单种属弥勒苣苔属系统位置研究 基于分子和细胞学数据

弥勒苣苔属是苦苣苔科的单种属,仅分布于中国西南部。为探讨弥勒苣苔在苦苣苔亚科中的系统位置,我们选择了苦苣苔亚科116个类群,外类群为苦苣苔亚科以外的7个物种。用最大简约法（MP）和贝叶斯分析（BI）,对以上类群的核基因ITS以及两个叶绿体基因trnL-F、atpB-rbcL数据进行了独立和联合分析。在三个片段联合分析的结果中,弥勒苣苔与马铃苣苔属、后蕊苣苔属、金盏苣苔属、直瓣苣苔属以及川鄂粗筒苣苔构成一个强烈支持的分枝。MP树中,此分枝为并系,而在BI分析中,弥勒苣苔与川鄂粗筒苣苔、直瓣苣苔属互为姐妹类群。同时,第一次报道了弥勒苣苔的染色体数目（2n=34）。根据前人报道,马铃苣苔属、后蕊苣苔属、粗筒苣苔属和直瓣苣苔属的染色体数目同为2n=34,这进一步支持我们的分子系统发育分析。     

贵州苦苣苔科一新记录属——弥勒苣苔属

报道了贵州苦苣苔科一新记录属--弥勒苣苔属(Paraisometrum W.T.Wang).该属为中国特有的单型属,仅弥勒苣苔(P.mileense W.T.Wang)一种,分布于云南东南部和广西西部,在贵州省为首次记录.本文对该种进行详细描述,重新确定了该种花冠的颜色为黄色,并提供了野外照片.凭证标本存放于广西植物研究所标本馆(IBK).     

广西苦苣苔科稀有珍贵植物——弥勒苣苔

首次报道广西苦苣苔科植物一新记录属:弥勒苣苔属.该属接近金盏苣苔属,但不同在于弥勒苣苔属花冠上唇4浅裂,下唇不分裂,2对雄蕊分别着生于花冠中部及其上方,雌蕊具一个柱头.弥勒苣苔属为中国特有的单型属,仅弥勒苣苔一种,分布于云南东南部和广西西部.该种在广西首次记录,凭证标本存放于广西植物标本馆(IBK).     

广西苦苣苔科一新属——文采苣苔属

描述了在广西发现的苦苣苔科一新属和一新种,即文采苣苔属Wentsaiboea D. Fang & D. H. Qin及文采苣苔W. renifolia D. Fang & D. H. Qin, 并提供墨线图。文采苣苔属的柱头外形略似长檐苣苔属Dolicholoma D. Fang & W. T. Wang, 不同在于前者叶肾形,基部心形,具掌状脉,花冠斜钟状,裂片圆形,雄蕊和退化雄蕊着生于冠筒近基部。新属在体态上还接近小花苣苔属Chiritopsis W. T. Wang, 但前者叶具掌状脉,冠筒钟状,远轴侧膨胀,柱头马蹄形;在后者叶具羽状脉,冠筒筒状,不膨胀,柱头下唇倒梯形至线形。     

广西苦苣苔科一新属——方鼎苣苔属

报道了在中国广西发现的苦苣苔科一新属即方鼎苣苔属Paralagarosolen Y. G. Wei 和一新种方鼎苣苔P. fangianum Y. G. Wei。方鼎苣苔属与细筒苣苔属Lagarosolen W. T. Wang近缘,它们的共同特征是花筒细筒状,不肿胀,柱头2;不同点是方鼎苣苔属叶基部有时盾状,聚伞花序具1朵花,花冠裂片顶端圆钝,蒴果宽卵状椭圆球形。     

