Properties of the basal calcium influx in human red blood cells

The basal (45)Ca(2+) influx in human red blood cells (RBC) into intact RBC was measured. (45)Ca(2+) was equilibrated with cells with t(1/2)=15-20 s and the influx reached the steady state value in about 90-100 s and the steady state level was 1.5+/-0.2 micromol/l(packed cells) (n=6) at 37 degrees C. The average value of the Ca(2+) influx rate was 43.2+/-8.9 micromol/l(packed cells) hour. The rate of the basal influx was pH-dependent with a pH optimum at pH 7.0 and on the temperature with the temperature optimum at 25 degrees C. The basal Ca(2+) influx was saturable with Ca(2+) up to 5 mmol/l but at higher extracellular Ca(2+) concentrations caused further increase of basal Ca(2+) influx. The (45)Ca(2+) influx was stimulated by addition of submicromolar concentrations of phorbol esters (phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) and phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu)) and forskolin. Uncoupler (3,3',4',5-tetrachloro-salicylanilide (TCS) 10(-6)-10(-5) mol/l) inhibited in part the Ca(2+) influx. The results show that the basal Ca(2+) influx is mediated by a carrier and is under control of intracellular regulatory circuits. The effect of uncoupler shows that the Ca(2+) influx is in part driven by the proton-motive force and indicates that the influx and efflux of Ca(2+) are coupled via the RBC H(+) homeostasis.     

Properties of the basal calcium influx in human red blood cells

The basal ⁴⁵Ca²⁺ influx in human red blood cells (RBC) into intact RBC was measured. ⁴⁵Ca²⁺ was equilibrated with cells with t_1/2=15-20 s and the influx reached the steady state value in about 90-100 s and the steady state level was 1.5±0.2 μmol/l_{packed cells} (n=6) at 37 °C. The average value of the Ca²⁺ influx rate was 43.2±8.9 μmol/l_{packed cells} hour. The rate of the basal influx was pH-dependent with a pH optimum at pH 7.0 and on the temperature with the temperature optimum at 25 °C. The basal Ca²⁺ influx was saturable with Ca²⁺ up to 5 mmol/l but at higher extracellular Ca²⁺ concentrations caused further increase of basal Ca²⁺ influx. The ⁴⁵Ca²⁺ influx was stimulated by addition of submicromolar concentrations of phorbol esters (phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) and phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu)) and forskolin. Uncoupler (3,3′,4′,5-tetrachloro-salicylanilide (TCS) 10⁻⁶-10⁻⁵ mol/l) inhibited in part the Ca²⁺ influx. The results show that the basal Ca²⁺ influx is mediated by a carrier and is under control of intracellular regulatory circuits. The effect of uncoupler shows that the Ca²⁺ influx is in part driven by the proton-motive force and indicates that the influx and efflux of Ca²⁺ are coupled via the RBC H⁺ homeostasis.     

Investigation of properties of the Ca2+ influx and of the Ca2+-activated K+ efflux (Gárdos effect) in vanadate-treated and ATP-depleted human red blood cells

In this study the properties of the 45Ca2+ influx in human red blood cells (RBC) induced by NaVO3 or ATP-depletion were compared. Both NaVO3-induced and ATP-depletion-induced 45Ca2+ influxes were in the range 10(-6)-10(-5) mol Ca2+ x l(-1)cells x h(-1). The saturatability of ATP-depletion-induced 45Ca2+ influx with Ca2+ was much less pronounced than that of NaVO3-induced 45Ca2+ influx. The NaVO3-induced Ca2+ influx was sensitive to nifedipine (IC50 = 50 micromol/l) and Cu2+ (IC50 = 9 micromol/l) but these inhibitors had only a marginal effect when ATP-depletion was used as the Ca2+ influx inducer. On the other hand, polymyxin B (PXB) (1-5 mg/ml) strongly stimulated the ATP-depletion-induced 45Ca2+ influx whereas its effect on the NaVO3-induced Ca2+ influx was biphasic, with about 10% stimulation at lower PXB concentrations and an inhibition of 40% at higher concentrations. SDS-PAGE revealed that both NaVO3 and PXB induced changes in the protein phosphorylation pattern in the presence of Ca2+. NaVO3 stimulated the phosphorylation of several proteins and this effect was counteracted by PXB. The comparison of the kinetics and temperature dependencies of the Gárdos effect induced by NaVO3 and the ATP-depletion showed marked differences. The ability of NaVO3 to induce the Gárdos effect dramatically increased in ATP-depleted cells. These findings indicate that the 45Ca2+ influxes preceding the activation of the Ca2+-activated K+ efflux (Gárdos effect) stimulated by NaVO3 and by ATP-depletion, are mediated by different transport pathways. In addition, obtained results demonstrate that ATP-depletion and NaVO3-treatment exert additive action in triggering the Gárdos effect.     

