柿日本蜡蚧发生规律及常用药剂防治效果比较

【目的】日本蜡蚧Ceroplastes japonicus Green是柿树(Diospyros kaki L.f.)上的重要害虫,该论文目的是明确柿日本蜡蚧Persimmon ceroplastes japonicus在云南省玉溪市的发生规律,筛选出有效药剂。【方法】依据本地的物候规律系统调查日本蜡蚧的发生情况,采用随机区组设计筛选有效药剂。【结果】日本蜡蚧在云南省玉溪市1年发生1代,以受精雌成虫在1~2年生枝条上越冬,翌年2月初,气温稳定在6℃以上开始发育,3月上旬开始产卵,3月下旬孵化,5月上旬—6月上旬为孵化盛期,7月上旬雌虫陆续由叶转到枝上固着危害,至秋后开始进入越冬期。用48%毒死蜱(480g/L EC)5 000倍液、24%螺虫乙酯(240g/L SL)2 500倍液、2.5%高效氯氰菊酯(EC)2 500倍液、40%杀扑磷(EC)1 000倍液、25%噻虫嗪(WG)8 000倍液、20%阿维菌素·毒死蜱(ME)(阿维菌素0.2%和毒死蜱19.8%)2 000倍液和90%敌百虫原药1 000倍液,喷雾时添加2 500倍液有机硅喷雾助剂。田间防治试验表明:施药后5 d,2.5%高效氯氰菊酯和40%杀扑磷防效分别为93.7%和91.9%,均显著高于其余5种药剂的防效;施药后10 d,24%螺虫乙酯和20%阿维菌素·毒死蜱的防效分别为96.2%和92.9%,均显著高于2.5%高效氯氰菊酯、40%杀扑磷和90%敌百虫原药的防效;施药后20 d 48%毒死蜱、24%螺虫乙酯、25%噻虫嗪和20%阿维菌素·毒死蜱的防效分别为85.2%、96.6%、83.3%和93.7%,均显著高于2.5%高效氯氰菊酯、40%杀扑磷和90%敌百虫原药的防效。【结论】日本蜡蚧在云南省玉溪市一年发生1代。高效氯氰菊酯和杀扑磷具有较好的速效性,螺虫乙酯和阿维菌素·毒死蜱混剂持效性较好。     

4种杀虫剂对日本壶链蚧的防效研究

为了筛选日本壶链蚧有效防控药剂,本研究采用玻片浸渍法和离心管药膜法测定了4种药剂对日本壶链蚧初孵若虫的毒力,并通过喷雾试验测定室外防效.结果表明,玻片浸渍法测定4种药剂毒力,依次为25%噻嗪酮WP、 2%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐EC、 22.4%螺虫乙酯SC、 99%矿物油EC, LC₅₀分别为39.87 mg/L, 56.99 mg/L, 722.27 mg/L, 2 223.51 mg/L;离心管药膜法测定毒力,依次为25%噻嗪酮WP、 2%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐EC、 99%矿物油EC、 22.4%螺虫乙酯SC, LC₅₀分别为20.48 mg/L, 193.76 mg/L, 2 865.86 mg/L, 6 235.52 mg/L.室外药效试验显示,施药后56 d通过体视显微镜观察,25%噻嗪酮WP 1 000倍液防效可达100%,虫体死亡,呈红黑色无蜕皮壳,而99%矿物油EC 200倍液、 22.4%螺虫乙酯SC 2 000倍液、 2%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐EC 1 000倍液处理组防效仅为3.28%～15.45%.综上,25%噻嗪酮...     

氯虫苯甲酰胺对苹果树桃小食心虫及金纹细蛾的控制作用

2006～2007年,对35%氯虫苯甲酰胺水分散粒剂进行田间药效试验。结果表明,35%氯虫苯甲酰胺水分散粒剂是防治苹果树桃小食心虫Carposina niponensisi Walsingham和金纹细蛾Lithocolletis ringoniella Mats的有效药剂。其有效成分为35～50mg/kg处理防治桃小食心虫,药后5d的防效在83%～100%之间,药后35d防效在77%以上,整体防效不及对照药剂4.5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油30mg/kg处理;10～20mg/kg处理防治金纹细蛾,药后5～15d防效在58%～100%之间,各期防效优于生产常用药剂25%灭幼脲悬浮剂125mg/kg处理。     

