生物结皮与草本植物共生坡面的产流-入渗过程特征

干旱半干旱地区生物结皮与草本植物互生,发挥了重要的水土保持价值,但二者的耦合作用对坡面土壤产流-入渗过程与机理的影响尚不清楚。本研究利用人工模拟降雨试验,设计裸土、生物结皮、长芒草、长芒草+生物结皮4种坡面处理,研究生物结皮与草本植物的产流-入渗过程与径流水动力学特征。结果表明: 2个有生物结皮处理的坡面产流量变化平稳。4种处理的总产流量大小分别为:生物结皮>长芒草+生物结皮>裸土>长芒草,说明生物结皮具有抑制土壤水分入渗的作用,而长芒草可促进土壤水分入渗。在土壤深度为16和24 cm处,生物结皮处理的累计入渗量均小于长芒草+生物结皮处理,且差异显著,说明随着土壤深度增加,长芒草会减小生物结皮抑制水分入渗的作用。除了裸土坡面的弗劳德数(Fr)大于1以外,其余3种处理的Fr值小于1,属于缓流。生物结皮、长芒草和长芒草+生物结皮处理坡面的径流动能比裸土坡面分别减少83.3%、59.5%和88.1%。综上,水动力学参数的变化说明生物结皮调控径流的作用大于长芒草。     

Response of biological soil crusts to raindrop erosivity and underlying influences in the hilly Loess Plateau region,China

Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) are ubiquitous living covers in arid and semiarid regions, playing a critical role in soil erosion control in semiarid regions. So far, research separating the multiple mechanisms of erosion control by biocrusts has been limited. It was problematic to link the influence of biocrusts to existing erosion models. In the present study, the response of biocrusts of different successional stages to raindrop erosivity and underlying influences was investigated. Using single drop simulated rainfall, the erosion controlling capacities of biocrusts were analyzed from an energetic perspective. The results showed that biocrusts caused a dramatic improvement of soil erosion resistance, which depended on species composition and increased considerably with higher succession stages. While the accumulated raindrop kinetic energy sustained by dark cyanobacterial crusts was 0.93 J (~15 times higher than that of bare soil), that of 60 % moss covered crusts reached values up to 20.18 J (~342 times higher than that of bare soil) and for 80 % moss covered crusts even 24.59 J were measured. Besides the composition and successional stages, the resistance of biocrusts to raindrop erosivity was related to the substrate soil moisture, soil texture, slope gradients and seasonal variation. The accumulated raindrop kinetic energy measured for cyanobacterial crusts was highest on silty, followed by loamy and sandy soil. For moss-dominated crusts raindrop kinetic energy was highest on sandy, followed by silty and loamy soil. Dry biocrust samples reached significantly higher accumulated raindrop kinetic energies compared to moist biocrusts, whereas the moisture content within moist crusts did not have a significant influence. Erosion resistance increased significantly with higher slope gradients. The resistance capacities of biocrusts during monsoon and post-monsoon were significantly higher than these of pre-monsoon biocrusts. Our results suggest that the influence of biocrusts can be included into erosion models from an energy point of view. The raindrop kinetic energy resistance capacity provides a potential bridge between biocrust succession and soil erodibility in commonly used erosion models.     

Effects of biological soil crusts on a Mediterranean perennial grass (Stipa tenacissima L.)

In the last decades, there has been a growing interest on evaluating the effects of biological soil crusts (hereafter, biocrusts) on vascular plants. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the influence of biocrusts on Stipa tenacissima, key species in arid and semi-arid environments of the Mediterranean Basin. In fact, we explored the impact of biocrusts removal underneath S. tenacissima on soil chemical properties and leaf mineral uptake. Indeed, we studied the effect of mixed biocrusts on the seed germination of S. tenacissima under laboratory conditions. The research showed a greater availability of soil resources correlated with enhanced leaf nutrient levels of bioessential elements in the presence of intact biocrusts compared to fragmented biocrusts underneath S. tenacissima tussocks. We suggest that this is related to the loss of soil moisture as a result of biocrusts removal. In addition, we found that mixed biocrusts favored seed germination and viability of S. tenacissima. By improving soil chemical properties and leaf nutrient uptake, biocrusts can provide enhanced growth conditions for Stipa tenacissima. These findings with the positive effect on seed germination suggest that biocrusts can be used in the restoration of S. tenacissima.     

