother-infant pairs inside than outside, and the adults engaged in coprophagy inside but not outside. A variety of other behaviors measured did not change between the two environments. There was a clear effect on behavior of the different housing conditions in which the gorillas were kept. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
11.
Twelve langur infants (seven males and five females) of three focal bisexual unimale troops of Hanuman langurs,Presbytis entellus entellus living near Kailana, Jodhpur, Rajasthan (India) were observed for their weaning behaviour. Weaning starts between 7.0 to
10.0 months of age, average 8.6 months. The process of weaning lasts between 3.2 to 5.6 months, average 4.2 months. A 13-month-old
infant is fully weaned. Infants are independent at this age. Male infants are weaned earlier compared to females. Males react
to their mothers' rejections more fearlessly and are more vocal compared to females. By and large, infants were found in stress
during this period as their mothers are often very harsh, hostile, punitive, and indifferent to their infants. By severing
ties with their infants, mothers serve dual purpose of allowing their infants to become independent and may be to become ready
to bear offspring. 相似文献
12.
《CMAJ》1982,126(6):639-642
During the International Year of the Child the Manitoba Pediatric Society undertook professional and public education activities to promote breast-feeding in that province. The objective was a 100% increase in the proportion of mothers who breast-fed their infants for 2 months or longer. Surveys conducted before and after the campaign showed no significant increase in the rate of breast-feeding either at the time of hospital discharge or 2 months later. The infants of Winnipeg residents were more likely to be breast-fed than those of women living on Indian reservations or in any other part of the province (termed "rural"). The rate of bottle-feeding was significantly greater among infants of young unmarried mothers. Future programs to promote breast-feeding should be longer and more intensive, should be directed to the young, to rural residents and to Indian women, and should focus on social and emotional factors as well as nutrition and health benefits. 相似文献
13.
Deborah S. Snyder Charles E. Graham James A. Bowen Martin Reite 《Primates; journal of primatology》1984,25(1):78-88
Seven nursery reared chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), 7.5 to 10.5 months of age, were studied to determine the effects of a short period of separation from their peers on behavior
and heart rate. The chimpanzees were separated from their mothers at birth, and reared in the nursery in a group living environment.
The experiment encompassed a 13-day period, including 4 days of normative baseline, 5 days during which three of the infants
were separated and housed in isolation while the other four controls remained together, and 4 days in which all of the animals
were reunited. Six quantified behavioral observations and five heart rate measurements were obtained daily. Following separation,
the isolated infants were behaviorally agitated, and exhibited increases in vocalizations, rocking and self-clasp behaviors,
as well as changes in facial expression including cry face, whimper face and pout face. Time spent locomoting decreased in
all seven animals during the separation period. Agitated behavior in the separated and isolated infants alternated with stationary
withdrawn behavior. Individual differences were prominent. Heart rate was notable by the generally poorly developed circadian
rhythmicity throughout the 13 day period; significant HR changes did not appear otherwise associated with separation. Day
three of separation appeared to represent a point of transition with stereotyped motor behaviors developing in the three isolated
infants and in one control infant. 相似文献
14.
In several primate species, males have been shown to exhibit a surge in circulating testosterone during the early postnatal period. This surge has been postulated to play a role in the development of sex differences in behavior. In this study, the role of postnatal testosterone in infant behavioral development was investigated in socially living rhesus macaques. Seven male infants were treated with a GnRH agonist, avorelin, from the first week of life onwards. Ten female infants were exposed to testosterone by implantation of capsules containing testosterone. The behavioral development of these and control infants was recorded from birth to 6 months of age. The sexually dimorphic patterns of play and mounting were not affected by manipulation of postnatal testosterone in either male or female infants. Similarly, most mother-infant interactions were not affected by the hormonal manipulation of infants. Mothers of testosterone-treated females were found to take more responsibility for moving into and out of arm's reach of their infants than mothers of some other groups of infants; however, this measure did not normally differ between mothers of male and female infants. Manipulation of the postnatal testosterone surge does significantly affect penile growth and development, but does not affect the expression of infant sex differences in behavior nor greatly affect the development of the mother-infant relationship in rhesus macaques. 相似文献
15.
