猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒华东地区分离株RT-PCR-RFLP分析

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV)是猪的一种重要传染性疾病病原,已给世界养猪业带来了巨大的经济损失.其主要临床表现为妊娠期母猪的早产、流产、产死胎、弱胎、木乃伊胎,新生仔猪肺炎、生长迟缓.PRRSV为动脉炎病毒科动脉炎病毒属成员.病毒有囊膜、呈球形,基因组为单股正链RNA,大小约15kb,含有8个开放阅读框(ORF),其中ORF1(包括ORF1a和ORF1b)编码病毒RNA复制酶;ORF2-7分别编码病毒结构蛋白:GP2、GP3、GP4、GP5、M和N蛋白.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒HB-1(sh)/2002株全基因组分子特征分析

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV)可引起妊娠母猪流产,早产,产死胎、弱胎、木乃伊胎及仔猪和肥育猪的呼吸道症状.最先于20世纪80年代末期爆发于美国和欧洲一些国家,随后很快传至全世界,给世界养猪业造成了巨大的损失.我国在1995年底爆发该病,之后蔓延到我国很多省份.1996年郭宝清、杨汉春等分别从疑似PRRS的病例中分离出PRRSV[1,2].     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒分子生物学研究进展

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)是严重危害养猪业的病原,对PRRSV的分子生物学研究进展进行了综述,主要包括PRRSV的基因组结构、病毒的非结构蛋白和结构蛋白及其功能、致病机理及复制与转录等.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒分子生物学研究进展

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征是由猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)诱发的一种接触性传染病,其症状主要表现为怀孕母猪流产、早产、产死胎、木乃伊胎及成年猪的呼吸道症状。本病自1987年在美国爆发后,给世界养猪业造成巨大损失。近年来,由于其危害性大而引起专家学者的关注,PRRS在分子生物学方面研究者较多。就其病原特性,基因结构,病毒蛋白,分子生物学诊断以及PRRS基因工程疫苗的研究等方面进行论述。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒JL株Nsp10的表达及鉴定

为获得猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒JL株非结构蛋白Nsp10,以克隆质粒pMD18-T-Nsp10/JL为模板,将Nsp10基因克隆至原核表达载体pET-32a,转化至大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中诱导表达,对不同温度和IPTG浓度进行优化,以获得Nsp10蛋白表达的最佳条件,采用SDS-PAGE检测目的蛋白的表达情况,并通过Western blotting检测其免疫活性。结果表明,Nsp10基因成功克隆至pET-32a,有分子量约为43.4 kD的融合蛋白获得表达,重组蛋白于诱导4 h后达到高峰,IPTG浓度为0.2-1.2 mmol/L时,重组蛋白表达量无明显差异,Western blotting证实该表达蛋白具有反应原性。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒S1株GP3蛋白的原核表达与纯化

利用限制性酶切从重组质粒pRSET-GP3中得到缺失N端疏水序列的基因片段tGP3(truncated GP3).将tGP3克隆至原核高效表达载体pRSET,在E.coli BL21细胞中用IPTG诱导表达了猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)重组蛋白(His)6-GP3,并用亲和层析法获得了纯化蛋白.Western-Blottmg结果表明重组蛋白可被PRRSV阳性血清所识别,从而为进一步研究PRRSV GP3结构蛋白的免疫特性和功能奠定了基础.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒实时PCR检测方法的建立

设计合成了一套引物和TaqMan探针,以扩增猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒的核衣壳蛋白基因,通过反应条件的优化,在国内首次建立了快速定量检测猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒的实时PCR方法,并用该法检测患病猪的肺脏等样品。结果表明该方法具有较好的特异性和重复性,对PRRSV细胞培养物的检测下限为0.01TCID50,敏感性比常规RT-PCR高100倍;对10份PRRS疑似猪肺脏样品检测5份为阳性,与病毒分离的阳性符合率为100%。该方法具有快速、灵敏、准确、低污染等优点,在PRRSV的早期检测、预防控制、进出口检疫及基础研究中会起到重要作用。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒实时PCR检测方法的建立