2.5%高效氟氯氰菊酯微乳剂对苹果桃小食心虫的田间应用技术研究

田间应用及安全性评价结果表明,2.5%高效氟氯氰菊酯微乳剂稀释2000～4000倍防治苹果树桃小食心虫Carposina niponensis Walsingham,药后5d各地防效分别为78.14%～99.57%、87.50%～96.58%、80.73%～96.20%,药后10d各地防效分别为84.49%～98.60%、77.78%～94.44%、80.66%～99.29%,药后15d各地防效分别为83.35%～100%、77.55%～98.90%、88.89%～96.58%。2.5%高效氟氯氰菊酯微乳剂稀释2000～3000倍处理与对照药剂2.5%高效氟氯氰菊酯乳油3000倍处理防效相当。最佳用药量以2000～3000倍为宜,施药适期为苹果果实膨大期,且桃小食心虫卵孵化盛末期,虫果率达1%时,用药后5～10d可有效控制虫害,持效期较长。药后苹果树未见异常。     

几种杀虫剂防治荔枝蝽的应用效果及其评价

为了筛选出对荔枝蝽Tessaratoma papillosa高效低毒低投入的药剂,在室内采用喷雾法初步测定了16种常用杀虫剂对荔枝蝽成虫的活性,进一步测定了辛硫磷、丁醚脲和氟啶虫胺腈等3种药剂对荔枝蝽成虫、1龄若虫和2龄若虫的室内毒力,并开展了3种杀虫剂对荔枝蝽的田间防效试验。室内毒力结果表明：甲氰菊酯、杀虫双、阿维菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、哒螨灵、茚虫威、虫螨腈、多杀霉素、乙基多杀霉素、灭蝇胺、异丙威等11种药剂对荔枝蝽成虫活性较低,辛硫磷、丁醚脲和氟啶虫胺腈对荔枝蝽有较高的杀虫活性,3种药剂对成虫72 h后的LC50分别为102.32、226.88和207.59 mg/L,对1龄若虫分别为42.41、120.90和87.59 mg/L,对2龄若虫分别为62.65、180.20和148.75 mg/L。在田间防效试验中,辛硫磷对荔枝蝽成虫药后1 d的防效高达82.46%;氟啶虫胺腈对荔枝蝽成虫药后1 d防效达89.23%,药后7 d防效维持在85.03%;丁醚脲对荔枝蝽成虫的最高防效为71.63%,与高效氯氟氰菊酯的防效相当。辛硫磷、丁醚脲和氟啶虫胺腈的防效投入比分别为9.68、36.25和176.41。辛硫磷投入低、速效性好且光解快,可作为防治荔枝蝽的应急药剂使用,氟啶虫胺腈和丁醚脲防效较好,但投入高,可作为对荔枝蝽有重要潜在研究价值的药剂。     

应用DNA条形码技术鉴别寄生紫薇绒蚧的跳小蜂

紫薇绒蚧Acanthococcus(=Eriococcus)lagerstroemiae是危害石榴Punica granatum L.和紫薇Lagerstroemia indica L.的重要害虫。跳小蜂是紫薇绒蚧的寄生性天敌,对防治紫薇绒蚧有重要作用。本研究通过饲养中国不同地区紫薇绒蚧若虫或雌成虫获取跳小蜂样本,利用DNA条形码技术对9种跳小蜂进行物种鉴定。共获取93个跳小蜂样本的线粒体COⅠ基因序列。分析结果显示,9种跳小蜂种间遗传距离为0.073 2~0.186 4,平均为0.111 0;种内遗传距离为0~0.026 5,平均为0.007 4。9种跳小蜂的种间遗传变异远大于种内遗传变异。DNA条形码技术可以快速、准确鉴定这9种跳小蜂以弥补形态分类学的不足。     

常用药剂对扶桑绵粉蚧雌成虫的毒力测定及对天敌的影响

为筛选防治扶桑绵粉蚧的理想药剂及减少药剂对天敌的影响,本文采用浸渍法测定了5种药剂对扶桑绵粉蚧雌成虫的药效试验及对班氏跳小蜂的影响,结果表明,药剂对扶桑绵粉蚧雌成虫的致死作用与浓度成正比,即浓度越高杀虫效果越好。5种药剂中,吡虫啉与高效氯氰菊酯防治扶桑绵粉蚧速效、效果好,能较好地控制扶桑绵粉蚧的危害;而印楝素和阿维菌素药效持续性明显好于化学药剂。班氏跳小蜂对在此基础上筛选出的10%吡虫啉与0.3%印楝素具有更高的敏感性,24 h对吡虫啉的LC_(50)为17.80mg/L;对印楝素的LC_(50)为17.80mg/L。吡虫啉、印楝素均作为防治扶桑绵粉蚧的备选药剂,并推荐印楝素可作为扶桑绵粉蚧绿色防治的首选药剂。     