雷公藤单体T10对Aβ1-42所致PC12细胞凋亡的抑制作用

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)是发病率最高的中枢神经系统退变性疾病.目前AD的病因不清,亦无有效的防治手段,其重要的原因是尚无适宜的AD模型.因此,本实验首先建立了PC12细胞系β淀粉样蛋白(p-amyloid,Aβ)细胞损伤模型,在此基础上,探讨了中药免疫抑制剂雷公藤单体T10对细胞的保护作用及其机制.首先用不同浓度的Aβ(5×10、5×10-3、5×10-2、5×10、5、50 μmol/L)与PC12细胞共孵育48 h,用MTT法检测细胞存活率.选取Aβ致使细胞存活率降低的浓度(0.5、5、50 μmol/L)与PC12细胞共孵育48 h,通过流式细胞仪检测凋亡细胞百分比.用1×10-11mol/L的T10预孵育PC12细胞48 h后,加入50μmol/L Ap共孵育48 h,亦用流式细胞仪检测凋亡细胞百分比,激光共聚焦显微镜检测细胞内钙离子浓度变化.结果显示,Aβ的浓度存50μmol/L时可使细胞存活率降低至55.1%,凋亡细胞比例显著增加,而1×10-11mol/L的T10可明显降低50 μmol/L Aβ诱导的PC12细胞死亡.50 μmol/L Aβ可促进PC12细胞胞外钙离子内流,1×10-11mol/L的T10对Ap诱导的胞外钙离子内流有抑制作用.这些观察结果表明T10对Ap导致的PC12细胞损伤具有明显的保护作用,其机制可能与抑制Aβ诱导的胞内钙离子浓度升高和细胞凋亡有关.     

小檗碱对豚鼠结肠平滑肌细胞内游离钙浓度的影响

采用Ca2 荧光示踪剂Fura 2 AM和双波长荧光分光光度法 ,观察小檗碱 (berberine ,Ber)对酶法分离的豚鼠结肠平滑肌细胞内游离钙 ([Ca2 ]i)的影响并探讨其机制。在含 1 5mmol/LCaCl2 的HEPES Ringer缓冲液中 ,豚鼠结肠平滑肌细胞 [Ca2 ]i为 10 8± 9 4nmol/L (n =7) ,Ber对静息 [Ca2 ]i 无明显影响 ,Ber呈浓度依赖性抑制 ,6 0mmol/LKCl引起的 [Ca2 ]i 增高 ,IC50 值为 34 0 9μmol/L。在含 1 5mmol/LCa2 和无Ca2 的缓冲液中 ,30、10 0μmol/LBer均显著抑制 10 μmol/LACh所诱发的 [Ca2 ]i 的增高 ,且有浓度依赖性 ;同样Ber对环匹阿尼酸 (CPA)所致的 [Ca2 ]i 增高也有浓度依赖性抑制作用 ,有钙和无钙条件下IC50 分别为 37 97μmol/L和 49 70 μmol/L。结果提示 ,Ber对结肠平滑肌细胞外Ca2 内流和细胞内钙释放均有抑制作用。     