Studies of infant rhesus macaques have generally reported sex differences in the frequency of expression of some behaviour
patterns, such as rough-and-tumble play and socio-sexual mounting. In contrast, sex differences in other behaviour patterns,
such as proximity to the mother, have been less consistantly reported. Using data on the behavioural development of infant
rhesus macaques living in captive social groups, we have attempted to provide further evidence for, or against, sex differences
in behaviour and to investigate the possible influence of maternal rank and parity on sex differences in infant behaviour
and mother-infant interactions. The behaviour of 14 male and 20 female infants and their mothers was studied during the first
six months of life, including measures of play behaviour socio-sexual mounting, and mother-infant interactions. Our data reveal
that, on average, male infants exhibited more rough-and-tumble play and mounting than female infants, and also exhibited stationary
play, chasing play, and initiated play more frequently than females. Such sex differences appear to be robust in macaques
and have been reported in a variety of housing conditions. male and female infants did not differ in the amount of time spent
at particular distances from their mothers, and mothers were not found to behave differently towards sons and daughters, using
measures of restraint, rejection, and grooming. These results are in contrast to previous studies on singly-housed mother-infant
pairs but similar to those on free-ranging populations. Mothers did behave differently towards their infants depending upon
the mother's rank and previous number of offspring. These maternal characteristics may have significant consequences for the
behavioural development of both male and female infant primates. 相似文献
16.
Behavioral development was observed for the first 3 months of life on 18 infants from three troops of yellow balloons (Papio cynocephalus) in Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. Developmental rates were determined for each subject on six major behaviors using the slope from regression equations performed on developmental functions changes in behavior with age. These slopes were examined statistically for associations with social and physical variables that were hypothesized to influence developmental rates. Results showed that faster rates of development were significantly associated with certain environmental and social conditions. Infants born late in their cohort, infants born in a more physically immature state, infants living in a large troop, and female infants of low ranking mothers all had significantly faster rates of development than infants at the other extreme in these categories. These results are interpreted as evidence for developmental processes that compensate for environmental or physical conditions that negatively influence survivorship. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
17.
Albert Jan van Hoek Nick Andrews Helen Campbell Gayatri Amirthalingam W. John Edmunds Elizabeth Miller 《PloS one》2013,8(10)
Insight into how humans interact helps further understanding of the transmission of infectious diseases. For diseases such as pertussis, infants are at particular risk for severe outcomes. To understand the contact pattern of infants, especially those too young to be vaccinated, we sent contact diaries to a representative sample of 1000 mothers in the United Kingdom. We received 115 responses with a total of 758 recorded contacts. The average number of daily contacts for an infant was 6.68 overall and 5.7 for those aged ≤10 weeks. Of the latter, 2.1 (37%) contacts were with non-household members and were >15 minutes duration, suggesting that a cocooning programme may miss a substantial proportion of exposures leading to disease transmission. The least contact was between adolescents and infants. Thus the impact of adolescent (pertussis) vaccination on infants would likely be limited, unless it reduces transmission to other age groups whose contact with infants is greater. 相似文献
18.
G. Gray Eaton Deanne F. Johnson Barbara B. Glick Julie M. Worlein 《Primates; journal of primatology》1985,26(3):238-247
We have documented several sexually dimorphic patterns of behavior that develop during the first year of life in infant Japanese
macaques and their mothers. Mothers treated their infants differently by sex—mothers of males broke contact with them and
retrieved them more frequently than did mothers of females. And mothers of male infants moved more frequently than did mothers
of female infants. Male infants played more, played in larger groups, and mounted more frequently; female infants groomed
and spent more time close to other monkeys in larger social groups than did males. Female infants were also punished by other
group members more frequently than were male infants. We conclude that male and female Japanese macaque infants receive differential
treatment early in life by both their own mothers and other animals, and males and females in turn treat their mothers and
other animals differently. There appears to be a reciprocal relationship between the behavior of infants, mothers and other
social partners that contributes to the development of sexually dimorphic patterns of behavior. 相似文献
19.
In order to observe the formation of sex role, an investigation was made on the development of behavior and sex differences in infants aged 1 to 6 at Fukuoka-city. The present study consisted of questionnaire on behavior of daily living and breeding, block construction test and coloring a drawing test. The parents instructed their infants to become masculine for males and feminine for females on the basis of traditional view. No sex differences were observed in construction ability of infants aged 4. Favorite colors were different according to sex. 相似文献
20.
Seven groups of socially living baboons between the ages of 0 and three months were observed at the Southwest Foundation for
Research and Education, San Antonio, Texas. Six groups were harems containing one adult male (the biological father), the
nursing mothers and their infants, and adult females without offspring. The other group consisted only of nursing mothers
and their infants. All seven groups were housed in identical outdoor enclosures 45 m × 27 m × 23 m.
Fourteen behavioral categories were tested. The hypothesis that behavioral sex differences in infant baboons are influenced
by the presence of an adult male was not supported by the test results. Sex differences were not detected in either the mother-reared
infants or in harem-reared infants. Mother-reared infants (n=13) had significantly greater scores for contact aggression and non-contact aggression categories, whereas harem-reared infants
(n=12) scored significantly higher for locomotion, non-aggressive social behaviors, exploration, and rough-and-tumble play. 相似文献