六种杀虫剂对扶桑绵粉蚧的毒力和防治效果

为筛选出高效的防治药剂,测定了6种杀虫剂对扶桑绵粉蚧的毒力和防治效果。结果表明,毒死蜱、灭多威、杀扑磷3种药剂对各个虫期触杀毒力均较强,噻虫啉、阿维菌素稍弱,最差的为多杀霉素;不同虫期中低龄若虫对药剂较敏感。田间试验结果显示各种药剂防效随时间延长总体呈下降趋势;90%灭多威WP具有速效、残效期长的特点,在第3天时矫正防效达到99.92%。其余药剂,持效期均较短。     

不同杀虫剂对西花蓟马的室内毒力及田间药效

【目的】西花蓟马是一种世界性的危险性入侵害虫,筛选防治西花蓟马的有效药剂可为生产中科学用药提供依据。【方法】通过室内毒力测定和田间药效试验,测定了2种化学药剂和8种生物药剂对西花蓟马成虫的致死中浓度(LC_(50))和药后不同时期的防治效果。【结果】室内毒力测定依据LC_(50)值将各药剂对西花蓟马的敏感性由高到低依次排序为乙基多杀菌素(0.1958 mg·L~(-1))、印楝素(0.9399 mg·L~(-1))、苦参碱(1.2483 mg·L~(-1))、阿维菌素(1.8096 mg·L~(-1))、高效氯氰菊酯(4.4458 mg·L~(-1))、藜芦碱(10.7628 mg·L~(-1))、鱼藤酮(18.1898 mg·L~(-1))、吡虫啉(46.3964 mg·L~(-1))、松脂酸钠(131.5214 mg·L~(-1))、苏云金杆菌(446.2318 mg·L~(-1));田间药效试验发现,乙基多杀菌素和吡虫啉防治西花蓟马均表现出较强的速效性和持效性,药后1～14 d的防效分别可达84%和73%以上;其次是藜芦碱,药后1～14 d的防效可达48.15%～61.37%;高效氯氰菊酯的防效较低,药后14 d的防效为46.22%;生物药剂阿维菌素、苏云金杆菌、苦参碱、印楝素的速效性均较低,但防效随施药后时间的延长而逐渐上升;鱼藤酮持效性最低。【结论】乙基多杀菌素和吡虫啉可推荐为生产中防治西花蓟马的首选药剂,植物源药剂藜芦碱和生物药剂阿维菌素可作为交替使用药剂。     

几种杀虫剂对荔枝蝽蟓若虫的毒力及田间药效评价

采用常规喷雾法,比较了几种药剂对荔枝蝽蟓Tessaratoma papillosa Drury若虫的室内毒力和田间药效。室内毒力测定结果表明,有5种药剂毒力较高,依次为:丁硫克百威高效氯氟氰菊酯啶虫脒敌百虫呋虫胺,24 h的LC50分别为4.24、6.43、7.57、11.55、14.14 mg/L。田间试验结果表明,5%高效氯氟氰菊酯微乳剂、20%呋虫胺可溶粒剂、25%啶虫脒乳油、200 g/L丁硫克百威乳油、90%敌百虫晶体1000倍液药后1-14 d对荔枝蝽蟓若虫的防效分别为99.26%-100%、91.77%-100%、80.40%-90.09%、78.37%-85.65%、80.33%-91.14%。5%高效氯氟氰菊酯微乳剂和20%呋虫胺可溶粒剂对荔枝蝽蟓若虫的防治效果最好,25%啶虫脒乳油和90%敌百虫晶体的防效一般,而200 g/L丁硫克百威乳油的防效则相对较差。     

