北京地区人偏肺病毒膜表面糖蛋白G编码基因和特征的分析

为了解北京地区人偏肺病毒(hMPV)膜表面糖蛋白G编码基因的特征,提取2003年和2004年各6份hMPV阳性的临床呼吸道标本中的RNA,经用随机引物合成cDNA后,用特异性引物扩增G蛋白全基因,克隆至pBS-T载体中并进行测序。用生物软件与GenBank中hMPV的基因序列进行比较和种系进化分析。12株hMPV可以分为两个主要的进化簇1和2。每个进化簇还可以再分为不同的亚进化簇。3株(2003年)hMPV属于进化簇1;9株(3株2003年和6株2004年)hMPV属于进化簇2。这12株hMPV G蛋白基因的核苷酸长度在624~711nt,使用了两种不同的终止密码,编码的氨基酸长度为208~236 aa,蛋白质分子量为22.9~25.8kD。与进化簇2相比,进化簇1的3株hMPV都出现了3个核苷酸的缺失,但未改变读码框架。同一进化簇内的hMPV G蛋白基因核苷酸和氨基酸的同源性分别为95.7%~100%和91.8%~100%,不同进化簇间的核苷酸和氨基酸的同源性分别为56.3%~57.4%和34.3%~38.2%。疏水性分析表明这12株hMPV G蛋白是典型的Ⅱ型跨膜锚定蛋白,分别与两个进化簇代表株的疏水图一致。这些hMPV的G蛋白氨基酸的替换集中在胞外区。它们都含有高百分比的脯氨酸(P)、丝氨酸(S)和苏氨酸(T),含有相当数量的位于胞外区的O-连接糖基化位点。这些hMPV的G蛋白的N-连接糖基化位点数目和位置不尽相同。通过对G蛋白基因的分析显示,2003年和2004年北京地区流行的hMPV分属于两种不同的进化簇。基因分析显示hMPV的G蛋白是高糖基化的膜表面蛋白,具有与同属于副粘病毒科、肺病毒亚科的人呼吸道合胞病毒(hRSV)的G蛋白相似的基因特征,推测其功能和在感染免疫中的作用相当于hRSV的G蛋白,但有待进一步深入研究予以证实。     

西藏地区儿童急性呼吸道感染中呼吸道合胞病毒的初步研究

本研究为了解西藏地区儿童急性呼吸道感染中呼吸道合胞病毒(Respiratory syncytial virus,RSV)及基因型别。首先采用直接免疫荧光法检测2011年4～7月西藏自治区人民医院儿科病房因急性呼吸道感染住院患儿的鼻咽分泌物标本中7种常见的呼吸道病毒及人类偏肺病毒(Human metapneumovirus,hMPV)的抗原。然后对RSV抗原阳性的标本分别提取RNA,用逆转录-巢式聚合酶链反应法(Nest-PCR)确定RSV型别,同时用实时荧光PCR(Real-Time PCR)方法进行验证。再通过对G蛋白基因PCR扩增产物序列测定确定RSV的基因型。通过与GenBank中不同地区RSV分离株的G蛋白基因序列比对,了解西藏地区RSV G蛋白的结构特点及变异情况。结果表明,从167例标本中检测出呼吸道病毒抗原阳性的为65例,总阳性率为38.9%(65/167),其中RSV 45例,占阳性标本的69.2%(45/65),对其中42例RSV阳性标本进行了PCR分型,其中40例为A亚型,2例为B亚型。对7株A亚型RSV G蛋白基因PCR产物测序结果显示,全部为GA2基因型。西藏RSV与RSV原型株A2株核苷酸的同源性为90.7%～91.8%,氨基酸的同源性只有86.5%～87.2%。氨基酸的变异主要集中在胞外区一个高度保守序列的两端。7株西藏A亚型RSV G蛋白的核苷酸序列与GenBank中不同的RSV分离株相比同源性为90.7%～91.8%。西藏地区2011年春季小儿急性呼吸道感染的病毒病原主要为呼吸道合胞病毒,A亚型是2011年西藏地区的流行优势型别,其G蛋白胞外区基因具有较高的变异性。     

