Therapeutic effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes on osteoarthritis

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown chondroprotective effects in clinical models of osteoarthritis (OA). However, effects of MSC-derived exosomes on OA remain unclear. The study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of exosomes from human bone marrow MSCs (BM-MSCs) in alleviating OA. The anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) and destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) surgery were performed on the knee joints of a rat OA model, followed by intra-articular injection of BM-MSCs or their exosomes. In addition, BM-MSC-derived exosomes were administrated to primary human chondrocytes to observe the functional and molecular alterations. Both of BM-MSCs and BM-MSC-derived exosomes alleviated cartilage destruction and subchondral bone remodelling in OA rat model. Administration of BM-MSCs and exosomes could reduce joint damage and restore the trabecular bone volume fraction, trabecular number and connectivity density of OA rats. In addition, in vitro assays showed that BM-MSCs-exosomes could maintain the chondrocyte phenotype by increasing collagen type II synthesis and inhibiting IL-1β–induced senescence and apoptosis. Furthermore, exosomal lncRNA MEG-3 also reduced the senescence and apoptosis of chondrocytes induced by IL-1β, indicating that lncRNA MEG-3 might partially account the anti-OA effects of BM-MSC exosomes. The exosomes from BM-MSCs exerted beneficial therapeutic effects on OA by reducing the senescence and apoptosis of chondrocytes, suggesting that MSC-derived exosomes might provide a candidate therapy for OA treatment.     

iTRAQ-based proteomics reveals novel biomarkers of osteoarthritis

Abstract

Objective: We performed comprehensive proteomic analyses of articular cartilage by using the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) method, and searched for candidate biomarkers for osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods: Articular cartilage was collected from patients with OA or femoral neck fracture for the control group. Molecular variations were detected by the iTRAQ method, and quantitative analyses were performed by western blot.

Results: Using the iTRAQ method, we identified 76 proteins with different expression levels in OA patients and the control group. Among these proteins, we selected LECT2 (leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin-2), BAALC (brain and acute leukemia, cytoplasmic), and PRDX6 (peroxiredoxin-6), which had not been reported as biomarkers for OA.

Conclusions: Use of these proteins in combination with conventional OA biomarkers may better reflect the grade and prognosis of OA.     

Histomorphometric analysis of subchondral bone of the femoral head in osteoarthritis and osteoporosis

There have been reports both supporting and refuting an inverse relationship between hip fracture and hip osteoarthritis (OA). We have investigated this relationship using histomorphometric study of femoral head subchondral bone. We studied 74 subjects with hip fracture (74% females) and 24 subjects with osteoarthritis (45% females). By histomorphometric analysis of parafined sections, we analysed followed subhondral trabecular bone parameters bone volume (BV), bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th.), trabecular number (Tb.N.) and trabecular separation (Tb.S.). The subjects with osteoarthritis and subjects with hip fracture had BV/TV 31.3% and 19.6% respectively. BV/TV of osteoarthritis group was rather uniform whereas BV/TV of hip fracture group was greatly ranged and we divided it into three subgroups, 13.2%, 19.8% and 25.9% respectively. The OA group and hip fracture groups had Tb.Th. as followed 0.205 mm, 0.148 mm, 0.170 mm and 0.183 mm respectively. The OA group and hip fracture three subgroups had Tb.N. as followed 1.454/mm, 0.897/mm, 1.170/mm and 1.425/mm respectively. The OA group and hip fracture three subgroups had Tb.S. as followed 0.518 mm, 0.681 mm, 0.620 mm and 0.550 mm respectively. The results of our study support an inverse relationship between hip fracture and hip osteoarthritis.     