Organic osmolytes betaine,sorbitol and inositol are potent inhibitors of erythrocyte membrane ATPases

Organic osmolytes are used in animal and plant cells to adapt to hyper- and hypoosmolar stress. We used our RBC-membrane model to investigate the effects of the osmolytes betaine, sorbitol and myo-inositol on Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, Ca(2+)-ATPase and calmodulin-stimulated Ca(2+)-ATPase (CaM). Our results show that betaine inhibited ATPases by more than 61%: Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (75 +/- 5.9 vs 27 +/- 2.2), Ca(2+)-ATPase (236 +/- 18.9 vs 62 +/- 4.9), and CaM (450 +/- 18 vs 174 +/- 6.9) (microM pi/min/mg protein, control (0 microM betaine) vs 100 micromol/L betaine). Sorbitol (100 micromol/L) inhibited the Ca(2+)-ATPases by 41% (126 +/- 7.6 vs 74 +/- 4.4) and CaM by 42% (253 +/- 17.7 vs 147 +/- 10.3). Inositol (100 micromol/L) inhibited Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase strongest (37 +/- 1.9 vs 20 +/- 1.0; 47% inhibition) while it showed a lesser effect on the Ca(2+)-ATPases (136 +/- 6.8 vs 102 +/- 5.1; 25% inhibition). All osmolytes inhibited RBC membrane ATPases at concentrations above 50 micromol/L, which corresponds to high normal physiologic range for organic osmolytes in serum. Furthermore, the presence of osmolytes (250 micromol/L) decreased hypoosmotic stress induced hemolysis by 42%. Together these data indicate an important regulatory role of organic osmolytes on human RBC membrane ATPases and a protective function of osmolytes in RBCs against hypoosmotic stress.     

The anti-anginal drug fendiline elevates cytosolic Ca(2+) in rabbit corneal epithelial cells

The effect of the anti-anginal drug fendiline on intracellular free Ca(2+) levels ([Ca(2+)](i)) in a rabbit corneal epithelial cell line (SIRC) was explored using fura-2 as a fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator. At a concentration above 1 microM, fendiline increased [Ca(2+)](i) in a concentration-dependent manner with an EC(50) value of 7 microM. The [Ca(2+)](i) response consisted of an immediate rise and an elevated phase. Extracellular Ca(2+) removal decreased half of the [Ca(2+)](i )signal. Fendiline induced quench of fura-2 fluorescence by Mn(2+) (50 microM), suggesting the presence of Ca(2+) influx across the plasma membrane. This Ca(2+) influx was abolished by La(3+) (50 microM), but was insensitive to dihydropyridines, verapamil and diltiazem. Fendiline (10 microM)-induced store Ca(2+) release was largely reduced by pretreatment with thapsigargin (1 microM) (an endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) pump inhibitor) to deplete the endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+). Conversely, pretreatment with 10 microM fendiline abolished thapsigargin-induced Ca(2+) release. Fendiline (10 microM)-induced Ca(2+) release was not altered by inhibiting phospholipase C with 2 microM 1-(6-((17beta-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (U73122). Cumulatively, this study shows that fendiline induced concentration-dependent [Ca(2+)](i )increases in corneal epithelial cells by releasing the endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) in a phospholipase C-independent manner, and by causing Ca(2+) influx.     

Existence of high- and low-affinity vanadate-binding sites on Ca(2+)-ATPase of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