黄土高原丘陵区生物结皮土壤的斥水性

采用滴水穿透时间法和酒精溶液入渗法,研究了黄土高原丘陵区浅色藻结皮、深色藻结皮、藻+少量藓结皮、藓+少量藻结皮、藓结皮5种不同发育阶段的原状生物结皮土壤的斥水性及其与土壤含水量的关系.结果表明: 生物结皮增加了土壤的斥水性,其斥水强度和持久性均显著增加.生物结皮土壤的斥水性随生物结皮的演替逐渐降低,当生物结皮中藓类植物盖度在20%以上时,斥水持久性显著低于藻结皮.生物结皮土壤的斥水性与土壤含水量及优势种密切相关,藓类生物结皮土壤的斥水性随着含水量的降低逐渐增加,藻类生物结皮土壤的斥水性随含水量的变化呈双峰曲线.     

生物土壤结皮演替对土壤生态化学计量特征的影响

生物土壤结皮(生物结皮)是干旱半干旱地区重要的地表覆被物,能够固定碳氮,影响养分循环,从而可能引起土壤化学计量特征的变化。以黄土丘陵区不同演替阶段生物结皮为研究对象,研究该区生态恢复初期生物结皮演替对土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及其化学计量特征的影响。结果表明:(1)生物结皮显著增加了生物结皮层C、N、P含量,后期藓结皮较初期藻结皮C、N、P含量分别增加了161%、127%和9%,均显著高于其下0—10 cm土壤;(2)土壤C/N随着生物结皮演替变化较小,范围为10.0—11.8,C/P和N/P在演替后期分别是初期的2.4倍和2.1倍,均显著高于其下0—10 cm土壤;(3)生物结皮土壤C/N、C/P与N/P受坡向影响较大,并与藓生物量显著正相关,与土壤容重显著负相关;(4)生物结皮显著影响土壤C、N、P含量及其化学计量特征,使生物结皮层显著不同于其下层土壤及裸地;(5)生物结皮演替加速表层土壤养分恢复,影响程度可至其下2 cm土层。研究初次从土壤化学计量特征的角度揭示生物结皮对土壤养分循环的贡献,对干旱半干旱地区生态修复和管理具有指导意义。     

生物土壤结皮对雨滴动能的响应及削减作用

在野外调查采样的基础上,采用单滴雨滴法研究了黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区不同类型生物结皮对雨滴动能的响应及削减作用.结果表明:生物结皮对雨滴动能的响应与其生物组成密切相关,击穿1 cm厚浅色藻结皮和80％盖度藓结皮的累积雨滴动能分别为0.99 J和75.56 J;相同组成的生物结皮对雨滴动能的响应与其生物量有关,生物量越大,击穿生物结皮所需累积雨滴动能越大;当藻结皮叶绿素a含量(表征藻结皮生物量)从3.32 μg·g-1增至3.73 μg·g-1时,对应的雨滴动能则由0.99 J增至2.17 J;当藓结皮的生物量从2.03 g·dm-2升至4.73 g·dm-2时,其对应的雨滴动能由6.08 J增至75.56 J;生物结皮演替过程中对雨滴动能的响应呈“S”形曲线变化.不同生物量的藻结皮对雨滴动能耐受能力的差异不显著;随单位面积苔藓生物量的增加,藓结皮对雨滴动能的耐受能力显著增加.藓结皮对雨滴动能的耐受能力在生物量2.03～4.73 g·dm-2之间呈线性增加;当藓结皮平均生物量达3.70 g·dm-2时,可以抗击62.03 J的雨滴动能.生物结皮对雨滴动能有显著的削弱作用,且这种削弱作用随着生物量的增加而增加.     

