现代工业微生物育种技术研究进展

工业微生物学作为应用微生物学的一部分,具有很强的应用性。当代生物技术特别是发酵工程技术的最终产品一般都是经过工业微生物这一“工厂”生产得到的,已取得了举世瞩目的经济效益和社会效益。以微生物发酵为基础的酶制剂工业为例,这是第二次世界大战以后迅速发展起来的一门新兴工业。据统计,1979年世界工业酶产量为53000t,1985年酶制剂的总产量为10万t,作为商品出售的酶制剂有200余种,到1990年总产值约为10亿美元。就生物技术而言,1991年美国、德国、法国和英国的总销售额依次为40．020．0,15．0,6．4亿美元[1]。对工业微生物菌…     

厌氧产氢微生物研究进展

微生物是生物制氢的核心。本文论述了通过厌氧代谢途径产氢的微生物种类及高效产氢微生物选育和应用的研究趋势, 其中重点论述了中温和嗜热厌氧产氢微生物的产氢能力、底物利用范围及代谢特性, 简述了嗜热一氧化碳营养型产氢菌的种类及代谢特点。     

微生物发酵产木聚糖酶研究进展

木聚糖是植物半纤维素的主要成分,是自然界中仅次于纤维素的可再生资源。木聚糖酶是一类重要的木糖苷键水解酶酶系,可将木聚糖逐次降解为低聚木糖及木糖,在饲料、造纸、食品和生物转化等行业应用广泛。目前利用微生物发酵生产木聚糖酶的研究很多,菌种涉及到细菌、真菌等,其发酵生产木聚糖酶的工艺、产量及特性也各有不同,对此进行了综述,并展望了木聚糖酶发酵生产的研究方向。     

产电微生物及微生物燃料电池最新研究进展

新型产电微生物(Electricigens)的发现,使得微生物燃料电池概念的内涵发生了根本性的变化,展现了广阔的应用前景。这种微生物能够以电极作为唯一电子受体,把氧化有机物获得的电子通过电子传递链传递到电极产生电流,同时微生物从中获得能量而生长。这种代谢被认为是一种新型微生物呼吸方式。以这种新型微生物呼吸方式为基础的微生物燃料电池可以同时进行废水处理和生物发电,有望可以把废水处理发展成一个有利可图的产业,是MFC最有发展前景的方向。     

微生物燃料电池中阳极产电微生物的研究进展

微生物燃料电池（MFC）是利用阳极产电微生物为催化剂降解有机废物直接将化学能转化为电能的装置。在MFC系统中,产电微生物是影响产电性能的核心要素之一。介绍了MFC中产电微生物的最新研究现状,详细讨论了产电微生物的种类、产电机理和产电能力．为产电微生物的富集、驯化、改造和多种菌种优化组合提供思路。     

微生物絮凝剂及其絮凝微生物的研究进展

介绍了近几年来国内外微生物絮凝剂和絮凝微生物的一些发展概况,列举了近几年发现的一些微生物絮凝剂的物质属性和组成,重点讨论了胞外絮凝剂和絮凝酵母的絮凝机理,详细综述了絮凝微生物的遗传学方面的研究进展,分析讨论微生物絮凝剂的应用概况,提出微生物絮凝剂的发展趋势和研究方向。     