The binding of vanadate to isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membranes was measured colorimetrically by equilibrium sedimentation and ion exchange column filtration. The concentration dependence of vanadate binding exhibited a biphasic curve with two phases of equal amplitude. A similar biphasic curve of the vanadate dependence was observed with the purified Ca(2+)-ATPase prepared by deoxycholate extraction. Sites of vanadate binding could be classified into two distinct species based on apparent affinity; the high-affinity binding sites have a dissociation constant below 0.1 microM, and the low-affinity sites one of 36 microM. The maximum amount of vanadate bound to each of the high- or low-affinity sites was estimated to be 2.6-3.6 nmol/mg SR protein, which corresponds to approximately 0.5 mol of vanadate bound per mol of Ca(2+)-ATPase. These results indicate that 1 mol of Ca(2+)-ATPase contains 0.5 mol of high-affinity vanadate-binding sites as well as 0.5 mol of low-affinity vanadate-binding sites. Vanadate binding to the low-affinity sites was competitively inhibited by inorganic phosphate, while vanadate binding to the high-affinity sites resulted in a non-competitive inhibition of the phosphoenzyme formation from inorganic phosphate. When SR membrane were solubilized with polyoxy-ethylene-9-laurylether (C12E9), the vanadate binding exhibited a monophasic concentration dependency curve with a dissociation constant of 13 microM. The number of vanadate-binding sites was estimated to be 7.2 nmol/mg SR protein which represents about 1 mol of site per mol of Ca(2+)-ATPase. Vanadate binding to the solubilized Ca(2+)-ATPase was competitively inhibited by inorganic phosphate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Ca(2+) entry into primary cultured pig coronary smooth muscle cells after previous store depletion by repetitive P2Y purinoceptor stimulation

Store-operated Ca(2+) entry, stimulated by depletion of intracellular Ca(2+) pools, has not been fully elucidated in vascular smooth muscle cells of pig coronary arteries. Therefore, [Ca(2+)](i) was measured in cultured cells derived from extramural pig coronary arteries using the Fura-2/AM fluorometry. Divalent cation entry was visualized with the Fura-2 Mn(2+)-quenching technique. Ca(2+) stores were depleted either by repetitive stimulation of P2Y purinoceptors with ATP (10 micromol/L), or by the sarcoendoplasmic Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitor 2,5-Di-(tert-butyl)-1,4-benzohydroquinone (BHQ; 1 micromol/L) in Ca(2+)-free medium (EGTA 1 mmol/L). Addition of Ca(2+)(1 mmol/L) induced refilling of ATP-sensitive Ca(2+) stores and an increase in [Ca(2+)](i) in the presence of BHQ. Both could be significantly diminished by Ni(2+)(5 and 1mmol/L), La(3+)(10 micromol/L), Gd(3+)(10 micromol/L), and Mg(2+)(5.1 mmol/L). In contrast to the BHQ-mediated rise in [Ca(2+)](i), refilling of ATP-depleted stores was affected by neither flufenamate (0.1 mmol/L), nor by nitrendipine, nifedipine, and nisoldipine (each 1 micromol/L). The data suggest that after store depletion in pig coronary smooth muscle cells ATP and BHQ may converge on a common, Ni(2+)-, La(3+)-, Gd(3+)-, and Mg(2+)- sensitive Ca(2+) entry pathway, i.e. on a store-operated Ca(2+) entry. An additional contribution of the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger cannot be excluded. Flufenamate-sensitive non-selective cation channels and dihydropyridine-sensitive L-type Ca(2+) channels are not involved in refilling of Ca(2+) stores after previous depletion by repetitive P2Y purinoceptor stimulation. The store-operated Ca(2+) entry in-between repetitive purinoceptor stimulation, i.e. in the absence of the agonist, may be responsible for the maintenance of agonist-induced rhythmic Ca(2+) responses.     