甘蔗赭色鸟喙象生物学及防治研究

甘蔗赭色鸟喙象 Otidognathus rubriceps Chevrolat是云南甘蔗上一种新的严重蛀食蔗茎的害虫 ,主要以成虫和幼虫危害蔗茎 ,使蔗株枯死 ,造成减产 ,严重的无收。此虫 1年发生 1代 ,以成虫在土中越冬 ,成虫有假死性 ,会飞翔。 5月底 6月初成虫出土 ,交尾产卵 ,9月下旬终见 ;7～ 9月幼虫危害最盛 ,9月上旬至 11月上旬老熟幼虫入土 8～ 15cm做茧化蛹。在胶泥土中虫口较多 ;宿根年限越长受害越重 ;不同甘蔗品种受害差异大。防治措施蔗稻轮作 ;缩短宿根年限 ;选种抗虫品种 ;人工捕杀 ;10月上中旬用水淹灌蔗地 ;6月中下旬结合培土每公顷用 3%甲拌磷或呋甲颗粒剂 75kg,到 7月上旬末和 8月上旬初再结合其它害虫的防治 ,用 4 0 %水胺硫磷乳油 10 0 0倍稀释液喷雾 ,防治效果达 90 %左右     

黄檀丑舟蛾生物学特性及防治的研究

黄檀丑舟蛾是南岭黄檀的重要食叶害虫,该虫在福建南平一年发生6代,以蛹在疏松土壤中越冬,翌年5月初成虫开始羽化。雌虫产卵于嫩叶上,成块。每雌产卵82-306粒。幼虫5龄,各代幼虫的危害盛期;第一代5月下旬至6旬上旬。第二代6月下旬,第三代7月下旬,第四代8月中旬,第五代9月下旬,第六代11月上旬至中旬。试验表明,20%杀灭菊酯4000倍液或80%敌敌畏2000倍液对幼虫均有良好的毒杀效果。     

柿绒粉蚧的发生规律及防治

柿绒粉蚧(柿绵蚧)Eriococcus kaki Kuwana在广西灌阳县1年发生6代,以若虫和成虫在树干裂皮缝、缝隙,1、2年生枝条轮痕、芽基、芽鳞片及干柿蒂上越冬,次年柿树萌芽期开始活动。第1代～第6代低龄若虫高峰期分别为3月下旬～4月上旬初、5月下旬末～6月上旬初、6月下旬末～7月上旬初、8月上旬～中旬初、9月上旬初～中旬初及10月中旬初～11月上旬初。卵期7～18d,若虫期22～136d,成虫期6～140d。柿芽萌动前用99.1%机油乳剂180倍液(敌死虫)或20%松脂酸钠(融杀蚧螨)150倍液清园喷杀,防治效果分别达88%、79.8%。第1代低龄若虫高峰期用40%毒死蜱乳油1000倍液加25%噻嗪酮(扑虱灵)可湿性粉剂1500倍液喷雾,防治效果99.6%,80%敌敌畏乳油800倍液加10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂2000倍液防治效果达99.1%,3%啶虫脒可湿性粉剂(3%金世纪)2500倍液防治效果99.5%。     

甘南地区小红珠绢蝶生物学特性研究初报

小红珠绢蝶Parnassius nomion Fischer von Waldheim在甘肃甘南1年发生1代。翌年5月上旬幼虫孵化,6月下旬开始化蛹,7月下旬至8月上旬,成虫开始羽化,8月中旬至9月上旬成虫开始产卵,该虫以卵越冬。     

曲靖市沾益区红火蚁发生规律研究

红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren是国际最具危险性的入侵性物种之一,传播扩散速度快、适生能力强。云南由于其独特的地理和气候环境,给红火蚁的入侵和发生提供了丰富的栖息环境和食物。本研究对云南高海拔冷凉区域人工草坪条件下红火蚁婚飞有翅蚁、工蚁活动规律,以及蚁巢变化规律进行了系统的调查研究。结果表明,在人工草坪条件下,红火蚁婚飞活动主要发生在每年的5-8月,6月初和8月初为婚飞生殖蚁发生高峰期,婚飞生殖蚁数量分别达到390.33头/1 000 m^2和523.33头/1 000 m^2,分别占到全年婚飞生殖蚁总量的25.19%和33.77%;诱集工蚁数量在6月下旬-7月上旬、8月下旬-9月下旬达到两个高峰,合计诱集数量分别为634.66头/1 000 m^2和1 636.00头/1 000 m^2,分别占到全年诱集工蚁总量的44.59%和17.30%;新增蚁巢数量在6月1日-7月1日、8月16日、9月15日-12月16日、次年3月14日-4月15日为4个增长阶段,新增蚁巢数量分别为9.66个/1 000 m^2、4.33个/1 000 m^2、5.67个/1 000 m^2、2.00个/1 000 m^2、分别占到全年新增蚁巢总数的44.62%、20.00%、26.15%、9.23%。综合婚飞年度规律、全年诱集工蚁数量、活动蚁巢数量和新增蚁巢数量方面的结果,人工草坪条件下,6-9月为红火蚁的活动发生高峰期,结合当地的实际情况,建议每年的4-6月和8-9月采用毒饵与粉剂相结合的方式进行防治,在12月份采用低毒农药灌巢进行防治。     