Superoxide Dismutase Therapy for Myocardial Ischemia

Oxygen derived free radicals have been shown to be generated during reperfusion of ischemic myocardium by a variety of approaches including spin trap probes. Three levels of injury have been described for the reperfused heart. Periods of ischemia of only several minutes can trigger lethal arrhythmias on reperfusion. Anti-oxidants including SOD and or catalase, as well as iron chelators reduce the incidence of these arrhythmias in both dog and rat. Xanthine oxidase inhibitors arc equipotent with SOD in this model suggesting that xanthine oxidase is the source of the radicals. Periods of occlusion lasting 10–15 minutes produce a recoverable defect in contractility termed “stunning”. SOD plus catalase has been shown to reduce the incidence of stunning in a variety of models including the xanthine oxidase deficient rabbit. Neither agent on its own seemed to be effective against stunning in either the rabbit or the dog. Stunning is more difficult to demonstrate in the rabbit heart, presumably due to its lack of xanthine oxidase. Periods of ischemia in excess of 20 minutes will result in some irreversible cell death (infarction) with reperfusion. While studies using histochemical methods suggested that SOD plus Catalase given at the time of reper-fusion could limit necrosis in the dog model, histological studies reveal that infarct size was not modified but rather, SOD appears to interfere with the ability of tetrazoliurn to histochemically discriminate between living and dead cells. While PEG SOD with its extended plasma half life was reported to reduce infarct size in the dog. it was unable to protect the reprefused rabbit heart. To date. none of the scavengers have been proven to limit infarction suggesting that free radicals contribute to arrythmias and stunning, but do not. kill cells in the reperfused heart.     

伤寒沙门氏菌SOD的提取及抗原性研究

经硫酸铵分级沉淀,ＤＥＡＥ纤维素柱层析提取了伤寒沙门氏菌ＳＯＤ。提取后酶的比活性为３２７０Ｕ／ｍｇ,经聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,蛋白质染色及酶活性染色显示提取的ＳＯＤ达到了电泳纯。酶活性染色法和原子吸收分光光度法测定结果表明提取的ＳＯＤ为Ｆｅ－ＳＯＤ。双向琼脂扩散试验结果显示抗伤寒沙门氏菌Ｆｅ－ＳＯＤ血清与牛红细胞ＳＯＤ不形成沉淀线,提示伤寒沙门氏菌Ｆｅ－ＳＯＤ与牛红细胞ＳＯＤ无交叉反应,抗体对酶活性抑制试验结果显示抗Ｆｅ－ＳＯＤ血清可抑制伤寒沙门氏菌及鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的Ｆｅ－ＳＯＤ和Ｆｅ／Ｍｎ－ＳＯＤ活性,对Ｍｎ－ＳＯＤ活性无抑制作用,说明伤寒沙门氏菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的ＳＯＤ之间有共同抗原,也提示ＳＯＤ的辅基似乎决定了其抗原特异性。     

Novel Iron Complexes Behave Like Superoxide Dismutase In Vivo

Novel iron and copper complexes having tris[N-(5-methyl-2-pyridylmethyl)-2-aminoethyl]amine (5MeT-PAA), tris[N-(3-methyl-2-pyridylmethyl)-2-aminoethyl]amine(3MeTPAA),rris[N-(5-methoxycarbonyl-2-pyridylmethyl)-2-aminoethyl]amine (TNAA), tris[(2-thienylmethyI)-2-aminoethyl]amine (TTAA), tris[(2-furylniethyl)-2-aminoethyl]amine (TFAA) or tris[(2-imidazolyl)-2-aminoethyl]amine (TIAA) as ligand. were synthesized to examine the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The concentrations of Fe-3MeTPAA and Fe-TIAA equivalent to 1 unit of SOD (IC₅₀) were 0.5 μM and I.O μM. respectively. Fe-3MeTPAA and Fe-TIAA had higher SOD activity than other Fe and Cu complexes and protected Escherichiu coli cells from paraquat toxicity. In case of using tris[N-(Cmethyl-2-pyridylrnethyl)-2-aminoethyl]amine (6MeTPAA) as ligand, the Fe complex could not be obtained, which may be due to the steric hindrance of Cmethyl substituent. Generally, Cu complexes had low SOD activity, compared with Fe complexes, and could not suppress paraquat toxicity.     