两种不同术式对老年股骨颈骨折治疗对比

目的：探讨全髋关节置换术与股骨头置换术治疗对比。方法：回顾性的分析对2007年1月-2008年12月年我院接收的70例60岁以上的老年股骨颈骨折的进行股骨头置换和全髋关节置换两组不同手术方式的临床资料。结果：两组股骨颈骨折治疗的手术时间、住院时间及术后并发症及治疗效果无明显统计学差异,两组术后半年到一年半的Harris评分较术前评分有显著的统计学意义。结论：人工股骨头置换术和髋关节置换是治疗老年股骨颈骨折的有效方法,可根据患者的自身情况、疾病特点等选择不同术式。     

Structural changes of hip osteoarthritis using magnetic resonance imaging

Introduction

Few data are available concerning structural changes at the hip observed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in people with or without hip osteoarthritis (OA). The aim of this study was to compare cartilage volume and the presence of cartilage defects and bone marrow lesions (BMLs) in participants with and without diagnosed hip OA.

Methods

Femoral head cartilage volume was measured by MRI for 141 community-based persons with no diagnosed hip OA, and 19 with diagnosed hip OA. Cartilage defects and BMLs were regionally scored at the femoral head and acetabulum.

Results

Compared with those without diagnosed hip OA, people with diagnosed hip OA had less femoral head cartilage volume (1763 mm³ versus 3343 mm³; p <0.001) and more prevalent cartilage defects and BMLs (all p ≤0.05) at all sites other than the central inferomedial region of the femoral head. In those with no diagnosed hip OA, cartilage defects in the anterior and central superolateral region of the femoral head were associated with reduced femoral head cartilage volume (all p ≤0.02). Central superolateral BMLs at all sites were associated with reduced femoral head cartilage volume (all p ≤0.003), with a similar trend occurring when BMLs were located in the anterior region of the hip (all p ≤0.08).

Conclusions

Compared with community-based adults with no diagnosed hip OA, people with diagnosed hip OA have less femoral head cartilage volume and a higher prevalence of cartilage defects and BMLs. For people with no diagnosed hip OA, femoral head cartilage volume was reduced where cartilage defects and/or BMLs were present in the anterior and central superolateral regions of the hip joint. Cartilage defects and BMLs present in the anterior and central superolateral regions may represent early structural damage in the pathogenesis of hip OA.     

两种不同术式对老年股骨颈骨折治疗对比

目的:探讨全髋关节置换术与股骨头置换术治疗对比。方法:回顾性的分析对2007年1月-2008年12月年我院接收的70例60岁以上的老年股骨颈骨折的进行股骨头置换和全髋关节置换两组不同手术方式的临床资料。结果:两组股骨颈骨折治疗的手术时间、住院时间及术后并发症及治疗效果无明显统计学差异,两组术后半年到一年半的Harris评分较术前评分有显著的统计学意义。结论:人工股骨头置换术和髋关节置换是治疗老年股骨颈骨折的有效方法,可根据患者的自身情况、疾病特点等选择不同术式。     

全髋关节置换术与人工股骨头置换术治疗老年股骨颈骨折的疗效比较

目的:探讨全髋关节置换术与人工股骨头置换术治疗老年股骨颈骨折的疗效。方法:选择在我院的82例行手术置换治疗的老年股骨颈骨折患者,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组41例。观察组采用全髋关节置换术,而对照组实施人工股骨头置换术。观察并比较两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、血压、术后引流及髋关节功能等。结果:观察组手术时间、术中出血量及收缩压均显著高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后引流量及并发症的发生率,两组比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。观察组患者术后Harris评分为(93.25±4.51),对照组患者Harris评分为(82.76±3.82),观察组显著优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:与人工股骨头置换术相比,全髋关节置换术用于治疗老年股骨颈骨折具有创伤小,恢复快的临床效果,患者术后髋关节功能恢复情况良好,值得在临床推广应用。     

人工髋关节置换术发生股骨假体周围骨折的影响因素分析

目的:探讨人工髋关节置换术患者发生股骨假体周围骨折的相关危险因素,为临床预防和治疗提供参考资料。方法:回顾性分析2012年5月~2015年5月在我院接受人工髋关节置换术的92例患者的临床资料。根据是否发生股骨假体周围骨折将所选患者分为研究组和对照组,每组46例,比较两组患者的性别分布、年龄、骨折类型及假体固定方式等,分析影响患者发生股骨假体周围骨折的危险因素。结果:研究组患者骨折类型多为A2型,患者平均年龄、女性患者数及使用生物假体的比例均高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。患者性别、年龄、骨折类型及假体固定方式是人工髋关节置换术患者发生股骨假体周围骨折的危险因素(OR=1.993、2.012和2.363,P0.05)。结论:高龄女性患者是发生股骨周围假体骨折的高危人群,骨质疏松及骨量减少是引发该并发症的主要危险因素。     

