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1.
Cesaltina Lorenzoni Alba Vilajeliu Carla Carrilho Mamudo R. Ismail Paola Castillo Orvalho Augusto Alberto L. García-Basteiro Mohsin Sidat Silvia de Sanjosé Clara Menéndez Jaume Ordi 《PloS one》2015,10(6)
Background
Very limited information is available regarding the incidence of cancer in sub-Saharan Africa. We analyzed changes in cancer patterns from 1991 to 2008 in Maputo (Mozambique).Methods
We calculated the rates of incidence of different cancer sites by sex in the 5-year age-group of the population of Maputo city as well as age-standardized rates (ASRs) and average annual percentage changes (AAPC).Results
Over the 18-year study period a total of 12,674 cases of cancer (56.9% females) were registered with an overall increase in the risk of cancer in both sexes. In males, the most common cancers were those of the prostate, Kaposi sarcoma (KS) and the liver. Prostate cancer showed the most dramatic increase over the whole study period (AAPC +11.3%; 95% CI: 9.7–13.0), with an ASR of 61.7 per 105 in 2003–2008. In females, the most frequent cancers were of the uterine cervix, the breast and KS, with the former increasing along the whole study period (AAPC + 4.7%; 95% CI: 3.4–6) with an ASR of 62.0 per 105 in 2003–2008 as well as breast cancer (AAPC +6.5%; 95%CI: 4.3–8.7).Conclusions
Overall, the risk of cancer rose in both sexes during the study period, particularly among cancers associated with westernization of lifestyles (prostate, breast), combined with increasingly rising incidences or limited changes in cancers associated with infection and poverty (uterine cervix, liver). Moreover, the burden of AIDS-associated cancers has shown a marked increase. 相似文献2.
BackgroundIt is known that socioeconomic status (SES) influences the outcome of cancer treatment and this could partly be explained by decreased use of cancer screening services by people of lower SES. Many studies have indicated that low SES, including low educational attainment or unstable employment, was related to nonparticipation in cancer screening. However, studies investigating trends in SES inequalities within cancer screening participation are limited. Our objective was to examine trends in SES inequalities in cervical, breast, and colorectal cancer screening participation among women in Japan between 2010 and 2019.MethodsWe analyzed 189,442, 168,571, 163,341, and 150,828 women in 2010, 2013, 2016, and 2019 respectively, using nationally representative cross-sectional surveys. The main outcome variables are participation in each cancer screening. We used educational attainment and employment status as measures for SES. Multivariable logistic regression analysis, adjusted for age, marital status, educational attainment, and employment status was performed to evaluate the associations between SES and nonparticipation in each cancer screening.ResultsOverall participation rates in each cancer screening increased between 2010 and 2019. Low educational attainment and non-permanent employment status were related to nonparticipation in each cancer screening and inequality according to employment status increased within each screening participation during the study period. For example, dispatched workers were more likely to not participate in cervical cancer screening than permanent workers: in 2010, [aOR 1.11 95 %CI: 1.01 –1.21], and in 2019, [aOR 1.46 95 %CI: 1.34–1.60]. The inequality was greatest in colorectal cancer screening nonparticipation, followed by breast and cervical screening.ConclusionsAlthough the participation rates in each cancer screening have increased, inequality in participation in terms of employment status widened among women in Japan between 2010 and 2019. Reducing inequalities in cancer screening participation is essential for cancer screening intervention policies. 相似文献
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Allometric equations to estimate aboveground biomass (AGB) and plant part biomasses (PPB) of three mangrove species, Rhizophora mangle, Avicennia schaueriana, and Laguncularia racemosa, were determined in Itamaracá, Pernambuco, Brazil (7°48′44″S and 34°49′39″W). Twenty-three to thirty-six trees of each species,
ranging in height (H) from 1.6 to 11.8 m and in diameter, at breast height or above prop roots (D), from 2 to 21 cm, were
measured, cut, and separated into stems, branches, leaves, and prop roots. Biomass proportions in each tree part were similar
among species, excluding prop roots: stems 37–47%, branches 41–46%, and leaves 11–17%. Prop roots represented 37% of AGB in
R. mangle. Tree size had a significant but not large influence on biomass distribution among plant parts: as stem diameters increased
the proportions allocated to leaves decreased and those to stems and branches increased. AGB and PPB were significantly related
to D and D2 × H and the best fittings were obtained with power equations. A few equations from literature fitted the data reasonably
well for AGB of one or two of the species but resulted in large errors for the others. Applying the equations to previous
measurements of tree diameters in a sample area, AGB for the mangrove site was estimated at 105 Mg ha−1, with 78, 19, and 3% corresponding to biomasses of R. mangle, L. racemosa, and A. schaeuriana trees, respectively. 相似文献
5.