The influence of planting date,transgenic Bt maize and hybrid relative maturity on European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) ovipositional patterns

A three year study was carried out at Hoytville and at Wooster, Ohio, USA from 2006 to 2008 to investigate the influence of planting date, transgenic maize and hybrid maturity on Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) population dynamics and oviposition patterns. Maize plants were planted in late April or early May, mid‐May and early June during each year. The moth flight pattern showed bivoltine generations during the three years. The first moth flight peaked in June, with the populations declining during July. The second moth flight peaked in August and declined towards the end of September or early October. Egg mass density did not differ significantly between transgenic and non‐transgenic maize of different maturities. Significant differences were observed, however, among planting dates, sampling dates, and sampling date × planting date interactions. Generally higher numbers of egg masses from second generation moths were deposited on late planted maize than middle and early plantings.     

Quantitative assessment of reproductive effort of the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum in a lagoon on Jeju Island (Korea) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

We investigated gonad development and reproductive effort (RE) of the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum at Jeju Island, Korea. Gonad maturation and RE were determined using histology and an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In June 2006, most of the clams (80%) in the lagoon were in the resting stage. Spawning clams first appeared in late July, and most clams spawned from early August to mid-September. The condition index increased gradually from early July to late August, then declined from early to mid-September, suggesting that spawning occurred during this period. The gonadosomatic index assessed by ELISA also increased dramatically from June (0.9), peaked in early August (19.7) then declined from late August to mid-September, indicating that clams at the study site had only one spawning pulse during the spawning period. Spawning at Jeju Island was one month later than Manila clams on the west coast of Korea. The delayed spawning and low RE of the clams could be in part, be explained by lower food availability, as the level of chlorophyll-a recorded in this study was much lower than that found in water from the west and south coast.     

The nature and causes of annual fluctuations in numbers of Aphis fabae Scop. on field beans (Vicia faba)

Experiments for nine successive years showed that Aphis fabae Scop. populations on mid-March-sown field beans were either large with peak densities between late June and mid-July or very small with peak densities in early August. It is concluded that the largest populations develop when many plants have been colonized by primary migrants from Euonymus europaeus and temperature and radiation are above average during June and early July, as in the year 1957. Cold, dull weather slows multiplication and decreases the size of the peak population even when there is a large initial colonization, as in 1954. The peak population may also be less than predicted from the initial colonization when natural enemies are exceptionally abundant in early June, as in the year 1960. Yield losses of mid-March-sown crops in years of large A. fabae populations ranged from 53 % in 1954 (peak population of 1260 aphids per plant) to 100% in 1957 (6920 aphids per plant). Small summer populations with peak densities of about 0·2–85 aphids per plant developed on mid-March-sown plots in years when fewer than about 6% of the plants were colonized by primary migrants. Yield losses ranged from 6·3–13·6%. Three years' experiments indicated that crops sown in late April or May are relatively lightly infested in years when large populations develop on mid-March-sown crops. Conversely, they may be relatively heavily infested when the populations on these crops are small, as in 1955 when temperatures and sunshine during July and early August were above average. Small and large early summer populations tend to alternate in successive years. The alternation is upset by hot, sunny weather during July and August, and perhaps September and October, which compresses the population cycle Thus the large and small populations expected from this alternation in 1956 and 1960 developed instead during exceptionally fine weather in late summer 1955 and 1959, converting 1956 and 1960 to years of small and large populations respectively.     

Seasonality of ovulation and estrus in Border Leicester ewes

The number of Border Leicester ewes ovulating and their ovulation rate at 4 to 6 week intervals over 1 year and again after a further year were determined. The proportion of these ewes expressing estrus from autumn to spring and then in late summer/autumn was also determined. None of the ewes ovulated from October to early February, but for the remainder of the year, ovulation rate was always above 1.60, peaking in April to June at over 2.0. Eighty-four percent of the ewes had commenced ovulating by early March. The breeding season continued to September, when 10% of the ewes ovulated, with 25% expressing estrus in August and September. There was no significant effect of age, ewe liveweight or liveweight change on the proportion of ewes ovulating and their ovulation rate. The variability in the length of the breeding season gives scope for further selection.