快捷小切口与常规切口人工髋关节置换治疗老年股骨颈骨折的对比观察

目的：通过观察我院老年股骨颈骨折患者临床治疗资料,对比分析采用快捷小切口与常规切口人工髋关节置换术该疾病的临床效果。方法：将我院2010年1月2013年1月期间收治的100例老年股骨颈骨折患者按照不同的切口方法随机分为A与B两组,分别进行快捷小切口与常规切口人工髋关节置换术治疗,对比分析使用两种方法下地活动用时间、术后引流量、切口长度、出血量情况以及治疗效果等。结果：两组患者经各自手术治疗后,临床症状均有改善,A组患者在下地活动用时间、术后引流量、切口长度、出血量情况等方面均优于B组,差异具有显著性（P〈0．05）,而在术后髋关节功能对比方面差异不显著。结论：采用快捷小切口人工髋关节置换手术治疗高龄股骨颈骨折患者,具有手术时间短、恢复快、创伤小、瘢痕不明显等多种优点,值得临床上推广与进一步研究。     

人工股骨头置换与动力髋螺钉内固定用于老年股骨头转子间骨折治疗的疗效比较

目的：比较人工股骨头置换术与动力髋螺钉内固定治疗老年股骨头转子间骨折的临床疗效。方法：选择我院74例老年股骨头转子间骨折患者作为观察对象,随机分为A组（人工股骨头置换术）和B组（动力髋螺钉内固定术）,每组37例。比较两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、术后卧床时间、术后Harris评分及术后并发症和死亡率。结果：手术时间和术后卧床时间A组明显短于B组（P〈0．05）,A组术中出血量较B组明显减少,差异显著（P〈0．05）。术后1、3个月Harris评分A组均高于B组（P〈0．05）;术后6个月Harris评分两组无明显差异（P〉0．05）。结论：与动力髋螺钉内固定术相比,人工股骨头置换术术后可更早负重、恢复好,而且并发症少,是较为理想的治疗老年股骨头转子间骨折的治疗方法。     

Mass spectrometry assays of plasma biomarkers to predict radiographic progression of knee osteoarthritis

Introduction

Biomarkers to identify osteoarthritis (OA) patients at risk for disease progression are needed. As part of a proteomic analysis of knee synovial fluid from normal and OA patients, differentially expressed proteins were identified that could represent potential biomarkers for OA. This study aimed to use mass spectrometry assays to identify representative peptides from several proteins in synovial fluid and peripheral blood, and assess their levels as biomarkers of OA progression.

Methods

Multiplexed high throughput selected reaction monitoring (SRM) assays were developed to measure tryptic peptides representative of 23 proteins in matched serum and synovial fluid samples from late OA subjects at the time of joint replacement. Subsequently plasma samples from the baseline visit of 173 subjects in an observational OA cohort were tested by SRM for peptides from nine of these proteins: afamin, clusterin, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, hepatocyte growth factor, kallistatin, insulin-like growth factor binding protein, acid labile subunit, lubricin, lumican, and pigment epithelium-derived factor. Linear regression was used to determine the association between the peptide biomarker level at baseline and change in joint space width (ΔJSW) from baseline to 30 months, adjusting for age and sex.