Carter B 《Bioethics forum》2002,18(3-4):29-35
In the United Kingdom (England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland) children and their best interests are protected through a range of best practice initiatives, and legislation and guidance at country, national, European, and global levels. Some of the recent commitment by the government may be the result of enlightened thinking, but some of it has resulted from the aftermath of at least two major healthcare incidents. This article reviews the UK's recent national and international efforts to protect its thirteen million children and ensure that their voices are heard. 相似文献
6.
Margarete Arras Adelheid Höche Rainer Bohle Peter Eckert Walter Riedel Jutta Schaper 《Cell and tissue research》1996,285(1):39-49
The relationship between myonuclear number, cellular size, succinate dehydrogenase activity, and myosin type was examined in single fiber segments (n=54; 9±3 mm long) mechanically dissected from soleus and plantaris muscles of adult rats. One end of each fiber segment was stained for DNA before quantitative photometric analysis of succinate dehydrogenase activity; the other end was double immunolabelled with fast and slow myosin heavy chain monoclonal antibodies. Mean±S.D. cytoplasmic volume/myonucleus ratio was higher in fast and slow plantaris fibers (112±69 vs. 34±21x103 m3) than fast and slow soleus fibers (40±20 vs. 30±14x103 m3), respectively. Slow fibers always had small volumes/myonucleus, regardless of fiber diameter, succinate dehydrogenase activity, or muscle of origin. In contrast, smaller diameter (<70 m) fast soleus and plantaris fibers with high succinate dehydrogenase activity appeared to have low volumes/myonucleus while larger diameter (>70 m) fast fibers with low succinate dehydrogenase activity always had large volume/myonucleus. Slow soleus fibers had significantly greater numbers of myonuclei/mm than did either fast soleus or fast plantaris fibers (116±51 vs. 55±22 and 44±23), respectively. These data suggest that the myonuclear domain is more limited in slow than fast fibers and in the fibers with a high, compared to a low, oxidative metabolic capability. 相似文献
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《International journal for parasitology》2014,44(14):1055-1062
Schistosomiasis is an important public health problem, with high morbidity and mortality in endemic countries. We analysed the epidemiological characteristics and time trends of schistosomiasis-related mortality in Brazil. We performed a nationwide study based on official mortality data obtained from the Brazilian Mortality Information System. We included all deaths in Brazil between 2000 and 2011, in which schistosomiasis was mentioned on the death certificate as an underlying or associated cause of death (multiple causes of death). We calculated crude and age-adjusted mortality rates (per 100,000 inhabitants), and proportional mortality rates. Trends over time were assessed using joinpoint regression models. Over the 12-year study period, 12,491,280 deaths were recorded in Brazil. Schistosomiasis was mentioned in 8,756 deaths, including in 6,319 (72.2%) as an underlying cause and in 2,437 (27.8%) as an associated cause. The average annual age-adjusted mortality rate was 0.49 deaths/100,000 inhabitants (95% confidence interval: 0.46–0.52) and proportional mortality rate was 0.070% (95% confidence interval: 0.069–0.072). Males (0.53 deaths/100,000 inhabitants), those aged ⩾70 years (3.41 deaths/100,000 inhabitants), those of brown race/colour (0.44 deaths/100,000 inhabitants), and residents in the Northeast region of Brazil (1.19 deaths/100,000 inhabitants) had the highest schistosomiasis-related death rates. Age-adjusted mortality rates showed a significant decrease at a national level (Annual Percent Change: −2.8%; 95% confidence interval: −4.2 to −2.4) during the studied period. We observed decreasing mortality rates in the Northeast (Annual Percent Change: −2.5%; 95% confidence interval: −4.2 to −0.8), Southeast (Annual Percent Change: −2.2%; 95% confidence interval: −3.6 to −0.9), and Central-West (Annual Percent Change: −7.9%; 95% confidence interval: −11.3 to −4.3) regions, while the rates remained stable in the North and South regions. Despite the reduced mortality, schistosomiasis is still a neglected cause of death in Brazil, with considerable regional differences. Sustainable control measures should focus on increased coverage, and intensified and tailored control measures, to prevent the occurrence of severe forms of schistosomiasis and associated deaths. 相似文献
9.