黄土丘陵区不同类型生物结皮下的土壤生态化学计量特征

生物结皮在土壤养分累积和循环中起着重要作用.本研究以黄土丘陵区浅色藻结皮、深色藻结皮、藻藓混合结皮、藓结皮、地衣结皮和普通念珠藻结皮6类典型生物结皮为对象,分析不同类型生物结皮土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及其化学计量学特征,研究不同类型生物结皮对土壤养分的影响.结果表明:不同类型生物结皮土壤C、N、P、C/N、C/P、N/P差异显著;生物结皮层C、N、P、C/N、C/P、N/P均显著高于0~10 cm土层土壤.6类生物结皮土壤C、N含量均随土层加深而下降,P含量受土层深度影响较小.对于生物结皮层,藓结皮C、N、P含量分别为27.07、2.42、0.67 g·kg^-1,显著高于其他类型生物结皮.念珠藻结皮的0~2 cm土层土壤C、N、P、C/N、C/P、N/P显著高于其他类型生物结皮.     

Response and resilience of soil biocrust bacterial communities to chronic physical disturbance in arid shrublands

The impact of 10 years of annual foot trampling on soil biocrusts was examined in replicated field experiments at three cold desert sites of the Colorado Plateau, USA. Trampling detrimentally impacted lichens and mosses, and the keystone cyanobacterium, Microcoleus vaginatus, resulting in increased soil erosion and reduced C and N concentrations in surface soils. Trampled biocrusts contained approximately half as much extractable DNA and 20–52% less chlorophyll a when compared with intact biocrusts at each site. Two of the three sites also showed a decline in scytonemin-containing, diazotrophic cyanobacteria in trampled biocrusts. 16S rRNA gene sequence and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analyses of soil bacteria from untrampled and trampled biocrusts demonstrated a reduced proportion (23–65% reduction) of M. vaginatus and other Cyanobacteria in trampled plots. In parallel, other soil bacterial species that are natural residents of biocrusts, specifically members of the Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi and Bacteroidetes, became more readily detected in trampled than in untrampled biocrusts. Replicate 16S rRNA T-RFLP profiles from trampled biocrusts at all three sites contained significantly more fragments (n=17) than those of untrampled biocrusts (n⩽6) and exhibited much higher variability among field replicates, indicating transition to an unstable disturbed state. Despite the dramatic negative impacts of trampling on biocrust physical structure and composition, M. vaginatus could still be detected in surface soils after 10 years of annual trampling, suggesting the potential for biocrust re-formation over time. Physical damage of biocrusts, in concert with changing temperature and precipitation patterns, has potential to alter performance of dryland ecosystems for decades.     

黄土高原蓝藻和藓类生物结皮对草本植物多样性及生物量的影响

生物结皮在干旱和半干旱气候区占据了广阔的生态位,深刻影响草本植物的空间格局,但其影响程度和作用途径目前仍存有争议。分别以黄土高原风沙土和黄绵土上的蓝藻结皮和藓结皮为对象,以无结皮为对照,通过样方法调查并测定了生物结皮与无结皮样地中草本植物的多样性和生物量,继而结合灰色关联分析和结构方程模型,对比分析了两类生物结皮对草本植物多样性和生物量的影响程度及作用途径。结果表明：（1）风沙土上,无结皮样地的优势科为禾本科和菊科,蓝藻结皮样地的优势科为藜科,藓结皮样地的优势科为禾本科,而黄绵土上无结皮样地的优势科为菊科、禾本科和豆科,蓝藻结皮样地的优势科与无结皮相似,藓结皮样地的优势科为禾本科和菊科;（2）与无结皮相比,风沙土上蓝藻结皮和藓结皮样地中多年生草本的株数分别增加了30%和16%,而黄绵土上两类生物结皮样地中多年生草本株数则分别增加了44%和减少了46%;（3）与无结皮相比,风沙土上蓝藻结皮和藓结皮样地中草本植物的Patrick和Shannon指数分别降低了1.0、0.2和3.4、0.5;而黄绵土上蓝藻结皮和藓结皮样地中两种多样性指数分别降低了4.8、0.2和4.2、0.4;（4）风沙土上蓝藻结皮和藓结皮样地的草本植物生物量比无结皮减少了111.5 g/m²和145.0 g/m²,而在黄绵土上则分别减少了127.8 g/m²和172.2 g/m²;（5）灰色关联分析显示,土壤穿透阻力对草本植物的多样性影响最大（关联系数分别为0.960和0.996）,而NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N含量对草本植物的生物量影响最大（两种土壤上关联系数分别为0.727和0.752）。综上,黄土高原生物结皮显著降低了草本植物的多样性和生物量,其途径为通过增加土壤穿透阻力以降低草本植物的种子萌发几率并限制幼苗根系伸展,同时通过土壤氮竞争限制了草本植物生长。     