Results

In the matched cohort, 17 proteins could be identified in synovial fluid and 16 proteins were detected in serum. For the progression cohort, the average age was 62 and average ΔJSW over 30 months was 0.68 mm. A high correlation between different peptides from individual proteins was observed, indicating our assays correctly measured their target proteins. Peptides representative of clusterin, lumican and lubricin showed statistically significant associations with joint space narrowing after adjustment for age and sex. Partial R² values showed clusterin FMETVAEK and lubricin LVEVNPK peptide biomarkers explains about 2 to 3% of the variability of ΔJSW, similar to that explained by age. A biomarker score combining normalized data for both lubricin and clusterin peptides increased the model R² to 0.079.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that when combined, levels of peptides representative of clusterin and lubricin in plasma are as predictive of OA progression as age. Replication of these findings in other prospective OA cohorts is planned.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-014-0456-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

近端膨胀髓内钉与抗旋髓内钉治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效分析

目的:探究近端膨胀髓内钉与近端螺旋刀片抗旋髓内钉治疗老年股骨转子间骨折疗效及躁动发生率比较。方法:病例来源为2012年5月至2013年10月收入我院的老年股骨转子间骨折患者60例,采用随机数字表随机分为两组,膨胀钉组30例,采用近端膨胀髓内钉的手术方法,PFNA组30例,采用近端螺旋刀片抗旋髓内钉的手术方法。手术结束后,对两组患者进行X射线片、手术时间及出血量、髋关节功能的比较,同时对比躁动发生率。结果:X线检查结果显示两组患者经手术后骨折处均复位良好,无并发症及内固定物的脱落及松动,两组比较无显著差异(P0.05);与PFNA组相比,膨胀组患者的手术时间及出血量明显降低,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);两组患者术后3个月、6个月的Harris评分显示,与PFNA组相比,膨胀钉组的优良率明显升高,髋关节优于PFNA组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);膨胀钉组患者躁动率为10.00%低于PFNA组患者躁动率为33.33%,具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:可膨胀髓内钉具有手术时间较短、出血量少,更利于骨折的愈合,且躁动发生率较低,对股骨转子间骨折的疗效优于较近端螺旋刀片抗旋髓内钉,对临床有指导意义,值得临床推广。     

Activation of β-catenin in Col2-expressing chondrocytes leads to osteoarthritis-like defects in hip joint

Although osteoarthritis (OA) in the hip joint is a common and debilitating degenerative disease, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying its pathological process remains unclear. This study sets out to investigate whether β-catenin plays a critical role in hip OA pathogenesis. Here, we showed overexpressed β-catenin protein in human OA cartilage tissues. Then, we analyzed β-cat(ex3)^Col2ER mice, in which β-catenin gene was conditionally activated in femoral head chondrocytes. At 2 months of age, β-cat(ex3)^Col2ER mice already showed a phenotype of severe cartilage degeneration in the femoral head. More changes observed in β-cat(ex3)^Col2ER mice with age included subchondral sclerosis and osteophyte formation along joint margins, resembling a hip OA phenotype in humans. In addition, cartilage degradation and chondrocyte apoptosis as the results of β-catenin activation possibly contributed to this hip OA-like phenotype. Overall our findings provide direct evidence about the importance of β-catenin in hip OA pathogenesis.     

内固定术后股骨颈短缩的多因素分析及其对骨折的影响

目的:分析股骨颈短缩的发生率、对骨折愈合造成的影响以及造成颈短缩的影响因素。方法:选择在我院行闭合复位空心钉内固定术治疗并成功获得随访信息的老年股骨颈骨折患者106例作为研究对象。于术后1、3、6、12个月对患者进行门诊随访,记录患者的髋关节Harris评分、骨折愈合情况以及颈短缩的发生率,并将患者分为短缩组和无短缩组,对两组患者的骨折愈合率与髋关节Harris评分进行对比,并分析空心钉内固定术后颈短缩发生的危险因素。结果:短缩组43例,未短缩组63例。短缩组中骨折愈合率93.02%;未短缩组中骨折愈合率93.65%,两组骨折愈合率的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。短缩组中术后髋关节Harris评分为(74.58±7.85)分;未短缩组中术后髋关节Harris评分为(85.69±11.34)分,短缩组Harris评分低于未短缩组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。颈短缩的发生与年龄、性别、骨折类型、骨密度值及骨折复位质量密切相关(P<0.05),与受伤至手术时间、置入方式、负重时间、住院时间无明显的相关性(P>0.05)。颈短缩的发生与骨密度值和骨折复位质量相关性最大,骨折类型与年龄次之,性别的相关性相对较小。结论:空心钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折并发颈短缩的发生率较高,颈短缩会影响髋关节的功能,但不影响骨折的愈合。骨密度、骨折复位质量、骨折类型、年龄以及性别是颈短缩的独立影响因素。     

