PHYLOGENY OF THE BATRACHOSPERMALES (RHODOPHYTA) INFERRED FROM rbcL AND 18S RIBOSOMAL DNA GENE SEQUENCES

The sequence data from the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase ( rbc L) gene and 18S ribosomal DNA (small subunit) of taxa in the freshwater rhodophyte order Batrachospermales were used to construct phylogenetic hypotheses. Taxa examined in this study represent four families, eight genera, and six sections of the genus Batrachospermum . In addition, Rhododraparnaldia oregonica Sheath, Whittick et Cole, was included in the analysis because it shares particular ultrastructural, reproductive, and morphological characteristics with members of the Batrachospermales and Acrochaetiales. The trees generated from each gene, as well as a combined data set, were largely congruent. Rhododraparnaldia consistently occurs on an early branch within the Acrochaetiales – Palmariales clade and does not appear to be a member of the Batrachospermales. In addition, Thorea violacea Bory de St. Vincent was not closely related to the other taxa of the Batrachospermales in all trees and hence the family Thoreaceae does not appear to be a natural grouping within this order. All other taxa analyzed, which are presently classified within this order, formed a monophyletic clade in most analyses. Psilosiphon scoparium Entwisle was not closely allied with the taxa of the Lemaneaceae, lending support to the newly proposed family Psilosiphonaceae. Sequence data from the remaining taxa of the Lemaneaceae support the concept of a derived monophyletic clade. The genus Batrachospermum appears to comprise many morphologically similar but distantly related taxa, which will need further investigation to resolve their taxonomic status. Tuomeya, Sirodotia and Nothocladus are retained at the generic level until further data are obtained.     

九种蟋蟀mtDNA-16S rRNA基因序列及其系统进化(直翅目:蟋蟀科)

蟋蟀科5属9个种的线粒体16S rRNA基因部分序列被测定或从Gen Bank获得,比较其同源性,计算核苷酸使用频率,并构建NJ和MP分子系统树。在获得的449bp的序列中A、T、C和G碱基含量分别为31．8％、36．9％、9．9％和21．4％,A T平均含量为68．7％。研究结果表明：所研究的5属9种蟋蟀聚成3个聚类簇,斗蟋属先与灶蟋属汇合,再与棺头蟋属构成聚类簇Ⅰ;油葫芦属黑脸油葫芦和北京油葫芦与蟋蟀属的家蟋相聚构成聚类簇Ⅱ;蟋蟀属的田蟋单独构成聚类簇Ⅲ。     

基于线粒体16S rRNA和COI基因序列探讨对虾属(Penaeus)物种系统发生关系

有关对虾属(Penaeus)的设置及其相互亲缘关系一直是分类学争论的焦点,利用线粒体16S rRNA基因片段及COI基因片段序列分析的方法,以长臂虾科的脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)为外群,对对虾属的6亚属23种对虾进行了分子系统学研究。经ClustalX多重比对和MEGA4.0软件分析,得到种间序列的遗传距离并构建了最大简约(MP)系统树。结果表明:分子系统学数据支持Perez F等将对虾属的6个亚属提升为属级阶元的观点。囊对虾属的日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus)和沟对虾属(Melicertus)的深沟对虾(Melicertus canaliculatus)之间的16S遗传距离只有0.007,而且COI遗传距离仅有0.065,比深沟对虾与同为沟对虾属的其他虾类遗传距离还小,说明囊对虾亚属(Marsupenaeus)和沟对虾亚属之间亲缘关系较近。另外美对虾亚属的褐美对虾(Farfantepenaeus aztec-us)和巴西美对虾(Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis)之间的16S rRNA基因序列遗传距离仅为0.012,但是与其他同亚属的虾类遗传距离相对较大,推测美对虾亚属(Farfantepenaeus)中的虾类根据亲缘关系远近和地理分布可以分为2大类群:墨西哥湾类群和南美洲类群。可以为对虾属的6个亚属的分类问题及演化提供一定的分子生物学依据。     

The phylogenetic significance of peptidoglycan types: Molecular analysis of the genera Microbacterium and Aureobacterium based upon sequence comparison of gyrB, rpoB, recA and ppk and 16SrRNA genes