直瓣苣苔属、筒花苣苔属和吊石苣苔属4个种的核形态学研究

本文报道了苦苣苔科直瓣苣苔属Ancylostemon、筒花苣苔属Briggsiopsis和吊石苣苔属Lysionotus 中4个种的染色体数目和核形态。凹瓣苣苔A．aureus的染色体数目为n=34,与其近缘种凸瓣苣苔 A．convexus的染色体数目相同。该种的核型公式为2n=20m(1sat)+14sm,核型类型属于2A。间期核 为复杂染色中心型(complex chromocenter type);细胞有丝分裂前期的染色体为近基型(proximal type) 我国特有单种属筒花苣苔属Briggsiopsis的间期核为简单—复杂染色中心型(simple-complex chromocenter type);细胞有丝分裂前期的染色体为中间—渐变型(interstitial—gradient type);核型公式为2n=34=25m +6sm+3st,与近缘类群——粗筒苣苔属Briggsia染色体数目2n=34,68相比,无论染色体数目还是核 型均显示比较原始的特征。吊石苣苔属的蒙自吊石苣苔L．carnosus和翅茎吊石苣苔L．serratus D． Don var．pterocaulis的核型公式分别是2n=30=21m+5sm+3st+1t和2n=32=21m+10sm+1t。核 型类型分别属于2A和2B。间期核均为简单—复杂染色中心型(simple-complex chromocenter type);细胞 有丝分裂前期的染色体为渐变型(gradient type)。     

云南苦苣苔科一新记录属——单座苣苔属

报道了云南苦苣苔科一新记录属——单座苣苔属(Metabriggsia W.T.Wang)。该属为中国特有属,仅单座苣苔(Metabriggsia ovalifolia W.T.Wang)和紫叶单座苣苔(Metabriggsia purpureotincta W.T.Wang)2种,分布于广西西部、北部及贵州南部,在云南的发现对研究其地理与区系有重要的意义。     

广西苦苣苔科一新记录属——报春苣苔属

报道了广西苦苣苔科植物一新记录属——报春苣苔属,该属为中国特有的单型属,仅报春苣苔一种。报春苣苔分布狭域,数量稀少,已被列为国家一级重点保护植物。报春苣苔在广西境内仅知一个分布点,对其野外种群进行了实地调查。     

中国广西蛛毛苣苔属(苦苣苔科)一新种——桂林蛛毛苣苔

描述了采自中国广西的苦苣苔科新种桂林蛛毛苣苔Paraboea guilinensis L. Xu & Y. G. Wei。新种体态及叶形接近厚叶蛛毛苣苔P. crassifolia (Hemsl.) Burtt,与后者不同在于叶革质,花序梗、花梗及花萼均无毛,花冠明显二唇形,蒴果不旋扭。     

堇菜属组间的系统发育与亲缘关系：基于trnL-trnF、psbA-trnH、rpL16、ITS序列,细胞学以及形态学证据

以鼠鞭草（Hybanthus enneaspermus）、鳞隔堇（Scyphellandra pierrei）、雷诺木（Rinorea benga-lensis）作为外类群,对堇菜属（Viola）20个类群的trnL-trnF序列,17个类群的psbA-trnH、rpL16序列以及1个类群的nrDNAITS序列进行了测定,并从GenBank下载相应的序列,运用最大简约法以及贝叶斯推论法进行系统分析,构建系统发育树。结果表明：堇菜亚属（subgen. Viola）不是一个单系类群,并明确了堇菜属部分组间类群的亲缘关系。本文还结合形态与细胞学证据对堇菜属进行性状演化的推测。结果表明：1）直立茎较匍匐茎、莲座状茎（叶基生）原始;2）托叶边缘长流苏状与托叶1/2～3/4合生分别是鸟嘴柱头堇菜组（sect. Trigonocarpae）和合生托叶组（sect. Adnatae）演化路线的重要性状标志;3）花柱样式从柱头无喙演化至柱头有喙,并由柱头简单演化至柱头复杂,再趋向于柱头简化。     

Taxonomy of the Genus Oreocharis (Gesneriaceae)