八肽胆囊收缩素激活钙离子通道和酪氨酸激酶诱导豚鼠心肌细胞内的游离钙增高

探讨八肽胆囊收缩素(CCK-8)对豚鼠单个心肌细胞内游离钙浓度([Ca2+]i的影响及其信号转导机制.Fluo 3-AM标记酶消化法分离的单个心室肌细胞,用激光共聚焦显微镜测定细胞内[Ca2+]i的浓度.[Ca2+]i的变化用荧光强度(Fi)和相对荧光强度(Fi/F0%)表示.实验结果如下(1)在含Ca2+1.0 mmol/L的Tyrode's液中,CCK-8(1～104pmoVL)均可引起[Ca2+]i快速显著上升(P＜0.01).(2)用钙离子鳌合剂EGTA(3 mmol/L)和钙离子通道阻断剂nisoldipine(0.5μmol/L)预孵育心肌细胞5 min,CCK-8(102pmol/L)仅可引起[Ca2+]i缓慢轻度上升(P＜0.01).(3)用非选择性CCK受体拮抗剂丙谷胺(proglumide 6μmo1/L)或酪氨酸激酶抑制剂genistein(1 μmol/L)预孵育心肌细胞5 min,则完全抑制CCK-8诱导的[Ca2+]i升高(P＜0.01).CCK-8可通过激活其受体控制的Ca2+通道,引起Ca2+内流,诱导细胞内Ca2+释放,引起豚鼠单个心肌细胞内[Ca2+]i上升,此作用可能由酪氨酸激酶介导.     

Critical role of sodium in cytosolic [Ca2+] elevations in cultured hippocampal CA1 neurons during anoxic depolarization

Although the extent of ischemic brain damage is directly proportional to the duration of anoxic depolarization (AD), the mechanism of cytosolic [Ca(2+)] ([Ca(2+)](c)) elevation during AD is poorly understood. To address the mechanism in this study, [Ca(2+)](c) was monitored in cultured rat hippocampal CA1 neurons loaded with a Ca-sensitive dye, fura-2FF, and exposed to an AD-simulating medium containing (in mmol/L): K(+) 65, Na(+) 50, Ca(2+) 0.13, glutamate 0.1, and pH reduced to 6.6. Application of this medium promptly elevated [Ca(2+)](c) to about 30 micromol/L, but only if oxygen was removed, the respiratory chain was inhibited, or if the mitochondria were uncoupled. These high [Ca(2+)](c) elevations depended on external Ca(2+) and could not be prevented by inhibiting NMDA or alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA)/kainate receptors, or gadolinium-sensitive channels. However, they could be prevented by removing external Na(+) or simultaneously inhibiting NMDA and AMPA/kainate receptors; 2-[2-[4-(4-nitrobenzyloxy)phenyl]ethyl]isothiourea methanesulfonate (KB-R7943), an inhibitor of plasmalemmal Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger, partly suppressed them. The data indicate that the [Ca(2+)](c) elevations to 30 micromol/L during AD result from Na(+) influx. Activation of either NMDA or AMPA/kainate channels provides adequate Na(+) influx to induce these [Ca(2+)](c) elevations, which are mediated by KB-R7943-sensitive and KB-R7943-resistant mechanisms.     

Effects of Ce3+, Cd2+, and Hg2+ on activities and secondary structure of trypsin

The different effects of Ce³⁺, Cd²⁺, and Hg²⁺ on the activities and secondary structure of trypsin were studied. The results showed that trypsin activity was increased substantially by Ce³⁺ in 0.5–5 μmol/L concentration, but the activity was decreased significantly by Cd²⁺ or Hg²⁺ in 0.5–5 μmol/L concentration. The ultraviolet-visible spectrum of trypsin with 4 μmol/L Ce³⁺ treatment was the same as that of the control, but the 232-nm characteristic peak of trypsin with 4 μmol/L Cd²⁺ or Hg²⁺ treatment was blue-shifted and the peak intensity weakened. The circular dichroism (CD) spectrum of trypsin with 4 μmol/L Ce³⁺ treatment was similar to that of the control. The secondary structure of trypsin did not change with Ce³⁺ treatment. However, the CD spectrum of trypsin with 4 μmol/L Cd²⁺ or Hg²⁺ treatment was different from that of the control and Ce³⁺ treatment. The secondary structure of trypsin with Cd²⁺ or Hg²⁺ treatment changed greatly; for example, the α-helix and β-sheet contents were reduced significantly, the β-turn was enhanced greatly, and the random coil contents increased or decreased.     

