Lead acetate: toxicity without effcts on the locomotor activity of the bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque

The concentration of lead acetate which caused 50% mortality of bluegill in 96 h (96 h LC50) is approximately 400 ppm. Sublethal concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10, 100, 200 and 300 ppm lead acetate did not produce any effects on the locpmotor activity of the bluegill. The observation that lead can reach concentrations which are lethal without sublethal effects on locomotor activity at lower concentrations is unusual and in sharp contrast to studies with other metals (Ellgaard et al. . 1978).     

Daphnid morphology deters fish predators

Spine and helmet production in zooplankton are thought to provide protection from invertebrate rather than vertebrate predators. We examined selectivity for Daphnia lumholtzi, a species that exhibits extreme cyclomorphosis with a large helmet and long tail spine (total length can exceed 5 mm), by juvenile bluegill (15–80 mm) in the laboratory and field. Bluegill consumed more D. pulex than D. lumholtzi when the species were presented alone. When the daphnids were offered together in equal numbers, bluegill selected against D. lumholtzi. Bluegill foraging behavior helped explain the observed nonrandom feeding. Bluegill capture efficiency foraging on D. pulex was high (85–100%) and handling times were low (usually too short to detect), whereas efficiencies were lower (40–96%) and handling times were longer (1–3 s) when foraging on D. lumholtzi, particularly for fish <50 mm. As they gained experience, bluegill <50 mm that oriented towards D. lumholtzi rejected them more often than striking. In addition, more D. lumholtzi were rejected and expelled than were D. pulex. From these experiments, we conclude that larger bluegill (>50 mm) are able to forage more successfully on D. lumholtzi than smaller fish. Selectivity by bluegill collected from a reservoir infested with D. lumholtzi verified our laboratory conclusions. Smaller bluegill selected against D. lumholtzi, whereas it was a preferred diet item for bluegill >50 mm. These results show that the morphology of D. lumholtzi interferes with predation by small planktivorous fish, posing foraging constraints for these fish more similar to those of piscivores, where handling time is important, than to those of planktivores, where prey density is of primary importance. Received: 13 August 1998 / Accepted 21 August 1998     

70%丙森锌可湿性粉剂对环境生物的安全性评价

丙森锌是一种广谱、速效、残效期长的保护性有机硫杀菌剂,广泛用于作物病害的防治,但是药剂的广泛使用也可能会对农田环境生物产生一定的影响。根据《化学农药环境安全评价试验准则》,采用多种室内模拟试验,测定了丙森锌对环境中6种非靶标生物鹌鹑、蜜蜂、家蚕、斑马鱼、大型溞和蚯蚓的毒性,并进行了环境安全性评价。70％丙森锌可湿性粉剂对鹌鹑、蜜蜂的毒性为低毒;对家蚕的96 h LC50为0．3990 mg· L-1,属剧毒;对斑马鱼96 h LC50为1．4764 mg· L-1,属中毒;对大型溞的48 h EC50为2．7406 mg· L-1,属中毒;对蚯蚓的14 d LC50为29．0737 mg· kg-1,为低毒。该研究结果可为丙森锌的风险评估和环境安全管理提供依据,并为其合理使用提供基础资料和科学指导。     

5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐微乳剂对6种环境生物的急性毒性

甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐是一种新型的抗生素类杀虫剂、杀螨剂,其大量使用可能会导致一系列的生态风险,因此有必要开展其对相关环境生物毒性的研究。测定了甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对意大利蜜蜂、日本鹌鹑、斑马鱼、家蚕、大型溞和赤子爱胜蚓6种非靶标生物的急性毒性。5％甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐微乳剂对蜜蜂的急性经口LC50（48 h）为0．555 a．i．mg· L-1,对鹌鹑的经口LD50（7 d）为148．369 a．i．mg· kg-1,对斑马鱼的LC50（96 h）为0．368 a．i．mg· L-1,对家蚕的急性摄入毒性LC50（96 h）为0．005 a．i．mg· L-1,对大型溞的运动抑制毒性EC50（48 h）为0．020 a．i． mg· L-1,对蚯蚓的急性毒性LC50（14 d）为18．397 a．i．mg· kg-1。该农药对家蚕和大型溞均为剧毒,对蜜蜂和斑马鱼均为高毒,对鹌鹑中毒,对蚯蚓低毒。总体而言,甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐微乳剂对环境生物危害大,在使用过程中要注意。     

工业废水的鱼类急性毒性效应研究

利用斑马鱼对某市六家有代表性的企业所排放的处理前和处理后的工业废水进行了急性毒性试验,以对斑马鱼的半致死浓度为评价指标,得到了六种工业废水毒性强度的初步排序,并结合理化指标分析了斑马鱼的致死原因。实验表明,六家企业处理前工业废水的毒性大小顺序为:电子类>食品类>电镀类>电池类>玻璃类>橡胶类,96hLC₅₀分别为:0.98%、4.73%、11.35%、13.60%、47.60%,其中橡胶类毒性最小,100%的工业废水对斑马鱼无致死效应。处理后的工业废水毒性基本消除,但部分行业的工业废水处理后仍存在毒性。     