The type strains of 27 species of the genus Microbacterium, family Microbacteriaceae, were analyzed with respect to the phylogeny of the housekeeping genes coding for DNA gyrase subunit B (gyrB), RNA-polymerase subunit B (rpoB), recombinase A (recA) and polyphosphate kinase (ppk). The resulting gene trees were compared to the 16S rRNA gene phylogeny of the same species. The topology of neighbour-joining and maximum parsimony phylogenetic trees based upon nucleic acid sequences and protein sequences of housekeeping genes differed among each other and no gene tree was identical to that of the 16S rRNA gene tree. Only some species showed consistent clustering by all genes analyzed, but the majority of species branched with different neighbours in most gene trees. The failure to phylogenetically cluster type strains into two groups based upon differences in the amino acid composition of peptidoglycan on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, once leading to the union of the genera Microbacterium and Aureobacterium, was also seen in the analysis of recA, rpoB and gyrB gene and protein phylogenies. Analysis of the pkk gene and protein as well as of a concatenate tree, combining sequences of all five genes (total of 3.700 nucleotides), sees members of the former genus Aureobacterium and other type strains with lysine as diagnostic diamino acid to form a coherent cluster that branches within the radiation of Microbacterium species with ornithine in the peptidoglycan.     

基于18S rRNA基因序列分析唇口目苔藓动物主要类群的系统发生关系

对隶属于3亚目、5次目、20科、23属共25个种类的唇口目(裸唇纲)苔藓虫18S rRNA基因部分序列进行了序列测定.结合从GenBank中获得的该类群其它7个种类的18S rRNA基因同源序列,以序列分析软件对其序列组成和变异进行了比较分析;同时,以羽苔虫(被唇纲)和管孔苔虫(窄唇纲)为外类群,以邻接法和最大简约法重建了它们的系统发生树,分析了该目主要类群系统发生关系.序列分析结果显示:经比对后序列长度为884 bp,其中保守位点241个,可变位点643个,简约信息位点357个;A,T,C和G 4碱基平均含量分别为23.8%、22.8%、24.4%和28.9%.分子系统树表明:本研究所有有囊类构成1个单系群,其中檐胞次目的几种苔虫位于皮壳次目内部;无囊类形成1个多系群,其中的亚目级(新唇口亚目)和次目级分类阶元(枝室次目、假软壁次目和隐壁次目)也都为多系发生,这些结果与前人的分子系统学研究结果大体一致,而与传统的形态分类体系间存在明显的冲突.     

Evolutionary Relationships Among Old World Fruitbats (Megachiroptera: Pteropodidae) Based on 12S rRNA, tRNA Valine, and 16S rRNA Gene Sequences

Old World fruitbats were divided into the cynopterine, epomophorine, rousettine, eonycterine, and notopterine sections by Knud Andersen (1912). Among these, the eonycterine and notopterine sections together comprise the subfamily Macroglossinae, which includes forms with specializations for nectarivory. Single-copy DNA hybridization data argue against the monophyly of four of Andersen's sections and further suggest paraphyly or polyphyly of the Macroglossinae. DNA hybridization data provide support for an endemic African clade that includes Megaloglossus (an eonycterine), Epomophorus (an epomophorine), and Lissonycteris (a rousettine). Analyses of mitochondrial 12S rRNA-tRNA valine gene sequences corroborate the African clade but provide less resolution than hybridization data for most branches on the pteropodid tree. Here, we report 11 new 16S rRNA sequences and analyze a mitochondrial data set that includes 12S rRNA, tRNA valine, and 16S rRNA for 18 pteropodid genera. Parsimony, minimum evolution, and maximum likelihood were all employed in phylogenetic analyses. The addition of 16S rRNA sequences to the mitochondrial data set resulted in increased support for several clades, including Macroglossus + Syconycteris, Cynopterus + Thoopterus, Rousettus + the endemic African clade, and Eonycteris + Rousettus + the endemic African clade. Statistical tests suggest that another endemic African genus, Eidolon, is dissociated from the African clade and represents an independent invasion into Africa. We constructed a molecular phylogenetic framework that incorporated clades that were strongly supported by both single-copy DNA hybridization and 12S rRNA-tRNA valine-16S rRNA sequences. Using this framework as a backbone phylogenetic constraint, we then analyzed a morphological data matrix for 34 pteropodid genera with parsimony. Results of this analysis suggest that other epomophorines and Myonycteris (a cynopterine) are also part of the endemic African clade.     