GABA和孕酮对人及豚鼠精子的体外获能作用

为了探讨γ－氨基丁酸（ＧＡＢＡ）是否参与人及豚鼠精子体外获能的调节,将生育男子和豚鼠清子分别悬浮于ＢＷＷ和低Ｃａ＾２＋最小获能培养基（ＬＣａ＾２＋－ＭＣＭ）中,加入ＧＡＢＡ、孕酮（Ｐ４）、ＧＡＢＡＡ受体激动剂及其拮抗剂,在５％ＣＯ２孵箱３８．５℃培养２ｈ。然后用ｉｏｎｏｐｈｏｒｅ Ａ２３１８７激发精子顶体反应（ＡＲ）和超激活运动（ＨＡＭ）。以精子与金霉素（ＣＴＣ）荧光结合类型、ＡＲ和ＨＡＭ为指标来     

Capacitative Ca(2+) entry and tyrosine kinase activation in canine pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells

We investigated the role of capacitative Ca(2+) entry and tyrosine kinase activation in mediating phenylephrine (PE)-induced oscillations in intracellular free Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) in canine pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). [Ca(2+)](i) was measured as the 340- to 380-nm ratio in individual fura 2-loaded PASMCs. Resting [Ca(2+)](i) was 96 +/- 4 nmol/l. PE (10 micromol/l) stimulated oscillations in [Ca(2+)](i), with a peak amplitude of 437 +/- 22 nmol/l and a frequency of 1.01 +/- 0.12/min. Thapsigargin (1 micromol/l) was used to deplete sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) after extracellular Ca(2+) was removed. Under these conditions, a nifedipine-insensitive, sustained increase in [Ca(2+)](i) (140 +/- 7% of control value) was observed when the extracellular Ca(2+) concentration was restored; i.e., capacitative Ca(2+) entry was demonstrated. Capacitative Ca(2+) entry also refilled SR Ca(2+) stores. Capacitative Ca(2+) entry was attenuated (32 +/- 3% of control value) by 50 micromol/l of SKF-96365 (a nonselective Ca(2+)-channel inhibitor). Tyrosine kinase inhibition with tyrphostin 23 (100 micromol/l) and genistein (100 micromol/l) also inhibited capacitative Ca(2+) entry to 63 +/- 12 and 85 +/- 4% of control values, respectively. SKF-96365 (30 micromol/l) attenuated both the amplitude (15 +/- 7% of control value) and frequency (50 +/- 21% of control value) of PE-induced Ca(2+) oscillations. SKF-96365 (50 micromol/l) abolished the oscillations. Tyrphostin 23 (100 micromol/l) also inhibited the amplitude (17 +/- 7% of control value) and frequency (45 +/- 9% of control value) of the oscillations. Genistein (30 micromol/l) had similar effects. Both SKF-96365 and tyrphostin 23 attenuated PE-induced contraction in isolated pulmonary arterial rings. These results demonstrate that capacitative Ca(2+) entry is present and capable of refilling SR Ca(2+) stores in canine PASMCs and may be involved in regulating PE-induced Ca(2+) oscillations. A tyrosine kinase is involved in the signal transduction pathway for alpha(1)-adrenoreceptor activation in PASMCs.     

外周苯二氮(艹卓)受体激动剂Ro5-4864抑制大鼠心肌细胞线粒体通透性转换

线粒体通透性转换（mitochondrial permeability transition,MPT）导致线粒体氧化应激性损伤。近年研究认为,位于线粒体外膜的外周苯二氮节受体（peripheral benzodiazepine receptor,PBR）参与了线粒体的重要生理功能。本研究在心肌细胞线粒体水平探讨激动PBR能否抑制Ca^2＋诱发的MPT。分离Sprague—Dawley大鼠心肌细胞线粒体,将PBR激动剂Ro5-4864（50、100、200μmol／L）和线粒体孵育,利用150μmol／L Ca^2＋诱发MPT,部分线粒体在与100μmol／L Ro5-4864孵育前5min加入MPT孔道开放剂苍术苷（atractyloside,ATR）。采用分光光度法观察线粒体膨胀情况：Westernblot检测线粒体细胞色素C（cytochrome C,CytoC）释放;利用荧光探针JC-1在激光共聚集显微镜下观察线粒体膜电位的变化。50、100、200μmol／L Ro5-4864均显著抑制Ca^2＋诱发的520nm处线粒体吸光度的下降,而且抑制Ca^2＋引起的线粒体CytoC释放和线粒体膜电位下降,但ATR可阻断R05—4864的上述作用。结果提示,PBR激动剂可抑制大鼠心肌MPT,保持线粒体CytoC含量和稳定线粒体膜电位,减轻线粒体损伤。PBR的激活可能成为减轻心肌细胞应激性损伤及心肌保护的新方法。     