黄土丘陵区生物结皮坡面产流产沙与其分布格局的关联

生物结皮在黄土丘陵区退耕地广泛发育,并在干扰等因素下形成不同分布格局。为明确生物结皮分布格局对坡面产流产沙的影响,采用模拟降雨试验研究了生物结皮条带状、棋盘状和随机3种分布格局对坡面产流产沙的影响,借助景观生态学方法,计算了生物结皮斑块的分布格局指数,解析了生物结皮分布格局与坡面产流产沙的关联。结果表明,（1）生物结皮分布格局显著影响坡面初始产流时间、径流率和土壤侵蚀速率。相同盖度条件下,生物结皮坡面的随机分布格局较带状和棋盘式分布格局显著降低了坡面径流量和产沙量,其径流率与土壤侵蚀速率分别是带状格局的71.7%、12.9%,是棋盘格局的89.6%、31.8%。（2）坡面径流率与生物结皮斑块最大斑块指数、斑块连结度呈极显著负相关,与分离度呈极显著正相关,与景观分裂指数呈显著正相关。（3）土壤侵蚀速率与生物结皮斑块最大斑块指数、斑块连结度呈显著负相关,与景观分裂指数、分离度呈显著正相关。（4）坡面径流率（Y₁）和土壤侵蚀速率（Y₂）与分离度（SPLIT,Splitting Index）的关系式为：Y₁=1.116+0.017SPLIT,R²：0.957;Y₂=22.767+17.936SPLIT,R²：0.801。（5）以上结果表明分布格局主要是通过影响生物结皮在坡面的分离度进而影响坡面产流产沙,随着生物结皮斑块分离度增大,生物结皮斑块破碎度增大,坡面产流产沙增多。从分布格局的角度解析了生物结皮对产流、产沙的影响,量化了生物结皮坡面径流率与侵蚀率与格局指数之间的关系,为量化认识生物结皮的水土保持功能提供了科学依据。     

沙埋对干旱沙区真藓结皮层细菌群落结构和多样性的影响

作为干旱沙区常见干扰之一的沙埋显著影响着生物结皮的结构和功能,但其内在的生物学机理还不清楚。利用高通量测序技术,通过对0(对照)、0.5(浅层)、2和10mm(深层)沙埋处理后的腾格里沙漠东南缘沙坡头地区真藓(Bryum argenteum)结皮层细菌群落物种组成与丰度的测定,研究了沙埋对真藓结皮层细菌群落结构和多样性的影响。结果表明:(1)共检测到沙坡头地区真藓结皮层细菌38门106纲181属,以放线菌、变形菌、蓝藻、浮霉菌、拟杆菌和酸杆菌等为主(占细菌群落的78.4%—83.0%);(2)PCA分析表明沙埋导致该地区真藓结皮层细菌群落结构组成发生明显改变。无沙埋时,真藓结皮层细菌群落中相对丰度最高的是蓝藻(18.6%),随着沙埋厚度的增加,依次变为变形菌(21.5%,沙埋厚度0.5mm)、浮霉菌(21.5%,沙埋厚度2mm)和放线菌(23.3%,沙埋厚度10mm);浅层沙埋显著增加了真藓结皮层细菌群落中光合菌、固氮菌和产菌丝体细菌等关键功能菌的丰度,但深层沙埋降低了它们的丰度;(3)沙埋显著增加了真藓结皮层细菌群落多样性(P0.05)和物种丰富度(P0.05),0.5mm沙埋后的细菌群落丰富度指数最高,2mm沙埋后的结皮层细菌群落多样性指数最高。揭示了沙埋对干旱沙区真藓结皮层细菌群落结构与多样性的影响,为深入理解沙埋对沙区生物结皮结构和生态功能影响的生物学机制提供了一定的理论依据。     