超氧化物歧化酶翻译后修饰的研究进展

超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)是生物体内存在的一种抗氧化金属酶,它能够催化超氧阴离子自由基歧化生成氧(O₂)和过氧化氢(H₂O₂),在机体氧化与抗氧化平衡中起到至关重要的作用,且与很多疾病的发生、发展密不可分。对SOD的活性调节一直是研究热点,大多数研究都集中在转录水平(基因表达)和翻译水平(酶蛋白合成)两个方面。随着研究的深入,发现蛋白质翻译后修饰(PTM)对SOD的酶活性有重要影响。近年来,研究蛋白质翻译后修饰对SOD的酶活性的影响越来越受到重视。总结了硝基化、磷酸化、S-谷胱甘肽化、糖基化、乙酰化、次磺酸化、亚磺酸化、SUMO化等几种SOD翻译后的修饰方式,讨论了修饰后对SOD酶活性的影响和生理意义,并对SOD翻译后修饰的发展及面临的挑战进行了展望,为相关疾病的研究、治疗及靶向药物的研制提供了理论基础。     

Polymers of Cu/Zn Superoxide Dismutase Produced by Cross-Linking with Glutaraldehyde

Soluble polymers of bovine Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) have been prepared using the homobifunctional cross-linking reagent, glutaraldehyde. A form of the enzyme, a tetramer. with a molecular weight of 64, 000 has been purified by gel filtration. The functional properties of the tctrarner have been investigated. Reconstitution with copper and zinc was required for full activity. After metal reconstitution, the specific activity of the tetramer was shown to be close to 90% that of the native dimerism enzyme.

The serum half-life of the tetramer in rats was found to be increased by a factor of six when compared with native superoxide dismutase. The tissue distribution of the two forms was also found to be direrent with the tetrarner accumulating predominantly in the liver.     

微生物发酵提高SOD产率的研究进展

超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)是细胞内重要的天然自由基清除剂,具有抗氧化、抗衰老的作用。近年来,SOD在多个领域都展现出巨大的应用价值和开发前景。而微生物发酵是获得SOD产品的一种非常有效的方法,因此很多研究者对发酵法生产SOD进行研究。主要从SOD高产菌种的选育、培养条件及培养基成份的优化来提高SOD产量以及分离纯化工艺的改良方面进行综述,以期为我国SOD产品的深入开发和利用提供参考。     

Enhanced Electron Transfer by Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Superoxide Dismutase

We have previously shown that unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) facilitate electron transfer between iron centers such as ferrous iron and ferricytochrome C. Extending this concept to a more physiologic model of fatty acids associated with proteins, we find that electron transfer is also enhanced in this model. While investigating whether free superoxide was involved in this electron transfer, we discovered that superoxide dismutase (SOD) enchanced the electron transfer. While the mechanism of electron transfer is unknown, the above findings are consistent with UFA and SOD participating in membrane redox systems.     

Bisphenol-A Can Inhibit the Enzymatic Activity of Human Superoxide Dismutase

Bisphenol-A (BPA), a synthetic xenoestrogen, is currently being used to produce a wide variety of consumer products. Humans as well as animals are exposed to this ubiquitous compound through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal exposure. The effect of this compound on superoxide dismutase (SOD), an antioxidant enzyme, isolated from human blood was studied using an enzyme inhibition assay. The mode of interaction of BPA on SOD was investigated using modeling and docking studies. Purified human SOD from erythrocytes was used to study the enzyme inhibition assay of BPA. Molecular level interactions of BPA on SOD were also analyzed by modeling and docking studies. Our study demonstrates that BPA has an inhibitory effect on SOD. The docking results showed that it could bind to the active site residues of SOD and could interfere with the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Our study reveals for the first time that BPA can directly inhibit the enzymatic activity of human SOD and thus impairs the free radical scavenging mechanism.     

嗜酸热原体菌的超氧化物歧化酶的结构模建和进化踪迹分析

为考察来源于极端高温酸性环境中的超氧化物歧化酶,建立了一个由嗜酸热原体茵的sod基因编码的蛋白质的可靠三维分子结构,并对这个蛋白质进行进化踪迹分析识别出了11个踪迹残基?其中,残基Asn39,Gly105和Glu162的位置随机遍布整个结构,其余的残基却全部都明显地聚于一个靠近铁原子的子类当中?由此从在三维结构确认sod基因编码含铁的超氧化物歧化酶.此外,那些被识别的靠近铁原子的踪迹残基可能跟铁的绑定和催化功能直接相关?