浙江地区呼吸道合胞病毒G基因分子特征分析

收集2004年冬季浙江省儿童医院呼吸道感染患儿的鼻咽吸引物,进行呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)分离,对分离株用特异性RT-PCR鉴定;对鉴定阳性的RSV毒株进行G蛋白全基因序列测定,并与RSV国际标准株及各地参考株的G蛋白基因序列进行同源性比较并构建基因进化树。结果表明,在4株RSV浙江分离株中,3株G蛋白基因ORF全长897bp,另1株为894bp;各分离株之间的核苷酸与氨基酸同源性分别为98.05%、97.06%;与A型RSV标准株的核酸同源性为95.69%,与B型RSV标准株的同源性为78.79%;其3’端基因高变区核苷酸序列与RSVGA2亚型的同源性最高。提示2004年冬季浙江省RSV流行株属于RSVGA2亚型。     

禽流感病毒分离株NS基因同源性及等位基因类型分析

目的　克隆测定国内具有代表性的禽流感病毒 (AIV)的非结构 (NS)蛋白基因核苷酸序列 ,分析其同源性和等位基因类型 ,为进一步探索禽流感NS蛋白抗体监测方法奠定基础。方法　经RT PCR扩增了国内 3株H9N2、2株H5N1、2株H7N2亚型AIV分离株的NS蛋白基因 ,并把扩增的基因片段克隆到pGEM T载体中测序 ,将测序结果与GenBank中的核苷酸序列进行同源性比较 ,绘制基因进化树。结果　经测序获得了各AIV分离株NS基因的完整编码序列。同源性分析表明 ,3株H9亚型AIV的NS基因之间的同源性为 96 %～ 98% ;两株H5亚型AIVNS基因同源性为 91 6 % ;两株H7亚型AIV的NS基因同源性为 98 9%。H5和H9亚型分离株的NS基因之间的同源性均高于 90 % ;而H7N2亚型分离株与其它两种亚型分离株的NS基因同源性约为 6 0 %～ 70 %。在AIVNS基因系统发育进化树中 ,H5、H9亚型分离株都处于等位基因A群内 ;3株H9亚型分离株的进化关系较近 ,与香港、广东的部分H5N1病毒株起源相同 ,而 2株H5病毒的NS基因则处于不同分枝内 ;2株H7亚型分离株的NS基因都处于等位基因B群内 ,进化关系较近。结论　这 7株国内AIV分离株的NS基因之间的同源性差异较大 ,约为 6 0 %～ 99% ,且包括A、B两种类型的等位基因     

呼吸道合胞病毒B亚型分离株的G蛋白基因分析

对一株长春地区B亚型分离株(CC169)的G蛋白基因进行了 序列分析,结果表明：我国呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)分离株CC169同RSV B亚型原型株CH18537的 核苷酸同源性为94%,核苷酸的有义突变率达65%。由核苷酸推导出氨基酸序列的同源性为894%,氨基酸的变异全部发生在胞外区,并主要集中在一个高度保守区的两端,胞内区和跨 膜区保守不变。氨基酸的变异导致了分离株既有糖基化位点的改变,又有蛋白长度的变异。 此外还初步探讨了我国RSV B 亚型分离株CC169的G蛋白基因同原型株之间的变异与疫苗研制 中的意义。     

浙江地区呼吸道合胞病毒G基因分子特征分析

收集2004年冬季浙江省儿童医院呼吸道感染患儿的鼻咽吸引物,进行呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)分离,对分离株用特异性RT-PCR鉴定;对鉴定阳性的RSV毒株进行G蛋白全基因序列测定,并与RSV国际标准株及各地参考株的G蛋白基因序列进行同源性比较并构建基因进化树.结果表明,在4株RSV浙江分离株中,3株G蛋白基因ORF全长897bp,另1株为894bp;各分离株之间的核苷酸与氨基酸同源性分别为98.05%、97.06%;与A型RSV标准株的核酸同源性为95.69%,与B型RSV标准株的同源性为78.79%;其3'端基因高变区核苷酸序列与RSV GA2亚型的同源性最高.提示2004年冬季浙江省RSV流行株属于RSV GA2亚型.     