Rashid Uz Zaman A. S. M. Alamgir Mustafizur Rahman Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner Emily S. Gurley M. Abu Yushuf Sharker W. Abdullah Brooks Tasnim Azim Alicia M. Fry Stephen Lindstrom Larisa V. Gubareva Xiyan Xu Rebecca J. Garten M. Jahangir Hossain Salah Uddin Khan Labib Imran Faruque Syeda Shegufta Ameer Alexander I. Klimov Mahmudur Rahman Stephen P. Luby 《PloS one》2009,4(12)
Background
Recent population-based estimates in a Dhaka low-income community suggest that influenza was prevalent among children. To explore the epidemiology and seasonality of influenza throughout the country and among all age groups, we established nationally representative hospital-based surveillance necessary to guide influenza prevention and control efforts.Methodolgy/Principal Findings
We conducted influenza-like illness and severe acute respiratory illness sentinel surveillance in 12 hospitals across Bangladesh during May 2007–December 2008. We collected specimens from 3,699 patients, 385 (10%) which were influenza positive by real time RT-PCR. Among the sample-positive patients, 192 (51%) were type A and 188 (49%) were type B. Hemagglutinin subtyping of type A viruses detected 137 (71%) A/H1 and 55 (29%) A/H3, but no A/H5 or other novel influenza strains. The frequency of influenza cases was highest among children aged under 5 years (44%), while the proportions of laboratory confirmed cases was highest among participants aged 11–15 (18%). We applied kriging, a geo-statistical technique, to explore the spatial and temporal spread of influenza and found that, during 2008, influenza was first identified in large port cities and then gradually spread to other parts of the country. We identified a distinct influenza peak during the rainy season (May–September).Conclusions/Significance
Our surveillance data confirms that influenza is prevalent throughout Bangladesh, affecting a wide range of ages and causing considerable morbidity and hospital care. A unimodal influenza seasonality may allow Bangladesh to time annual influenza prevention messages and vaccination campaigns to reduce the national influenza burden. To scale-up such national interventions, we need to quantify the national rates of influenza and the economic burden associated with this disease through further studies. 相似文献10.
Colantonio S Fuster V Küffer C 《Human biology; an international record of research》2007,79(5):491-500
Surnames analysis is useful for populations in which only written documents remain, as is the case for historical populations. In Córdoba province, Argentina, census records contain nominal data of inhabitants, including information on sex, age, ethnosocial category, civil status, occupation, place of birth, and residence, that can be analyzed using surnames. Relationship indicators within and among ecclesiastic units in Córdoba were estimated by isonymy for the adult white population registered in the 1813 census. The Rii, Rij, and R(ST) coefficients and the surname abundance indicator (a) were calculated. Lasker's distances among categories of population units were used to cluster the 16 provincial population categories. Gradients for kinship within population and for surname diversity were in agreement with the principal areas and waves of original settlement in the province. The main population clusters reflect those areas, whereas minor clusters coincide with the network of roads existing in the territory by 1813. The structure of the white population in Córdoba province was determined by the geographic location of the original waves of settlement, and it followed a pattern of relationships conditioned by the routes connecting population units in the Colonial period. 相似文献
11.
Theanine (γ-glutamylethylamide) is one of the major amino acid components in green tea and can pass through the blood-brain
barrier. Recent studies suggest that theanine affects the mammalian central nervous system; however, the detailed mechanism
remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated the effect of theanine on neurotransmission in the brain striatum by in vivo
brain microdialysis. Theanine injection into the rat brain striatum did not increase the concentration of excitatory neurotransmitters
in the perfusate. On the other hand, theanine injection increased the concentration of glycine in the perfusate. Because it
has been reported that theanine promotes dopamine release in the rat striatum, we investigated the glycine and dopamine concentrations
in the perfusate. Co-injection of glycine receptor antagonist, strychnine, reduced theanine-induced changes in dopamine. Moreover,
AMPA receptor antagonist, which regulates glycine and GABA release from glia cells, inhibited these effects of theanine and
this result was in agreement with the known inhibitory effect of theanine at AMPA receptors. 相似文献
12.