Re-examining the phylogeny of clinically relevant Candida species and allied genera based on multigene analyses

Yeasts of the artificial genus Candida include plant endophytes, insect symbionts, and opportunistic human pathogens. Phylogenies based on rRNA gene and actin sequences confirmed that the genus is not monophyletic, and the relationships among Candida species and allied teleomorph genera are not clearly resolved. Protein-coding genes have been useful to resolve taxonomic positions among a broad range of fungi. Over 70 taxa of the genus Candida and its allied sexually reproducing genera were therefore selected, and their phylogenetic relationships were investigated using nuclear sequences of the largest subunit and second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II gene, actin, the second subunit of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase gene, and D1/D2 LSU rRNA gene. The DNA sequences were analysed by maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference, resulting in the recognition of six major phylogenetic groups (A-F). Group A contains six facultative pathogenic Candida species, which seem to have derived from nonpathogenic species, while Group B contains species of Clavispora, Metschnikowia, and Pichia guilliermondii. Species of Debaryomyces form an independent group C that is related to groups A and B. Pichia fermentans and other environmental species are concentrated in Group D. Group E, containing Pichia anomala, may be a sibling to group F, which is represented by the Saccharomyces species complex.     

Phylogenetic relationships among four species of Mullidae (Perciformes) inferred from DNA sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome b and 16S rRNA genes

DNA sequence comparisons of two mitochondrial DNA genes were used to infer phylogenetic relationships among four species of mullids. Approximately 238 bp of the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and 261 bp of the cytochrome b (cytb) genes were sequenced from representatives of three mullid genera (Mullus, Upeneus, Pseudopeneus), present in the Mediterranean Sea. Trees were constructed using three methods: maximum likelihood (ML), neighbor joining (NJ) and parsimony (MP). The results of the analyses of these data together with published data of the same mtDNA segments of two other perciform species (Sparus aurata, Perca fluviatilis), support the previous taxonomic classification of the three genera examined, as well as the classification of the two red mullet species in the same genus.     

The variable part of the dnaK gene as an alternative marker for phylogenetic studies of rhizobia and related alpha Proteobacteria

DnaK is the 70 kDa chaperone that prevents protein aggregation and supports the refolding of damaged proteins. Due to sequence conservation and its ubiquity this chaperone has been widely used in phylogenetic studies. In this study, we applied the less conserved part that encodes the so-called alpha-subdomain of the substrate-binding domain of DnaK for phylogenetic analysis of rhizobia and related non-symbiotic alpha-Proteobacteria. A single 330 bp DNA fragment was routinely amplified from DNA templates isolated from the species of the genera, Azorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Rhizobium and Sinorhizobium, but also from some non-symbiotic alpha Proteobacteria such as Blastochloris, Chelatobacter and Chelatococcus. Phylogenetic analyses revealed high congruence between dnaK sequences and 16S rDNA trees, but they were not identical. In contrast, the partition homogeneity tests revealed that dnaK sequence data could be combined with other housekeeping genes such as recA, atpD or glnA. The dnaK trees exhibited good resolution in the cases of the genera Mesorhizobium, Sinorhizobium and Rhizobium, even better than usually shown by 16S rDNA phylogeny. The dnaK phylogeny supported the close phylogenetic relationship of Rhizobium galegae and Agrobacterium tumefaciens (R. radiobacter) C58, which together formed a separate branch within the fast-growing rhizobia, albeit closer to the genus Sinorhizobium. The Rhizobium and Sinorhizobium genera carried an insertion composed of two amino acids, which additionally supported the phylogenetic affinity of these two genera, as well as their distinctness from the Mesorhizobium genus. Consistently with the phylogeny shown by 16S-23S rDNA intergenic region sequences, the dnaK trees divided the genus Bradyrhizobium into three main lineages, corresponding to B. japonicum, B. elkanii, and photosynthetic Bradyrhizobium strains that infect Aeschynomene plants. Our results suggest that the 330 bp dnaK sequences could be used as an additional taxonomic marker for rhizobia and related species (alternatively to the 16S rRNA gene phylogeny).     