辽宁省2008～2011年流行性腮腺炎野病毒SH蛋白基因特征分析

本研究用Vero/Slam细胞从辽宁省2008～2011年流行性腮腺炎暴发和散发患者的临床标本中分离到13株流行性腮腺炎野病毒(Mumps virus,MuV),应用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)针对MuV分离株的SH基因的316个核苷酸片段进行扩增,并对该产物进行序列测定。将这13株MuV与从GenBank下载的世界卫生组织(WHO)MuV基因型参考株一起进行分子流行病学研究。结果提示:除2011-015株外,辽宁省2008～2011年12株MuV分离株均属于F基因型,核苷酸和氨基酸同源性为94.9%～100%和83.3%～100%。与F基因型参考株序列相比,核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为92.4%～97.2%和96.5%～84.2%。表明2008～2011年辽宁省流行的F基因型MuV发生较大的型内变异。另外还发现F基因型MuV在SH基因上存在着特异性突变(CNt65,CNt105,G Nt137,C Nt192,C Nt239,GNT262),而其它基因型MuV在这些位点上均未发生改变。F基因型MuV在SH基因编码的氨基酸保守位点也发生变化。如:第2位上由S→P,第6位上由P→L,第23位上由T→N,第48位上由L→P/R。与基因分型有关的氨基酸三联体,2008-01-007毒株也发生了改变,由IML变为TMP。2011-015株病毒与F基因型参考株平均核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为87.5%和79.8%,与G型参考株平均核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为96.8%和97.4%,属于G基因型。该基因型为中国内地首次发现。     

北京地区呼吸道合胞病毒分离株G蛋白基因遗传变异特性研究

为了解北京地区人呼吸道合胞病毒（human respiratory syncytial virus,HRSV）的遗传变异和分子流行病学特征,首次对北京地区2003～2004年63株HRSV分离株进行了G基因3’末端的第2个高度变异区的序列测定,并进行了基因分型和遗传变异的分析。使用不同的型特异性引物对GPA—F1和GPB-F1分别扩增A、B血清型HRSVG基因3’末端核苷酸序列,特异性扩增产物和随后的序列测定结果均显示,北京地区2003～2004年63株HRSV毒株中,96．8％（61／63）为A血清型,3．2％（2／63）为B血清型,说明北京地区在2003～2004年间存在HRSVA、B血清型共循环,但以A血清型病毒为主。分别对北京流行的A和B血清型病毒进行了基因亲缘性关系分析,结果提示,61株北京A血清型分离株全部为GA2基因型;2株B血清型分离株为GB3基因型。由此看来,GA2基因型是北京地区2003～2004年的优势流行基因型。北京61株GA2分离株之问核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别在87．8％～100％和77．9％～100％之间;2株B血清型分离株之间核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为94．7％和88．1％。这说明在2003年和2004年有很多个不同的GA2基因型HRSV毒株在北京地区共循环,北京地区的HRSV流行存在着许多由不同病毒株引起的传播链。B血清型分离株Beijing04-11于G基因3’末端含有一个60个碱基的重复序列,这是HRSV多聚酶易于重复复制限定序列的一个极端的例子,有可能是HRSV逃逸免疫压力而不断进化的一种方式。该研究首次对北京地区2003年和2004年流行的HRSV进行了基因分型和遗传变异的研究,对于了解北京HRSV流行株的基因特征具有重要意义,可以为北京乃至中国疫苗株的选择提供参考依据,从而指导HRSV的免疫预防控制。     

引起产科新生儿腹泻暴发的轮状病毒株VP4 VP7编码基因与其毒力关系的探讨

克隆并测定了引起产科新生儿腹泻暴发的P2[6]、G4型轮状病毒(BN株)VP4的VP8片段和VP7编码基因的核苷酸序列,并据此推导出其氨基酸序列。与相应标准株和地方株(包括有毒株和无毒株)比较的结果表明,所测VP8序列与相同型别(P2[6])的标准株M37(无毒株)和ST3(无毒株)、地方株N16(无毒株)和VE7156(有毒株)之间的同源性为92.8％～98.6％,胰酶作用位点各毒株间相同;位于aa49、aa50、aa52、aa53、aa78处的氨基酸在有毒株与无毒株间(包括BN株)不同,但分别保守。VP7基因与同型(G4)标准株ST3(A亚型/无毒株)和VA70(B亚型/有毒株)、意大利地方株PV5249(A亚型/有毒株)和北京地方株CR117(有毒株)、同型猪有毒株Gott之间的同源性为91.4％～97.8％,其中与A亚型的同源性为95.5％～96.3％,而与B亚型的同源性为91.4％,提示VP7为G4A亚型,位于aa38、aa78、aa145、aa238位点的氨基酸在有毒株与无毒株之间不同,但分别保守。分析了虽为P2[6]型却反常地引起新生儿腹泻暴发毒株(BN)的VP8与VP7基因的变异情况,并对轮状病毒毒力与VP4、VP7基因变异的相互关系进行了讨论,为慎重确定轮状病毒疫苗候选毒株提供理论依据。     

Characterization of the F gene of contemporary mumps virus strains isolated in Japan