Proteomics of human primary osteoarthritic chondrocytes exposed to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF EMFs) and to therapeutic application of musically modulated electromagnetic fields (TAMMEF)

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most frequent joint disease, characterized by degradation of extracellular matrix and alterations in chondrocyte metabolism. Some authors reported that electromagnetic fields (EMFs) can positively interfere with patients affected by OA, even though the nature of the interaction is still debated. Human primary osteoarthritic chondrocytes isolated from the femoral heads of OA-patients undergoing to total hip replacement, were cultured in vitro and exposed 30?min/day for two weeks to extremely-low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF) with fixed frequency (100?Hz) and to therapeutic application of musically modulated electromagnetic fields (TAMMEF) with variable frequencies, intensities and waveforms. Sham-exposed (S.E.) cells served as control group. Cell viability was measured at days 2, 7 and 14. After two weeks, cell lysates were processed using a proteomic approach. Chondrocyte exposed to ELF and TAMMEF system demonstrated different viability compared to untreated chondrocytes (S.E.). Proteome analysis of 2D-Electrophoresis and protein identification by mass spectrometry showed different expression of proteins derived from nucleus, cytoplasm and organelles. Function analysis of the identified proteins showed changes in related-proteins metabolism (glyceraldeyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase), stress response (Mn-superoxide-dismutase, heat-shock proteins), cytoskeletal regulation (actin), proteinase inhibition (cystatin-B) and inflammation regulatory functions (S100-A10, S100-A11) among the experimental groups (ELF, TAMMEF and S.E.). In conclusion, EMFs do not cause damage to chondrocytes, besides stimulate safely OA-chondrocytes and are responsible of different protein expression among the three groups. Furthermore, protein analysis of OA-chondrocytes treated with ELF and the new TAMMEF systems could be useful to clarify the pathogenetic mechanisms of OA by identifying biomarkers of the disease.     

全髋关节置换术用于股骨颈骨折患者的临床疗效评价及对血清OPG、BGP、ALP、CRP、IL-6的影响

目的:分析全髋关节置换术用于股骨颈骨折患者的临床效果及对血清骨保护素(OPG)、骨钙素(BGP)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)的影响。方法:选择我院2014年3月~2016年3月收治的102例股骨颈骨折患者,按抽签法分为对照组与研究组,每组各51例。对照组采用半髋关节置换术治疗,研究组采用全髋关节置换术治疗。比较两组的临床疗效,治疗前后Harris评分、血清OPG、BGP、ALP、CRP、IL-6水平的变化及术后并发症的发生情况。结果:治疗后,研究组的优良率显著高于对照组(P0.05);两组Harris评分、血清OPG、BGP、ALP、CRP、IL-6水平均较治疗前显著上升,且研究组Harris评分显著高于对照组(P0.05),而两组OPG、BGP、ALP、CRP、IL-6水平比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:全髋关节置换术用于股骨颈骨折的临床效果肯定,虽可引起血清OPG、BGP、ALP、CRP、IL-6水平上升,但未增加手术风险。     