黄土高原封禁林地藓结皮呼吸速率对放牧踩踏干扰强度的响应

放牧踩踏造成的土壤属性变化是引起土壤呼吸速率和碳固排波动的重要原因,但目前有关不同强度放牧踩踏对生物结皮呼吸的影响尚不明确。本研究针对黄土高原风沙土发育的藓结皮,以未干扰为对照,分别进行强度为10%、30%、50%和70%的模拟放牧踩踏干扰,连续测定了藓结皮呼吸速率的变化,分析了藓结皮呼吸速率对不同干扰强度的响应规律。结果表明: 1)适度干扰会激发藓结皮呼吸速率,而重度干扰则会抑制其呼吸速率。与未干扰相比,干扰10%和30%的藓结皮呼吸速率分别增加了41.1%和22.2%,而干扰50%和70%的藓结皮呼吸速率则分别降低了8.9%和15.3%。2)踩踏干扰显著改变了土壤温度,但对土壤含水量的影响不显著。与未干扰相比,干扰10%和30%的土壤温度分别显著降低了0.4和1.2 ℃,干扰50%和70%则分别显著增加了1.1和1.0 ℃。3)不同干扰强度下藓结皮呼吸速率与土壤温度和含水量分别呈显著指数和线性正相关关系,但与藓结皮基本特性无显著相关关系,土壤温度和水分可分别解释藓结皮呼吸速率动态变化的70.6%～96.3%和49.1%～70.0%。综上,放牧踩踏显著影响了藓结皮呼吸速率,短期适度放牧踩踏会激发藓结皮呼吸速率,而过度放牧踩踏则会抑制其呼吸速率。因此,在未来黄土高原地区土壤碳收支平衡研究中应考虑不同强度放牧踩踏对生物结皮呼吸的影响。     

黄土丘陵区生物结皮群落组成与水分入渗的关系

黄土丘陵区坡面尺度生物结皮多是由藻、藓和地衣等以不同比例、不同方式组合的一个复杂群落结构,显著影响水分入渗,但目前混合生物结皮水分入渗与其群落结构之间的关系仍不清楚,妨碍了对坡面尺度生物结皮土壤渗透性的评估。本研究测定了藻结皮、藓结皮及藓结皮盖度分别为<15%、15%～30%、30%～45%、45%～60%、＞60% 5个不同藻藓比例的混合生物结皮的稳定入渗速率,采用主成分分析和通径分析揭示混合生物结皮水分稳定入渗速率的影响因素,明确混合生物结皮水分稳定入渗速率与群落结构之间的关系。结果表明: 藻结皮和藓结皮土壤饱和导水率分别为0.66和2.40 mm·min^-1。藓结皮盖度从<15%到>60%的混合生物结皮的稳定入渗速率为0.80～2.30 mm·min^-1。混合生物结皮水分稳定入渗速率主要与藓结皮盖度和藓结皮改善的土壤孔隙结构密切相关,相关系数分别为0.636(P=0.011)和0.835(P=0.000)。通过藻结皮和藓结皮土壤饱和导水率与盖度加权预测的混合生物结皮水分入渗量(y)与混合生物结皮实测水分入渗量(x)具有极显著相关关系(r=0.945),二者拟合的线性函数为y=0.85x(R²=0.98,P<0.05)。本研究明确了混合生物结皮水分入渗与单一组成生物结皮水分入渗之间的关系,为准确评估该区生物结皮水文过程提供了科学依据。     

混合生物结皮对土壤养分的影响与群落结构之关联——以黄土丘陵区的生物结皮为例

自然条件下生物结皮是藻、藓及地衣等结皮类型以不同比例组成的混合群落,显著影响土壤养分含量,目前混合生物结皮对土壤养分的影响与其群落结构的关系尚不清楚,限制了混合生物结皮土壤养分的评估。为此,研究通过测定单一组成的藻结皮、藓结皮以及80%藻+20%藓、60%藻+40%藓、40%藻+60%藓和20%藻+80%藓4个不同藻藓比例的混合生物结皮土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、速效磷、铵态氮和硝态氮含量,研究了混合生物结皮土壤养分与其群落结构之间的关联。结果显示：(1)藓结皮层土壤有机碳、全氮、速效磷、铵态氮和硝态氮含量显著高于藻结皮,分别高出166.4%、77.2%、55.1%、56.2%和42.2%。(2)藻藓混合生物结皮土壤有机碳、全氮、速效磷和铵态氮含量与组成和盖度等结构特征有关,可以通过单一类型生物结皮土壤养分含量与盖度加权预测混合生物结皮土壤养分储量。(3)混合生物结皮土壤有机碳、全氮、速效磷和铵态氮储量实测值(x)与预测值(y)拟合的线性函数分别为y=0.97x、y=0.96x、y=1.18x和y=0.92x。(4)混合生物结皮对全磷和硝态氮含量的影响与群落结构无关。生物结皮对下层0—5 ...     