The genus Oreocharis as circumscribed here consists of 27 species including 5 varieties, of which 5 species and 4 varieties are described as new in the present paper. In the work analysed were the external morphology and geographic distribution and examined under SEM were pollen exine of 22 species and seed coat of 16 species. As a result, three types of the corolla, two types of the anther, three types of the pollen exine and three types of the seed coat are distinguished here in the paper. It is discovered that the corolla in the genus is relatively stable, though diverse, and highly correlated with the characters of pollen grains and seeds. The corolla clearly bilabiate but constricted at the throat, occurring in O. auricula, O. cordatula, O. aurantiaca, etc., for an example, is correlated with smooth, reticulate pollen exine and partial tectum and the reticulate and smooth seed coat. For this reason the subdivision of the genus in the paper is mainly based on the characters of the corolla, but combined with those of the anther, pollen and seed coat. The genus is divided into four sections in the present classification. Dasydesmus Craib, based on a single species. O. bodinieri, is reduced here, and the reasons are given. The genus is distributed mainly in the subtropics, and less frequently in the tropics, of China south of 32.5°N and east of 98.5°E, with only two species beyond the border, O. hirsuta in Thailand (only a single locality in Chiengmai) and O. aurea also found in north Vietnam (see Fig. 1, Table 3). Sect. 1. Stomactin (Clarke) Fritsch. Corolla urceolate-tubular, constricted at the throat, with limb distinctly bilabiate; anthers broad-oblong; seed coat reticulate, smooth, rarely minutely tuberculate; pollen exine fine-reticulate, tectum partial and smooth, luminae slightly unequal in size. Sect. 2. Orthanthera K. Y. Pan Corolla campanulate or campanulate-tubular; anthers broad-oblong; seed coat reticulate, muri smooth, rarely spiny-processed; pollen exine fine-reticulate, with partial and smooth tectum and luminae slightly unequal in size, rarely exine insular and fine-tuberculate, tectum perforate. Setc. 3. Oreocharis Corolla thin-tubular; anthers broad-oblong; seed coat densely spinyprocessed, rarely fine-tuberculate; pollen exine insular, densely spiny-processed, rarely finereticulate and smooth, luminae unequal in size. Sect. 4. Platyanthera K. Y. Pan Corolla campanulate; anthers hippocrepiform; seed coat densely spiny-processed; pollen exine fine-reticulate, tectum perforate, luminae small, nearly equal in size. In the section Stomactin, although the constriction of corolla at its throat is a specialized character, the characters of seed coat, pollen grains and anthers are apparently primitive. Therefore it may be said at least that more primitive characters are preserved in the section. In the section Oreocharis, on the contrary, the characters of corolla, seed coat and pollen exine are all advanced. And in the section Platyanthera, the seed coat, pollen (with perforate tectum) and anthers have developed rather specialized characters.     

堇菜属组间的系统发育与亲缘关系：基于trnL-trnF、psbA trnH、rpL16、ITS序列，细胞学以及形态学证据

以鼠鞭草(Hybanthus enneaspermus)、鳞隔堇(Scyphellandra pierrei)、雷诺木(Rinorea bengalensis)作为外类群,对堇菜属(Viola)20个类群的trnL trnF序列,17个类群的psbA trnH、rpL16序列以及1个类群的nrDNA ITS序列进行了测定,并从GenBank下载相应的序列,运用最大简约法以及贝叶斯推论法进行系统分析,构建系统发育树。结果表明：堇菜亚属(subgen.Viola)不是一个单系类群,并明确了堇菜属部分组间类群的亲缘关系。本文还结合形态与细胞学证据对堇菜属进行性状演化的推测。结果表明：1）直立茎较匍匐茎、莲座状茎（叶基生）原始;2）托叶边缘长流苏状与托叶1/2~3/4合生分别是鸟嘴柱头堇菜组（sect.Trigonocarpae）和合生托叶组（sect.Adnatae）演化路线的重要性状标志;3）花柱样式从柱头无喙演化至柱头有喙,并由柱头简单演化至柱头复杂,再趋向于柱头简化。     

Infrageneric Phylogeny of the Genus Viola (Violaceae) Based on trnL trnF,psbA trnH,rpL16, ITS Sequences,Cytological and Morphological Data

The sequences of chloroplast trnL trnF (20 species), psbA trnH(17 species), rpL16 (17 species) and ITS(one species) regions of the genus Viola were analyzed for phylogenetic relationships in the genus with the maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian inference (BI) analyses. Hybanthus enneaspermus, Scyphellandra pierrei and Rinorea bengalensis were used as outgroups. Additional sequences corresponding to the same DNA regions for the other taxa in Viola were downloaded from GenBank. The phylogenetic tree indicated that subgenViola is not monophyletic. Moreover, some intrageneric relationships in Viola were clarified. Combining sequences with morphological characters and chromosome number, the inference of morphological evolution in Viola was put forward. It was inferred that: 1) erect stems might well be more primitive than stolons and rosettes; 2) long fimbriate margin in stipules and stipules with 1/2-3/4 adnate part might represent distinctive evolutionary trends of sectTrigonocarpae and of sectAdnatae respectively; 3) species with stigmatic beaks might have been derived from ancestors without beaks; simple structure stigmas transformed into complex structure stigmas, and then transformed back to simple stucture patterns.     