白介素—2对心肌细胞[Ca^2＋]i的作用及其信号转导途径

为研究白介素－2（interleukin-2,IL-2）对心肌细胞内钙浓度（[Ca^2 ]i）的影响及其信号转导途径,实验采用酶解法分离成年大鼠心室肌细胞,以Fura-2/AM为钙探针,用细胞内双波长钙荧光系统检测细胞[Ca^2 ]i的变化。结果发现：（1）IL－2（0.5-200U/ml）浓度依赖性地降低单个心室肌细胞内钙态,IL－2（200U／ml）对咖啡因诱导的肌浆网内储钙的释放无影响;（2）纳洛酮(naloxone,Nal)(10^-8mol/L）和nor-binaltorphimine(nor-BNI,10^-8mol/L）可阻断IL－2对心肌细胞钙瞬态的作用,而纳曲吲哚（naltrindole,NTI）（10^-6mol/L）不能阻断此作用;（3）κ阿片受体激动剂U50488H（10^-6mol/L）降低心肌细胞钙瞬态,nor-BNI(10^-8mol/L）可阻断此作用;（4）5mg/L百日咳毒素（PTX）预处理可取消IL－2降低心肌细胞钙瞬态的作用,而酪氨酸激酶抑制剂genistein(10^-4mol/L）不能取消IL－2的作用;（5）U73122预处理可阻断IL－2的作用。研究结果表明,IL－2降低心肌细胞钙瞬态的作用,是通过心肌细胞上κ阿片受体介导的,其下游途径包括PTX敏感的G蛋白和磷脂酶C。     

Vanadate inhibition of ATP and p-nitrophenyl phosphate hydrolysis in the fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum.

The vanadate inhibition of the Ca(2+)-ATPase activity was analysed both in intact sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles and in the presence of low concentrations of Tween 20, using ATP and p-nitrophenyl phosphate as substrates. The saturation of the internal low-affinity calcium-binding sites protects the enzyme against vanadate inhibition, because: (1) p-nitrophenyl phosphate hydrolysis is not inhibited by vanadate in intact vesicles, but inhibition developed after solubilization with detergents; (2) the vanadate inhibition of the p-nitrophenyl phosphate hydrolysis in solubilized preparations is prevented by free Ca2+ concentrations higher than 10(-3) M and vanadate competes with calcium (10(-5)-10(-3) M); and (3) the vanadate inhibition of ATP hydrolysis is decreased with an increase in vesicular Ca2+ concentration. The presence of magnesium ions is indispensable for the vanadate effect. The vanadate inhibition is non-competitive with respect to Mg-p-nitrophenyl phosphate and uncompetitive with respect to Mg-ATP. However, in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide, which facilitates phosphorylation of the enzyme, the inhibition is converted to a competitive one with respect to a substrate. The results suggest, that in the process of enzyme operation vanadate interacts with the unliganded E form of Ca(2+)-ATPase, occupying probably an intermediate position between the E2 and E1 forms, with the formation of an E2 Van complex, that imposes the inhibition on the Ca(2+)-ATPase activity.     