毛乌素沙地生物土壤结皮对油蒿水分吸收的影响模拟

植物可利用水分是决定沙生灌木生长的主要因子,生物土壤结皮(简称生物结皮)在降雨期影响降水入渗,而在干旱期改变土壤蒸发,从而影响土壤水分分布,最终可能影响灌木水分吸收。然而,关于不同降水条件下生物结皮对灌木水分吸收和水分胁迫的影响机制认识不清。以油蒿为研究对象,基于试验数据和1990—2019年气象数据,采用数学模拟,定量研究了毛乌素沙地不同降水条件下生物结皮对土壤水分分布和油蒿水分吸收的影响,评价干旱期生物结皮对油蒿水分胁迫的影响。结果表明：与无结皮处理相比,生物结皮处理的土壤蒸发降低了5.1%;生物结皮改善了干旱期的土壤水分条件;生物结皮降低了植物水分胁迫的比例,平均降低比例为8.1%;生物结皮提高了植物水分吸收,平均增加比例为12.8%;生物结皮和对照植物水分吸收的比值随季节降水量的增加而降低,均值为1.13。综上,生物结皮的出现并未消极地影响沙生灌木的水分吸收。研究结果有助于理解生物结皮与灌木的共生或竞争关系。     

Microbial inoculum production for biocrust restoration: testing the effects of a common substrate versus native soils on yield and community composition

Human activities are causing unprecedented disturbances in terrestrial ecosystems across the globe. To reverse soil deterioration in drylands, a promising tool is the ex situ cultivation of biological soil crusts, topsoil geobiological assemblages that provide key ecosystem services. One approach is to transplant biocrusts cultivated in greenhouse nursery facilities into degraded sites to accelerate recovery. Lichen‐ and moss‐dominated biocrusts have been successfully grown using a common, sandy soil. We compared the use of a common, sandy soil versus native soils as a substrate for the cultivation of cyanobacteria‐dominated biocrusts. In greenhouse experiments, we inoculated natural biocrusts collected from three Southwestern USA dryland sites on to either a common, sandy soil or on their respective native soils. The common substrate resulted in a moderate enhancement of growth yield relative to native soils. While changes in bacterial phyla composition remained low in all cases, the use of a common substrate introduced larger shifts in cyanobacterial community composition than did using native soils. The shift increase attributable to the common, sandy soil was not catastrophic—and typical cyanobacteria of field biocrusts remained dominant—unless textural differences between the common substrate and native soils were marked. Because collecting native soils adds a significant effort to growing cyanobacterial biocrusts in greenhouses for restoration purposes, the use of a common, sandy substrate may be considered by land managers as a standard practice. But we recommend to regularly monitor the composition of the grown biomass.     

东北黑土区农田生物结皮的特征及其对表层土壤崩解的影响

于作物生长季对东北黑土区典型农田中生物结皮的发育特征(类型、物种、厚度、覆盖度、生物量)进行分析,并使用数显推拉力计测定比较了无结皮土壤与不同生物量(以叶绿素含量表征,分别为5～15、15～25、25～35、35～50 mg·g^-1)生物结皮层中土壤的崩解差异。结果表明: 1)东北黑土区农田中发育有藻和藓两类生物结皮,其中,毛枝藻和细叶真藓最为多见;藻结皮的厚度和生物量显著小于藓结皮,并总体上呈现由藻结皮逐渐向藓结皮演替的趋势。2)农田生物结皮的覆盖度、厚度和生物量与耕作扰动的频率和强度呈负相关,传统耕作农田中其平均覆盖度、厚度和叶绿素含量仅为27.8%、1.52 mm和6.49 mg·g^-1,但在免耕地中可增加至83.5%、2.74 mm和34.16 mg·g^-1。3)生物结皮显著削弱了土壤崩解作用,与无结皮土壤相比,4种生物量下生物结皮的土壤崩解速率分别显著降低了43.1%、50.1%、55.5%和59.8%,土壤最大崩解率分别显著降低了11.4%、17.7%、33.2%和36.6%。4)土壤崩解速率和最大崩解率均与生物结皮的厚度和生物量呈显著负相关,即生物结皮对土壤崩解的影响主要缘于其在发育过程中自身特性的改善及其覆盖后对表层土壤物理性质的改变。综上,随着保护性耕作技术推广后耕作扰动的减少,生物结皮在东北黑土区农田中有较高的发育潜力,它们发育后能削弱表层土壤崩解、提高土壤抗冲性,对农田土壤侵蚀防治具有积极意义。     