设计合成了一套引物和TaqMan探针,以扩增猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒的核衣壳蛋白基因,通过反应条件的优化,在国内首次建立了快速定量检测猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒的实时PCR方法,并用该法检测患病猪的肺脏等样品.结果表明该方法具有较好的特异性和重复性,对PRRSV细胞培养物的检测下限为0.01TCID50,敏感性比常规RT-PCR高100倍;对10份PRRS疑似猪肺脏样品检测5份为阳性,与病毒分离的阳性符合率为100%.该方法具有快速、灵敏、准确、低污染等优点,在PRRSV的早期检测、预防控制、进出口检疫及基础研究中会起到重要作用.     

Molecular characterization of a highly pathogenetic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus variant in Hubei, China

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has been recognized as one of the most important pathogens of pigs throughout the world. In 2006, more than 10 provinces of China have experienced an epizootic outbreak of pig diseases characterized by high fever, reddened skin and high morbidity and mortality. From June 2006 to April 2007, we have investigated some clinical samples in Hubei province by RT-PCR and cloned several major genes, N, GP5 and NSP2 gene, shown in this study. Phylogenetic analysis of these genes revealed that the highly pathogenic PRRSV variant, ZB, was responsible for 2006 emergent outbreak of pig disease in Hubei province similar with those variants isolated from other provinces in China in 2006, and belongs to the NA-type PRRSV. In the PRRSV variants, the N and GP5 shear about 90% identity with prototypic ATCC VR-2332 and some typical NA-type Chinese isolates, except the 2850bp NSP2 gene (only shares 65% identity with ATCC VR-2332). But they all shear more than and 97% identity with other highly pathogenetic Chinese PRRSV strains. Additionally, there are extensive amino acid (aa) mutations in the GP5 protein and 2 deletions in the Nsp2 protein when compared with the previous isolates. Most of the variants found in 2006 epizootic outbreak of pig diseases in China were the farthest variants from the typical NA-type PRRSV in phylogenetic distance, and these diversities may be responsible for the differences in the pathogenicity observed between these variants and original Chinese PRRSV strains.     

Pathogenesis and antigenic characterization of a new East European subtype 3 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolate

Background  

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is divided into a European and North American genotype. East European PRRSV isolates have been found to be of the European genotype, but form different subtypes. In the present study, PRRSV was isolated from a Belarusian farm with reproductive and respiratory failure and designated "Lena". Analyses revealed that Lena is a new East European subtype 3 PRRSV isolate. The main purpose of this investigation was to study the pathogenesis and antigenic characteristics of PRRSV (Lena).     

Overview: Replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), an arterivirus that causes significant losses in the pig industry, is one of the most important animal pathogens of global significance. Since the discovery of the virus, significant progress has been made in understanding its epidemiology and transmission, but no adequate control measures are yet available to eliminate infection with this pathogen. The genome replication of PRRSV is required to reproduce, within a few hours of infection, the millions of progeny virions that establish, disseminate, and maintain infection. Replication of the viral RNA genome is a multistep process involving a replication complex that is formed not only from components of viral and cellular origin but also from the viral genomic RNA template; this replication complex is embedded within particular virus-induced membrane vesicles. PRRSV RNA replication is directed by at least 14 replicase proteins that have both common enzymatic activities, including viral RNA polymerase, and also unusual and poorly understood RNA-processing functions. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of PRRSV replication, which is important for developing a successful strategy for the prevention and control of this pathogen.     