从12S rRNA基因第三结构域序列分析探讨蜘蛛若干重要类群的亲缘关系

本文将12S rRNA基因序列分析应用于研究若干重要蜘蛛类群的系统关系,以对传统的分类研究结论进行验证和补充,并且探讨12S rRNA基因序列分析在蜘蛛系统发生研究中的适用性。根据12S rRNA基因第3结构域构建的分子系统树得出结论:1.圆网类(即妖面蛛总科与园蛛总科)并非单系;2.隙蛛与暗蛛较漏斗蛛具有更近的亲缘关系;3.壁钱和拟壁钱并不近缘;4.有筛器类蜘蛛为复系类群;5.12S rRNA基因第3结构域片段对推断近缘科属间的系统发生关系是有效的遗传标记。     

基于16S rRNA和HSP60基因序列分析粘细菌孢囊杆菌亚目形态分类的种属之间的亲缘关系

[目的]利用16S rRNA和HSP60基因分子标记分析鉴定形态分类特征不稳定的粘细菌种属.[方法]利用粘细菌的传统分离纯化方法从土壤中分离粘细菌,根据菌株的形态特征进行分类,PCR方法扩增菌株的16S rRNA和HSP60基因序列并进行系统发育关系分析.[结果]根据形态特征,分离得到的15株粘细菌菌株归入孢囊杆菌亚目(Cystobacterineae)的2个科3个属.其中11株粘细菌具有典型的所在种属的子实体结构,而菌株0085-4、0121-3、NM03和Myx9736的子实体结构发生了不同程度退化.15株粘细菌的16S rRNA基因序列的相似性在95.4%到99.5%之间.而HSP60基因序列差异较大.[结论]在属水平上,粘细菌形态分类特征和16S rRNA基因系统进化关系具有很好的一致性;在揭示粘细菌种间系统发育关系中,HSP60基因序列更为适用.     

基于线粒体12S和16S rRNA基因部分序列的角蟾亚科部分属种的系统发育关系

测定了角蟾亚科2属8种(亚种)和外群3种的线粒体12S和16S rRNA基因部分DNA序列,比对后序列长共949bp,其中变异位点数320,简约位点数206。邻接法和最大简约法分析的系统关系树一致表明内群为一单系群,其中腺角蟾首先与其他物种分开;沙坪角蟾与宽头短腿蟾聚为一支;余下的5种(亚种)角蟾组成一支,其中小角蟾短肢亚种的广西种群和香港种群聚为一亚支,另一亚支包括峨眉角蟾、小角蟾指名亚种、尾凸角蟾和重庆武隆的角蟾种,后两种角蟾进化关系最近。本结果支持短肢角蟾为有效种,同时提示腺角蟾、沙坪角蟾与宽头短腿蟾可能隶属3个不同的亚属或属。     

基于16S rRNA和Cyt b基因序列的鰶亚科系统发育研究

对鰶亚科4属5种鱼类的线粒体基因组16S rRNA和Cyt b基因片段序列进行序列比较和系统发育关系分析。结果显示:5种鰶亚科鱼类的16S rRNA和Cy tb基因片段同源序列长度分别为525 bp和402 bp,序列联合后的序列总长度为927 bp,其中多态位点178个,简约信息位点123个。选取太平洋鲱Clupea pallasii和大西洋鲱C.harengus为外类群,采用邻接法(NJ)、最大简约法(MP)、最大似然法(ML)和贝叶斯法(BI)分别对2个基因片段序列进行了聚类分析,并联合2个基因片段利用邻接法、最大简约法和贝叶斯法进行分析。系统发育分析显示:斑鰶Konosirus punctatus与花鰶Clupanodon thriss亲缘关系最近,分布于美洲大陆的真鰶属Dorosoma鱼类与印度洋、太平洋分布的斑鰶属、花鰶属和海鰶属Nematalosa鱼类亲缘关系较远。     