Parental Monitoring,Parent-Adolescent Communication,and Adolescents’ Trust in Their Parents in China
Purpose
Trust is an important aspect of interpersonal relationships, but little is known about adolescents’ interpersonal trust. The aim of the present study was to examine the associations among parental monitoring, parent-adolescent communication, and adolescents’ trust in their parents in China.Methods
Data in this study were collected as part of the cross-sectional study of children in China. 3349 adolescents (female 48.6%, age range of 12–15 years) were randomly selected from 35 secondary schools in April, 2009 and administered to the Adolescent Interpersonal Trust Scale, the Parental Monitoring Scale, and the Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale.Results
Adolescents’ trust in their parents was positively related to parental monitoring and parent-adolescent communication. Furthermore, parent-adolescent communication mediated the association between parental monitoring and adolescents’ trust in their parents. The mediation model fit data of both genders and three age groups equally well.Conclusions
Parental monitoring and parent-adolescent communication play an importance role in fostering adolescents’ trust in their parents. 相似文献13.
Felipe IM Aquino DM Kuppinger O Santos MD Rangel ME Barbosa DS Barral A Werneck GL Caldas Ade J 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2011,106(2):207-211
Leishmania infection in humans, dogs and sandflies was examined in the endemic visceral leishmaniasis (VL) municipality of Raposa, state of Maranh?o, Brazil. In this study, we examined Leishmania chagasi infection in the blood serum of both humans and Canis familiaris and the natural Leishmania sp. infection rate in the sandfly vector, Lutzomyia longipalpis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, indirect immunofluorescence reaction and polymerase chain reaction were performed to detect Leishmania infections in humans, dogs and sandflies, respectively. Overall, 186 out of 986 studied human beings were infected with L. chagasi parasites, representing an infection prevalence of 18.9%. An even higher infection rate was detected in dogs, where 66 (47.8%) out of 138 were infected. Among all Lu. longipalpis captured (n = 1,881), only 26.7% were females. The Leishmania infection frequency for the vector Lu. longipalpis was 1.56%. Remarkably, all infected sandflies were found in the peridomiciliary area. Furthermore, a high incidence of asymptomatic forms of VL in the human and canine populations was observed. The results of this study suggest autochthonous transmission of L. chagasi in this endemic area for visceral leishmaniasis because infection by Leishmania sp. was identified in all important elements of the transmission chain. 相似文献
14.
Ayumi Imanishi Chieko Kitagawa Susumu Nakamura Hiroshi Hashimoto Keizo Tabata Junichi Imanishi Kentaro Murakami Yukihiro Morimoto Mifumi Miyamoto 《Landscape and Ecological Engineering》2007,3(1):67-77
To understand the characteristics and problems of artificial urban ecological environments, we investigated the changes in
herbaceous plants in an urban habitat garden for 9 years after construction and compared the results with 15 remnant semi-natural
green spaces in Kyoto city, Japan. The area of the habitat garden is 0.6 ha and it was constructed approximately 3 km from
the nearest mountains in 1996. From 1996 to 2004, 301 unplanted species, including 218 native species and 83 alien species,
were recorded. Most newly recorded species were recorded in 1998 and the timing of colonization was different from ferns.
The species turnover rate per year decreased from 30.8% in 1998 to 18.5% in 2004. This indicates that established species
in the habitat garden have been gradually determined. In the species recorded in the habitat garden in 2004, the percentage
of high-temperature species, which were relatively departed from the nested pattern of species composition for the 15 green
spaces, was significantly high. It was considered that herbaceous plant succession in the habitat garden was at an early stage,
even though it was 9 years ago since construction. Buried seeds and various environments are likely to contribute to higher
species richness in the habitat garden as compared to remnant green spaces of approximately the same area. On the other hand,
the high percentage of alien species and the low percentages of forest and forest edge species in the habitat garden indicate
the problems of a habitat garden constructed in the center of a city. 相似文献
15.
Oliva D 《Neuro endocrinology letters》2002,23(4):287-288
Pheromones and their receptors are the molecules used by very different organisms in order to join two haploid cells. It happens evidently in yeast, since the two blending haploid cells are also the two mating organisms, whereas in rodents pheromone receptors are the triggers of the vomeronasal system which, supervising sexual behaviors, is responsible for copulation and therefore for fertilization. The debate is still open about the real significance of pheromones in humans but a working vomeronasal organ, able to recognize pheromones of the same sex, could be the simplest biological explanation of homosexuality. This hypothesis is discussed and connected with some well known experimental data. 相似文献
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17.