Mumps virus (MuV) strains isolated in Saitama Prefecture, Japan, from 1997 to 2001, were examined by analyzing the SH and the F gene nucleotide sequences. The results of the SH gene analysis showed that only genotype G was found in 2001 as well as in 2000, and that genotype J, which we proposed as a new genotype in a previous study, was from a different lineage than the genotype J described by Tecle et al. (J. Gen. Virol. 82, 2675-2680). We therefore, propose to rename the genotype as K to avoid confusion. Then, the F gene of genotypes G, H, and K strains were analyzed together with previously reported strains in this study. The results of phylogenetic analysis of the F gene nucleotide sequences showed that these strains formed a cluster as described by the SH gene analysis. Alignment of the F amino acid sequences showed that the F protein was well conserved among strains of different genotypes with a few amino acid differences. These results provide better information for the characterization of contemporary MuV strains in Japan.     

Sequence analysis of sub-genotype D hepatitis B surface antigens isolated from Jeddah,Saudi Arabia

Little is known about the prevalence of HBV genotypes/sub-genotypes in Jeddah province, although the hepatitis B virus (HBV) was identified as the most predominant type of hepatitis in Saudi Arabia. To characterize HBV genotypes/sub-genotypes, serum samples from 15 patients with chronic HBV were collected and subjected to HBsAg gene amplification and sequence analysis. Phylogenetic analysis of the HBsAg gene sequences revealed that 11 (48%) isolates belonged to HBV/D while 4 (18%) were associated with HBV/C. Notably, a HBV/D sub-genotype phylogenetic tree identified that eight current isolates (72%) belonged to HBV/D1, whereas three isolates (28%) appeared to be more closely related to HBV/D5, although they formed a novel cluster supported by a branch with 99% bootstrap value. Isolates belonging to D1 were grouped in one branch and seemed to be more closely related to various strains isolated from different countries. For further determination of whether the three current isolates belonged to HBV/D5 or represented a novel sub-genotype, HBV/DA, whole HBV genome sequences would be required. In the present study, we verified that HBV/D1 is the most prevalent HBV sub-genotype in Jeddah, and identified novel variant mutations suggesting that an additional sub-genotype designated HBV/DA should be proposed. Overall, the results of the present HBsAg sequence analyses provide us with insights regarding the nucleotide differences between the present HBsAg/D isolates identified in the populace of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and those previously isolated worldwide. Additional studies with large numbers of subjects in other areas might lead to the discovery of the specific HBV strain genotypes or even additional new sub-genotypes that are circulating in Saudi Arabia.     

Cloning and sequencing of a gene from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens that complements mutations of the sporulation gene spoIID in Bacillus subtilis

A segment of DNA from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, which complemented a mutant sporulation gene, spoIID68, in Bacillus subtilis, was cloned into a derivative of the temperate bacteriophage phi 105. The segment of DNA included an entire structural gene and complemented the mutation spoIID298, in addition to spoIID68, in B. subtilis. The nucleotide sequence of the gene from B. amyloliquefaciens was determined and compared with that of the B. subtilis gene; 74% homology was found in the coding region. Amino acid primary sequences derived from the nucleotide sequences of the two genes were also compared. The gene from B. amyloliquefaciens coded for a protein of 344 amino acid residues, one more than the protein coded by the corresponding gene from B. subtilis. Comparison of the primary amino acid sequences of the two genes showed that 78% of the residues were completely conserved and 8% were semi-conserved. Variation, however, was not random, i.e. some segments were much more highly conserved than others. Both proteins had a hydrophobic region at the N-terminus.     

Phylogenetic and Phylodynamic Analyses of Human Metapneumovirus in Buenos Aires (Argentina) for a Three-Year Period (2009–2011)

Human metapneumovirus, which belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family and has been classified as a member of the Pneumovirus genus, is genetically and clinically similar to other family members such as human respiratory syncytial virus. A total of 1146 nasopharyngeal aspirates from pediatric patients with moderate and severe acute lower respiratory tract infections, hospitalized at the Ricardo Gutierrez Childreńs Hospital (Buenos Aires, Argentina), were tested by real time RT-PCR for human metapneumovirus. Results showed that 168 (14.65%) were positive. Thirty-six of these 168 samples were randomly selected to characterize positive cases molecularly. The phylogenetic analysis of the sequences of the G and F genes showed that genotypes A2 and B2 cocirculated during 2009 and 2010 and that only genotype A2 circulated in 2011 in Argentina. Genotype A2 prevailed during the study period, a fact supported by a higher effective population size (Neτ) and higher diversity as compared to that of genotype B2 (10.9% (SE 1.3%) vs. 1.7% (SE 0.4%), respectively). The phylogeographic analysis of the G protein gene sequences showed that this virus has no geographical restrictions and can travel globally harbored in hosts. The selection pressure analysis of the F protein showed that although this protein has regions with polymorphisms, it has vast structural and functional constraints. In addition, the predicted B-linear epitopes and the sites recognized by previously described monoclonal antibodies were conserved in all Argentine sequences. This points out this protein as a potential candidate to be the target of future humanized antibodies or vaccines.     