基于核糖体小亚基的波豆类鞭毛虫分子系统发育研究

波豆类鞭毛虫(动基体目)是一类非常重要的原生动物,结构独特,分布广泛.但是,这一类群的系统发育关系尚存有很多争议.为了更好的了解该类群的系统发育关系,作者分离、纯化并培养了Bodo designis DH,测定了它的SSU rRNA序列.根据该序列和GenBank中的相关序列,用最大简约法和邻接法分别构建了基于全序列和保守区序列的系统树.结果如下:1)波豆属是多系发育的;2)波豆类鞭毛虫和锥虫类鞭毛虫的系统发育关系仍有待于深入研究;3)虽然所得的系统树都显示出一种基本的双歧式树型结构,但采用不同方法所构建的系统树之间有明显的差异.这些似乎表明,就波豆类鞭毛虫而言,SSU rRNA不是一个令人满意的系统发育标记.     

Studies on the ecology and host specificity of Balbiania investiens (Rhodophyceae)

Finds of the rare epiphytic rhodophyte Balbiania investiens (Acrochaetiales) from River Österdalälven in Dalecarlia, Sweden, are described. Its distribution, history and taxonomy are presented and discussed. Information on its host, represented by certain species of the genus Batrachospermum (Nemalionales), is given with particular reference to ecology and distribution in Sweden. The algal composition and water chemistry of one new Swedish location are presented and categorized according to Israelson's classification of Scandinavian running waters.     

Molecular phylogeny of parabasalids inferred from small subunit rRNA sequences, with emphasis on the Hypermastigea

Small subunit rRNA gene sequences were identified without cultivation from parabasalid symbionts of termites belonging to the hypermastigid orders Trichonymphida (the genera Hoplonympha, Staurojoenina, Teranympha, and Eucomonympha) and Spirotrichonymphida (Spirotrichonymphella), and from four yet-unidentified parabasalid symbionts of the termite Incisitermes minor. All these new sequences were analyzed by Bayesian, likelihood, and parsimony methods in a broad phylogeny including all identified parabasalid sequences available in databases and some as yet unidentified sequences probably derived from hypermastigids. A salient point of our study focused on hypermastigids was the polyphyly of this class. We also noted a clear dichotomy between Trichonymphida and the other parabasalid taxa. However, this hypermastigid order was apparently polyphyletic, probably reflecting its morphological diversity. Among Trichonymphida, Teranympha (Teranymphidae) grouped together with the members of the family Eucomonymphidae, suggesting that its family status is ambiguous. The monophyletic lineage composed by Spirotrichonymphida exhibited a narrower branching pattern than Trichonymphida. The root of parabasalids was examined but could not be discerned accurately.     

Evolutionary relationships within the protostome phylum Sipuncula: a molecular analysis of ribosomal genes and histone H3 sequence data

The phylogenetic relationships of the members of the phylum Sipuncula are investigated by means of DNA sequence data from three nuclear markers, two ribosomal genes (18S rRNA and the D3 expansion fragment of 28S rRNA), and one protein-coding gene, histone H3. Phylogenetic analysis via direct optimization of DNA sequence data using parsimony as optimality criterion is executed for 12 combinations of parameter sets accounting for different indel costs and transversion/transition cost ratios in a sensitivity analysis framework. Alternative outgroup analyses are also performed to test whether they affected rooting of the sipunculan topology. Nodal support is measured by parsimony jackknifing and Bremer support values. Results from the different partitions are highly congruent, and the combined analysis for the parameter set that minimizes overall incongruence supports monophyly of Sipuncula, but nonmonophyly of several higher taxa recognized for the phylum. Mostly responsible for this is the split of the family Sipunculidae in three main lineages, with the genus Sipunculus being the sister group to the remaining sipunculans, the genus Phascolopsis nesting within the Golfingiiformes, and the genus Siphonosoma being associated to the Phascolosomatidea. Other interesting results are the position of Phascolion within Golfingiidae and the position of Antillesoma within Aspidosiphonidae. These results are not affected by the loci selected or by the outgroup chosen. The position of Apionsoma is discussed, although more data would be needed to better ascertain its phylogenetic affinities. Monophyly of the genera with multiple representatives (Themiste, Aspidosiphon, and Phascolosoma) is well supported, but not the monophyly of the genera Nephasoma or Golfingia. Interesting phylogeographic questions arise from analysis of multiple representatives of a few species.     