The Role of Biological Soil Crusts in Nitrogen Cycling and Soil Stabilization in Kangerlussuaq,West Greenland

Ecosystems - Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) naturally coexist with vascular plants in many dryland ecosystems. Although most studies of dryland biocrusts have been conducted in warm deserts,...     

秦岭石生苔藓结皮的微生物群落组成和多样性特征北大核心CSCD

苔藓结皮是地表重要的活性覆盖物,具有改善土壤性状、固土持水、固碳固氮等多种生态功能,微生物群落是苔藓结皮发挥生态功能的主要成分。为了探究湿润区石生苔藓结皮的微生物群落组成及其多样性特征,揭示其发育形成机制以及功能机理,该研究以秦岭北麓的泥峪、车峪、骆峪5个样地的石生苔藓结皮为研究对象,利用高通量测序技术,分析了石生苔藓结皮层的微生物群落组成、丰度、多样性,并测定分析养分与微生物群落的关系,为裸露岩石创面的生态修复提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)秦岭石生苔藓结皮层的全氮和有机质含量在4.16~8.26 g/kg、89.44~131.05 g/kg之间,且样点间均差异显著;全磷和全钾含量较低,分别为0.88~1.21 g/kg和13.50~18.10 g/kg。(2)秦岭石生苔藓结皮层中细菌占微生物群落组成的80%以上,且细菌的多样性也远高于真菌;其中细菌优势菌群为变形菌门(Proteobateria)、拟杆菌门(Bateroidetes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria),真菌优势菌群为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和被孢霉菌门(Mortierellomycota)。(3)冗余分析(RDA)显示,全钾和有机质对优势细菌群落结构影响显著,变形菌和拟杆菌适宜生活在湿度大、营养状况良好的基质中;全磷和有机质对优势真菌群落结构影响显著,被孢霉菌门在低磷基质中更具生长优势。研究发现,细菌是秦岭石生苔藓结皮层的优势菌群,与旱区土生状况相比,秦岭石生苔藓结皮层的放线菌和酸杆菌的含量有所下降,而拟杆菌含量显著增加;对于真菌而言,子囊菌门和担子菌门的相对丰度明显减少,被孢菌门丰度显著增加;有机质是影响结皮层微生物群落组成最主要的养分因子,丰富的养分使湿润区石生苔藓结皮层的微生物群落结构更加复杂多样、物种组成更加丰富。     

Trade-off between C and N recycling and N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O emissions of soils with summer cover crops in subtropical agrosystems

Aims

Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) are soil-surface communities in drylands, dominated by cyanobacteria, mosses, and lichens. They provide key ecosystem functions by increasing soil stability and influencing soil hydrologic, nutrient, and carbon cycles. Because of this, methods to reestablish biocrusts in damaged drylands are needed. Here we test the reintroduction of field-collected vs. greenhouse-cultured biocrusts for rehabilitation.

Methods

We collected biocrusts for 1) direct reapplication, and 2) artificial cultivation under varying hydration regimes. We added field-collected and cultivated biocrusts (with and without hardening treatments) to bare field plots and monitored establishment.

Results

Both field-collected and cultivated cyanobacteria increased cover dramatically during the experimental period. Cultivated biocrusts established more rapidly than field-collected biocrusts, attaining ~82% cover in only one year, but addition of field-collected biocrusts led to higher species richness, biomass (as assessed by chlorophyll a) and level of development. Mosses and lichens did not establish well in either case, but late successional cover was affected by hardening and culture conditions.

Conclusions

This study provides further evidence that it is possible to culture biocrust components from later successional materials and reestablish cultured organisms in the field. However, more research is needed into effective reclamation techniques.