股骨近端抗旋髓内钉法治疗老年股骨转子下粉碎性骨折的效果分析

目的:探讨利用股骨近端抗旋髓内钉法治疗老年股骨转子下粉碎性骨折的临床效果,为临床提供参考。方法:对我院2009年6月-2013年1月收治的38例老年股骨转子下粉碎性骨折患者行股骨近端抗旋髓内钉法进行手术治疗,分析手术方法、效果及患者的预后效果。结果:28例行闭合复位,7例行骨折端切开复位,患者术后7-14d可下地活动,3 m内扶拐部分负重行走,31例(88.6%)获得随访,随访时间9-24个月,骨折愈合时间为3-6个月,平均3.7个月;Harris髋功能评分标准:优18例,良10例,中3例,优良率90.32%(28/31)。结论:PFNA是一种治疗老年股骨转子下粉碎性骨折的有效装置,能够减少骨折不愈合、髋内翻畸形愈合及内固定断裂、切割股骨头等并发症,在治疗老年股骨转子下粉碎性骨折时可达到较高的骨愈合率、较快的功能恢复。     

Biomechanical and clinical alterations of the hip joint following femoral neck fracture and implantation of bipolar hip endoprosthesis

The implantation of a bipolar partial hip endoprosthesis is a treatment of choice for displaced medial femoral neck fracture. We present an experimental study which asses and compare biomechanical and clinical status through period before and after hip fracture and implantation of bipolar partial hip endoprosthesis. This study encompassed 75 patients who suffered from an acute medial femoral neck fracture and were treated with the implantation of a bipolar partial hip endoprosthesis. Their biomechanical status (stress distribution on the hip joint weight bearing area) and clinical status (Harris Hip Score) were estimated for the time prior to the injury and assessed at the follow-up examination that was, on average, carried out 40 months after the operation. Despite ageing, the observed Harris Hip Score at the follow-up examination was higher than that estimated prior to the injury (77.9 > 69.6; p = 0.006). Similarly, the hip stress distribution was reduced (2.7 MPa < 2.3 MPa; p = 0.001). While this reduction can be attributed to a loss of weight due to late ageing, the principal improvement came from the operative treatment and corresponding restoration of the biomechanical properties of the hip joint. The implantation of a bipolar partial hip endoprosthesis for patients with displaced medial femoral neck fractures improves the biomechanical and clinical features of the hip, what should have on mind during making decision about treatment.     

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-4 (TIMP-4) gene expression is increased in human osteoarthritic femoral head cartilage

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-4 (TIMP-4), the newest member of the TIMP family, blocks the activities of several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) implicated in the arthritic cartilage erosion. By utilizing semi-quantitative RT-PCR, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry, we investigated whether the TIMP-4 gene is expressed in human non-arthritic and osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage. Directly analyzed femoral head cartilage showed TIMP-4 RNA expression in 2 of 9 non-arthritic and 12 of 14 OA patients. Femoral head cartilage from 6 of 9 OA patients had elevated TIMP-4 protein compared to the low-level expression in 3 of 8 non-arthritic controls. In most patients, there was correlation between TIMP-4 RNA and protein expression. TIMP-4 protein was also detected immunohistochemically in the upper zone of OA cartilage. The widespread TIMP-4 RNA and protein expression and augmentation in femoral OA cartilage suggests its important role in joint tissue remodeling and pathogenesis of OA. Increased TIMP levels in arthritic cartilage may not be a sufficiently effective defense against cartilage resorption by excessive multiple MMPs and aggrecanases.     

近端防旋髓内钉与近端锁定钢板治疗老年股骨转子间不稳定骨折的疗效对比分析

目的:分析对比股骨近端防旋髓内钉(PFNA)与股骨近端锁定钢板(PFLP)治疗老年股骨转子间不稳定骨折的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析我院骨外科2009年4月至2013年4月收治的老年股骨转子间不稳定骨折患者90例,根据患者手术方式的不同,将其分为PFNA组及PFLP组,各45例。对比分析两组患者术中出血量、手术持续时间及骨折愈合时间术后髋关节功能及内固定并发症情况。结果:PFNA组髋关节功能Harris评分优良率91.11%明显高于PFLP组的71.11%(P0.05);PFNA组比PFLP组骨折愈合时间短、内固定并发症少,比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:应用PFNA治疗老年股骨转子间不稳定骨折患者具有骨折愈合时间短、髋关节功能恢复好、术后内固定并发症少的特点,治疗效果较PFLP更满意。