新分类系统下长蒴苣苔亚科(苦苣苔科)细胞学研究概述

在最新分类系统框架下对长蒴苣苔亚科(Didymocarpoideae)的染色体资料进行了详细的整理和分析,结果表明,长蒴苣苔亚科的细胞学研究仍存在不足,尤其在种级水平上的研究不足25%,且存在一些属的染色体数据空白的现象。在新的分类系统下,一些修订后的属染色体数目表现出一致性或更加具有合理性,但也存在一些属的染色体数目变异仍十分复杂,如汉克苣苔属(Henckelia)和长蒴苣苔属(Didymocarpus)。基于已有的染色体数据,对长蒴苣苔亚科内一些重要属的染色体进化模式及其对物种分化的影响进行了探讨,推测染色体数目的多倍化及非整倍化进化可能对各类群的物种分化具有重要作用,但需要今后利用基于DNA探针的荧光原位杂交技术并结合分子系统学和基因组学研究才能深入地解析染色体的进化模式及其对物种分化的影响。     

基于ITS和matK序列的獐牙菜亚族 (龙胆科龙胆族)分子系统学

为探讨獐牙菜亚族（subtribe Swertiinae）各属之间和一些属内的系统关系,本研究选取了该亚族14属68种1变种,采用最大简约法（maximum parsimony）和贝叶斯法（Bayesian inference）对样品核基因ITS和叶绿体基因matK的两个片段进行独立和联合分析。结果显示：Bartonia位于亚族的最基部;喉毛花属（Comastoma）、肋柱花属（Lomatogonium）和假龙胆属（Gentianella）都非单系,处于同一个较为进化的分支中;獐牙菜属折皱组（Swertia sect. Rugosa）和獐牙菜组（S. sect. Swertia）亲缘关系最近,宽丝组（S. sect. Platynema）和藏獐牙菜组（S. sect. Kingdon Wardia）亲缘关系最近;口药花属（Jaeschkea）与獐牙菜属多枝组（S. sect. Ophelia）的大籽獐牙菜（Smacrosperma）亲缘关系最近。同时讨论了獐牙菜亚族形态分类与分子数据不一致的原因。     

中国锦鸡儿属的分子系统发育

测定了中国锦鸡儿属Caragana各属下分类群20个代表种的ITS、trnL-F和trnS-G序列.基于3种DNA片段的单独分析所获得的系统发育树具有相似的拓扑结构;3种片段的合并分析提高了各分支的支持度,并获得了相似的系统发育树.落轴亚属subgen.Caragana的种类构成了一个在系统树上首先分化出来的单系分支,与形态特征和地理分布的研究一致.短齿系ser. Occidentales和长齿系ser. Bracteolatae的代表种构成了1个单独的分支,因此短齿系应被放入长齿系所属刺叶组sect.Longspina 而不是针刺组sect.Spinosae或sect.Pruinosa.分子系统学证据支持依据叶片宽窄在掌叶组sect.Frutescentes中再划分2个系的形态学研究结论;但Ser.Dasyphyllae和针刺系ser.Spinosae的亲缘关系较近,系统发育分析的结果似乎不支持在针刺组中单独划分2个系.宿轴类的物种聚成一个单系的分支,因此应被处理为一个组--鬼箭组sect.Jubatae;荚果里面被毛和无毛的种类各自构成2个小支,支持依据该特征在组下分系.系统树显示Sanczir定义的sect.Tragacanthoides然为多系类群,应将该组中所包含的刺叶组、针刺组、和鬼箭组的种类划分出来.基于ITS的遗传距离表明卷叶锦鸡儿C. ordosica与藏锦鸡儿C, tibetica应该是2个不同的种.     

内蒙古2种白刺间自然杂交类型的分子验证

本实验对齿叶白刺(Nitraria roborowiskii Kom.)和唐古特白刺(N.tangutorum Bobr.)以及疑似杂交个体共48个个体的叶绿体trnL-F序列和核糖体ITS序列进行分析.trnL-F结果显示,齿叶白刺和唐古特白刺在15个位点上存在差异,杂交个体在其中11个位点上与齿叶白刺相同,4个位点...