Diversification of NRT2 and the origin of its fungal homolog

We investigated the origin and diversification of the high-affinity nitrate transporter NRT2 in fungi and other eukaryotes using Bayesian and maximum parsimony methods. To assess the higher-level relationships and origins of NRT2 in eukaryotes, we analyzed 200 amino acid sequences from the Nitrate/Nitrite Porter (NNP) Family (to which NRT2 belongs), including 55 fungal, 41 viridiplantae (green plants), 11 heterokonts (stramenopiles), and 87 bacterial sequences. To assess evolution of NRT2 within fungi and other eukaryotes, we analyzed 116 amino acid sequences of NRT2 from 58 fungi, 40 viridiplantae (green plants), 1 rhodophyte, and 5 heterokonts, rooted with 12 bacterial sequences. Our results support a single origin of eukaryotic NRT2 from 1 of several clades of mostly proteobacterial NNP transporters. The phylogeny of bacterial NNP transporters does not directly correspond with bacterial taxonomy, apparently due to ancient duplications and/or horizontal gene transfer events. The distribution of NRT2 in the eukaryotes is patchy, but the NRT2 phylogeny nonetheless supports the monophyly of major groups such as viridiplantae, flowering plants, monocots, and eudicots, as well as fungi, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, and agaric mushrooms. At least 1 secondary origin of eukaryotic NRT2 via horizontal transfer to the fungi is suggested, possibly from a heterokont donor. Our analyses also suggest that there has been a horizontal transfer of nrt2 from a basidiomycete fungus to an ascomycete fungus and reveal a duplication of nrt2 in the ectomycorrhizal mushroom genus, Hebeloma.     

基于12S rRNA基因的鹳形目系统发生关系

采用分子系统学的方法探讨鹳形目5个科之间的系统发生关系.文中测出鹳形目鸟类7种mtDNA 12SrRNA基因全序列,并结合来自Genbank的鹳形目另外7个物种及原鸡的同源区序列,经Clustal W软件对位排列后共1 009位点,包含405个变异位点,其中多态性位点381个,260个简约信息位点.基于上述序列数据,以原鸡为外群,使用距离邻接法、最大简约法、最大似然法及贝叶斯法分别重建了鹳形目5科14种的系统发生树.重建的系统发生树显示,内群中的14个种聚合为4支:鹮科构成第一支,聚在系统树的基部;锤头鹳科与鲸头鹳科聚为一支;鹭科和鹳科各自聚成一支.在比较不同建树方法的结果并进行合意树分析后认为:在鹳形目的系统发生中,鹮科可能是最早分化出的一支;锤头鹳科与鲸头鹳科之间的亲缘关系最近,它们祖先与鹭科、鹳科之间的分歧在时间上可能非常接近.鹳形目5个科之间的系统关系可以表示为:(鹮科,(鹭科,鹳科,(锤头鹳科,鲸头鹳科))).     

Interrelationships of the subgenera of Coryphaenoides (Teleostei: Gadiformes: Macrouridae): synthesis of allozyme,peptide mapping,and DNA sequence data

DNA sequences of the 12s rRNA mitochondrial gene from 12 species key to the question of the monophyly of the deep-sea fish genus Coryphaenoides (Macrouridae) were analyzed phylogenetically using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. The results were compared with those of three previous studies in which allozyme, peptide mapping, and DNA sequence data were similarly analyzed. The allozyme and DNA sequence data suggested that the largest subgenus (Coryphaenoides), which contained most of the species inhabiting continental slopes between approximately 600 and 2000m depth, is monophyletic. Two of the three subgenera containing the species inhabiting abyssal ocean basins below approximately 2000m together formed a sister group to subgenus Coryphaenoides. The macrourids of the abyssal basins and those of the continental slopes thus appear to have experienced separate radiations from a common ancestor.