Divergence time of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus subtypes

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) recently emerged in domestic pigs of Western Europe and North America. Although time of emergence was identical on the two continents, genetic composition was markedly different with a clear geographical subtype structure, indicating that subtypes diverged in separate reservoirs prior to emergence. Genetic analyses have shown that the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of Western European isolates existed around 1980 and that these originate from Eastern European pigs. These findings are challenged by a study of Hanada et al. who place the MRCA of all PRRSV isolates around 1980 and find that no significant subtype divergence occurred before emergence. Here, I discuss problems of information content, methodology, and biological plausibility associated with this study. Using alternative methodology, I reanalyze the existing data and conclude that the MRCA of all PRRSV isolates existed around 1880, 100 years before the date estimated by Hanada et al.     

Phosphorylation of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nucleocapsid protein

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a cytoplasmic RNA virus with the unique or unusual feature of having a nucleocapsid (N) protein that is specifically transported to the nucleolus of virus-infected cells. In this communication, we show that the N protein is a phosphoprotein. Phosphoamino acid analysis of authentic and recombinant N proteins demonstrated that serine residues were exclusively phosphorylated. The pattern of phosphorylated N protein cellular distribution in comparison with that of [(35)S]methionine-labeled N protein suggested that phosphorylation does not influence subcellular localization of the protein. Time course studies showed that phosphorylation occurred during, or shortly after, synthesis of the N protein and that the protein remained stably phosphorylated throughout the life cycle of the virus to the extent that phosphorylated N protein was found in the mature virion. Two-dimensional electrophoresis and acid-urea gel electrophoresis showed that one species of the N protein is predominant in virus-infected cells, suggesting that multiple phosphorylated isoforms of N do not exist.     

Characterization of interaction between porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine dendritic cells

The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome Virus (PRRSV) is an infectious disease that causes abortions and respiratory disorders in swine. In this study, the interaction between PRRSV and porcine dendritic cells generated from CD14(+) monocytes in the presence of GM-CSF and IL-4 was examined. As a result, it was shown that immature and mature dendritic cells can be productively infected with PRRSV. When the expression of surface MHC molecules on infected dendritic cells was determined, MHC classes I and II were found to be downregulated when compared with uninfected dendritic cells. With the exception of the IL-4 and IFN-gamma cytokines, the induction of the IL-10, IL-12, and TNF-alpha cytokines all increased in dendritic cells infected with PRRSV. A mixed lymphocyte reaction showed that peripheral blood mononuclear cells cocultured with PRRSVinfected dendritic cells were less stimulated than peripheral blood mononuclear cells cocultured with dendritic cells treated with PBS, LPS, or UV-inactivated PRRSV. Therefore, these results suggest that PRRSV would appear to modulate the immune stimulatory function of porcine dendritic cells.     

Antigen-specific B-cell responses to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes an acute, viremic infection of 4 to 6 weeks, followed by a persistent infection lasting for several months. We characterized antibody and B-cell responses to viral proteins in acute and persistent infection to better understand the immunological basis of the prolonged infection. The humoral immune response to PRRSV was robust overall and varied among individual viral proteins, with the important exception of a delayed and relatively weak response to envelope glycoprotein 5 (GP5). Memory B cells were in secondary lymphoid organs, not in bone marrow or Peyer's patches, in contrast to the case for many mammalian species. Potent anti-PRRSV memory responses were elicited to recall antigen in vitro, even though a second infection did not increase the B-cell response in vivo, suggesting that productive reinfection does not occur in vivo. Antibody titers to several viral proteins decline over time, even though abundant antigen is known to be present in lymphoid tissues, possibly indicating ineffective antigen presentation. The appearance of antibodies to GP5 is delayed relative to the resolution of viremia, suggesting that anti-GP5 antibodies are not crucial for resolving viremia. Lastly, viral infection had no immunosuppressive effect on the humoral response to a second, unrelated antigen. Taking these data together, the active effector and memory B-cell responses to PRRSV are robust, and over time the humoral immune response to PRRSV is effective. However, the delayed response against GP5 early in infection may contribute to the prolonged acute infection and the establishment of persistence.