Effect of nordihydroguaiaretic acid on intracellular Ca concentrations in C6 glioma cells

The effect of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) on Ca(2+) signaling in C6 glioma cells has been investigated. NDGA (5-100 microM) increased [Ca(2+)]i concentration-dependently. The [Ca(2+)]i increase comprised an initial rise and an elevated phase over a time period of 4 min. Removal of extracellular Ca(2+) reduced NDGA-induced [Ca(2+)]i signals by 52+/-2%. After incubation of cells with NDGA in Ca(2+)-free medium for 4 min, addition of 3 mM CaCl2 induced a concentration-dependent increase in [Ca(2+)]i. NDGA (100 microM)-induced [Ca(2+)]i increases in Ca(2+)-containing medium was not changed by pretreatment with 10 microM nifedipine or verapamil. In Ca(2+)-free medium, pretreatment with the endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) pump inhibitor thapsigargin (1 microM) abolished 100 microM NDGA-induced [Ca(2+)]i increases. Inhibition of phospholipase C with 2 microM U73122 had little effect on 100 microM NDGA-induced Ca(2+) release. Several other lipoxygenase inhibitors had no effect on basal [Ca(2+)]i. Collectively, the results suggest that NDGA increased [Ca(2+)]i in glioma cells in a lipoxygenase-independent manner, by releasing Ca(2+) from the endoplasmic reticulum in a manner independent of phospholipase C activity and by causing Ca(2+) influx.     

一氧化氮对家兔房室结细胞自发活动的电生理效应

应用经典玻璃微电极技术,观察一氧化氮(NO)对家兔房室结细胞自发活动的电生理效应及其作用机制。结果显示：(1)NO供体硝普(SNP,1-1000μmol／L)及SIN-1(100,1000μmol／L)剂量依赖性地抑制房室结细胞的动作电位幅值(APA)、零相最大人士升速度(Vmax)、4期自动除极速度(VDD)及自发放电频率(RSF);(2)应用L型钙通道开放剂Bay K8644(0．25μmol／L),可拮抗SNP对房室结细胞的电生理效应;(3)提高灌流液中钙离子浓度(5mmol／L)也可逆转SNP对起搏细胞的抑制效应;(4)用无钙K-H液灌流房室结,可完全阻断SNP对房事结细胞的抑制效应。(5)应用鸟苷酸环化酶阻断剂甲基美蓝(50μmol／L)对SNP的上述电生理效应无影响。以上结果提示,NO可能是通过cGMP非依赖性途径减弱钙离子内流,进而抑制了家兔房室结细胞的自发电活动。     

Stimulatory effect of regucalcin on ATP-dependent Ca(2+) uptake activity in rat liver mitochondria

The effect of Ca(2+)-binding protein regucalcin on Ca(2+)-ATPase activity in isolated rat liver mitochondria was investigated. The presence of regucalcin (0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 microM) in the enzyme reaction mixture led to a significant increase in Ca(2+)-ATPase activity. Regucalcin significantly stimulated ATP-dependent (45)Ca(2+) uptake by the mitochondria. Ruthenium red (10(-5) M) or lanthanum chloride (10(-4) M), an inhibitor of mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake, completely inhibited regucalcin (0.25 microM)-increased mitochondrial Ca(2+)-ATPase activity and (45)Ca(2+) uptake. The effect of regucalcin (0.25 microM) in increasing Ca(2+)-ATPase activity was completely inhibited by the presence of digitonin (10(-2)%), a solubilizing reagent of membranous lipids, or vanadate (10(-5) M), an inhibitor of phosphorylation of ATPase. The activatory effect of regucalcin (0.25 microM) on Ca(2+)-ATPase activity was not further enhanced in the presence of dithiothreitol (2.5 mM), a protecting reagent of the sulfhydryl (SH) group of the enzyme, or calmodulin (0.60 microM), a modulator protein of Ca(2+) action that could increase mitochondrial Ca(2+)-ATPase activity. The present study demonstrates that regucalcin can stimulate Ca(2+) pump activity in rat liver mitochondria, and that the protein may act on an active site (SH group)-related to phosphorylation of mitochondrial Ca(2+)-ATPase.