Human metapneumovirus

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV), first isolated in the Netherlands in 2001, is a member of the genus Metapneumovirus of the sub-family Pneumovirinae of the family Paramyxoviridae. The genomic organization of hMPV is 3'-N-P-M-F-M2-SH-G-L-5'. hMPV resembles the sole member of this genus, avian pneumovirus. hMPV is the most closely related human pathogen to respiratory syncytial virus. Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences indicated that there were two genetic groups. Furthermore, each group could be subdivided into two subgroups. hMPV encodes three surface proteins, F, G and SH proteins. The majority of antibodies to hMPV in serum were antibody against F protein, which mediates cross-group neutralization and protection. The incidences of hMPV-associated respiratory infection estimate 5 to 10% in children and 2 to 4% in adults. hMPV generally causes upper respiratory tract infection and flu-like illness, the virus can be associated with lower tract infections, such as wheezy bronchitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis and pneumonia, in very young children, elderly persons, and immunocompromised patients. hMPV has a seasonal peak during the spring in Japan. Reinfection with hMPV frequently occurs in children, implying that the host immune response induced by natural infection provides incomplete protection. The RT-PCR test is the most sensitive test for detection of hMPV.     

2009～2010年北京儿童腹泻中轮状病毒新VP4基因亚型的研究

P[8]b基因亚型是国内外新近发现的A组人轮状病毒(HRV)VP4基因的一种新亚型,本研究旨在建立有效鉴别HRV P[8]a和P[8]b基因亚型及P[4]和P[6]基因型的VP4基因打点杂交分型方法,并运用此方法对2009～2010年首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院门诊及住院腹泻患儿中P[8]b基因亚型HRV的流行情况及其G/P基因组合情况进行研究。通过对GenBank序列数据库可检索到的国内外HRV各种P基因型及亚型的VP4基因序列应用相关软件进行基因分析,在不同基因型别间核苷酸变异密集而相同P基因型内核苷酸高度保守的的位置设计各型别探针,并分别以本实验室上传GenBank的北京HRV地方株P[4]和P[6]基因型及P[8]a和P[8]b亚型的VP4基因作为相应型别探针的合成引物的设计模板及探针经PCR合成的合成模板,合成地高辛素标记的DNA探针。经测序验证所建立的VP4基因杂交分型方法结果可靠。对门诊88例(55%,88/160)及住院79例(70.5%,79/112)HRV腹泻患儿的P分型结果显示P[8]a亚型仍为主要型别,前者为96.6%(85/88),而后者为62.0%(49/79);P[8]b亚型在住院HRV感染腹泻患儿中占较高比例(27.9%,22/79),虽然其在门诊HRV感染患儿中也存在,但仅占2.3%(2/88);另外单纯P[4]基因型HRV感染仅在住院腹泻患儿中检测到1例(1.3%,1/79),而P[6]基因型在门诊及住院HRV感染腹泻患儿中均未检测到;本组标本中HRV P[8]b亚型主要与G9基因型组合。本研究表明G9P[8]b型HRV在北京腹泻儿童中有流行。     

Comparison of Groundnut bud necrosis virus isolates based on movement protein (NSm) gene sequences

The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the movement protein (NSm) genes of five isolates of Groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV) originating from different hosts and parts of India such as cowpea and tomato from Kerala, groundnut from Tamil Nadu, and potato from Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan were determined and compared to the known NSm sequences. Sequence analysis revealed that the NSm genes of GBNV isolates were identical in length (924 bp encoding 307 amino acids). GBNV isolates shared maximum identity (98–100%) at amino acid levels with GBNV‐Type isolate, while 82–83% and 34–65% amino acid sequence identities were observed with Watermelon silver mottle virus and other Tospoviruses respectively. The NSm genes among GBNV isolates originating from different hosts and locations appeared highly conserved (93–100%), suggesting their common origin.