Lyudmila Boyanova Rossen Kolarov Galina Gergova Liliana Dimitrova Ivan Mitov 《Anaerobe》2010,16(5):489-492
Head-and-neck infections often involve anaerobes such as Prevotella species. Aim of the present study was to assess the evolution and the factors associated with resistance in Prevotella species to penicillin, clindamycin, metronidazole, tetracycline and β-lactams/β-lactamase inhibitors (BL/BLIs). In total, 192 Prevotella strains, isolated from patients with oral and head-and-neck infections, were evaluated. Common isolates were Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella melaninogenica within the pigmented species as well as Prevotella oris and Prevotella oralis group within the non-pigmented species. Overall resistance was 43.2% for penicillin, 10.9% for clindamycin, 0% for metronidazole. Nonsusceptibility to tetracycline was 29.1% without significant differences in resistance rates between pigmented and other species. Penicillin resistant strains were β-lactamase positive. From 2003–2004 to 2007–2009, penicillin resistance rates increased about four-fold (from 15.4% to 60.6%). Clindamycin resistance did not show evolution, whereas tetracycline nonsusceptibility decreased from 43.3% in 2003–2004 to 20.7% in 2007–2009. Except for one (0.5%) P. oralis strain with intermediate susceptibility to BL/BLIs, the other strains were susceptible to the agents. In conclusion, in Prevotella strains from patients with head-and-neck infections, the resistance rate to penicillin increased, that to clindamycin remained stable and the nonsusceptibility rate to tetracycline decreased during the period. Activity against >99% of Prevotella strains was observed with metronidazole and BL/BLIs. The penicillin resistance and tetracycline nonsusceptibility were associated with the year of study, national antibiotic consumption and possibly with previous treatment (for tetracycline). The evolution of penicillin resistance in Prevotella strains was highly dynamic. 相似文献
18.
Zhang X Vallabhaneni R Loughran PA Shapiro R Yin XM Yuan Y Billiar TR 《Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death》2008,13(8):983-992
FADD/MORT1 (The adaptor protein of Fas Associate Death Domain/Mediator of Receptor Induced Toxicity) is essential for signal
transduction of death receptor signaling. We have previously shown that FADD is significantly up-regulated in TNFα/ActD induced
apoptosis. Over-expression of FADD also induces death of lung cancer cells and primary hepatocytes. We hypothesize that the
increase in detectable FADD levels require the proximal steps in apoptotic signaling and speculated that FADD would be redistributed
in cells destined to undergo apoptosis. We show that monomeric non-phosphorylated FADD is up-regulated in hepatocytes treated
with TNFα/ActD and that it accumulates in the cytoplasm. Nuclear phosphorylated FADD decreases with TNFα/ActD treatment. Dimeric
FADD in the cytoplasm remains constant with TNFα/ActD. The change in FADD levels and distribution was dependent on caspase-3,
caspase-8 activity and the presence of BID. Thus, changes in FADD levels and distribution are downstream of caspase activation
and mitochondria changes that are initiated by the formation of the DISC complex. Changes in FADD levels and distribution
may represent a novel feed-forward mechanism to propagate apoptosis signaling in hepatocytes.
Xiaoying Zhang and Raghuveer Vallabhaneni contributed equally to the work. 相似文献
19.
《Mutation Research Letters》1987,190(1):59-62
Cisplatinum [cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)] is one of the most active antitumour agents and its effect is mainly due to the formation of cisplatinum-DNA crosslinks. Formation of cisplatinum-DNA intrastrand crosslinks in nucleated white blood cells of patients was measured, both in (pretreatment) samples exposed in vitro and in cells collected immediately after in vivo exposure to cisplatinum. Large interpatient variations were found. The in vitro results showed a linear correlation with the in vivo data (cc=0.91). The in vitro measurements of crosslinks may allow prediction of response and avoidance of toxicity in individual patients. 相似文献
20.
Interindividual human variation in cisplatinum sensitivity, predictable in an in vitro assay? 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Cisplatinum [cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)] is one of the most active antitumour agents and its effect is mainly due to the formation of cisplatinum-DNA crosslinks. Formation of cisplatinum-DNA intrastrand crosslinks in nucleated white blood cells of patients was measured, both in (pretreatment) samples exposed in vitro and in cells collected immediately after in vivo exposure to cisplatinum. Large interpatient variations were found. The in vitro results showed a linear correlation with the in vivo data (cc = 0.91). The in vitro measurements of crosslinks may allow prediction of response and avoidance of toxicity in individual patients. 相似文献