温度、pH和盐度对后背鲈鲤幼鱼存活的影响

为了研究后背鲈鲤(Percocypris pingi retrodorslis)对温度、pH和盐度的耐受性, 以后背鲈鲤幼鱼为实验材料, 采用单因子静态急性毒性实验法对其温度、pH和盐度耐受能力进行研究。实验结果表明, 后背鲈鲤幼鱼对温度的耐受范围为0—32℃, 高温、低温的半致死温度分别为32℃和1℃, 最佳生长温度为8—27℃; 96h内, 最佳生长pH为5.0—9.0, pH高于9.5或者低于4.7时, 幼鱼出现死亡, 在24、48、72、96h里, 不同碱度对幼鱼存活率的影响呈现显著性差异(P<0.05), 而不同酸度对幼鱼存活率的影响差异性不显著(P>0.05), 24、48、72、96h酸度半致死浓度(LC₅₀)相应pH分别为3.90、3.96、4.15、4.40, 碱度半致死浓度相应的pH分别为11.20、11.10、10.98、10.89。96h内, 当盐浓度超过7.50 g/L时, 幼鱼开始死亡, 不同盐浓度对幼鱼的存活率的影响呈现显著性差异(P<0.05), 盐度对实验鱼的 12、24、48、72、96h的半致死浓度分别为10.30、9.25、9.00、8.85、8.82 g/L, 2个级别的安全浓度(SC)分别为0.882 g/L、2.557 g/L。后背鲈鲤已被列入珍稀濒危物种, 研究为今后后背鲈鲤的人工养殖和跨地域养殖打下理论基础。     

死鱼事件中污染源废水对鱼类急性毒性及诱变微核的研究

为了研究2006年9月广州郊区某鱼塘因化工企业污染源废水进入而导致大量死鱼事件中鱼类死亡原因,用斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)和蚕豆(Vicia faba)根尖对污染源废水及鱼塘水分别进行了鱼类急性毒性试验和蚕豆根尖微核试验。污染源废水和鱼塘水的96hLC₅₀分别为1.69%、23.95%,污染源废水和鱼塘水的微核率分别为27.8‰、13.7‰,污染源废水和鱼塘水的COD、BOD、石油类、氨氮、总磷等均出现超标情况,其中氨氮、苯胺、石油类污染物严重超标。监测结果表明,以氨氮污染为主的污染源废水是导致死鱼事件的主要原因,废水对蚕豆根尖微核率的形成具有显著性影响,可能存在潜在的致突变性危险。     

The effect of parasitism on the toxicity of cadmium to the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L.

The toxicity of cadmium to sticklebacks was determined over a wide range of concentrations. The 96 h LC50 was found to be 6.5 mg Cd I⁻¹. The shape of the time-concentration curve suggests that cadmium may have two toxic mechanisms. The median period of survival for fish infected with the plerocercoids of the cestode, Schistocephalus solidus , was found to be considerably shorter than for non-parasitized fish. This observation is considered in the light of the known effects of 5. solidus on its host.     

Influence of cortisol on the attachment and metamorphosis of larval Utterbackia imbecillis on bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus)

The larvae of unionid freshwater mussels (i.e., glochidia) undergo a parasitic stage requiring their attachment to the external epithelia of fish hosts, where they metamorphose into free-living juveniles. We describe the physiological effects in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) of infection with glochidia from the paper pondshell (Utterbackia imbecillis). Glochidia accumulation on bluegill increased dramatically at concentrations of 2000 glochidia liter(-1) and above, reaching a maximum attachment density of about 30 glochidia g(-1) fish at 4000 glochidia liter(-1). Plasma cortisol was the most sensitive indicator of biological effect to glochidial exposure, increasing significantly in hosts exposed to 2000 glochidia liter(-1) or greater. Glochidia were 31% more likely to undergo successful juvenile metamorphosis when attached to bluegill with elevated plasma cortisol, largely due to the enhanced survivorship of these larvae during the first 48 h after infection. We tested the hypothesis that glochidial attachment and juvenile metamorphosis were stimulated directly by plasma cortisol in fish hosts. Bluegill were given an intraperitoneal injection of cortisol, then infected with 1000 glochidia liter(-1) at 48 h after hormone supplementation. Cortisol-injected fish had a 42% increase in the number of attached glochidia g(-1) fish and a 28% increase in larval metamorphosis compared to sham-injected and control fish. We provide evidence that cortisol enhances glochidial metamorphosis on hosts by improving the retention of attached glochidia. This study gives insights into the influence of host physiology on glochidial attachment and juvenile mussel transformation.     

Kinetic analysis of the swimming behaviour of bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque, exposed to copper: hypoactivity induced by sublethal concentrations

The concentration of copper which caused 50% mortality of bluegill in 96 h (96-h LC50) was between 4 and 16 ppm of the metal, copper. During the 6–8 day treatment period, sublethal concentrations of copper elicited a hypoactive locomotor response which was dependent on both concentration and time of exposure. Fish treated in 0.04, 0.08 and 0.4 ppm of copper were only 67, 61 and 44% as active, respectively, as they were prior to treatment. Locomotor activity decreased dramatically during the first 4 days of exposure to copper and remained low during further exposure.     

伊维菌素在环境中的降解及其对七种水生生物的急性毒性研究

伊维菌素作为一种高效的抗寄生虫兽药,在畜禽业有着广泛的应用。但药物随着畜禽动物的代谢产物的排放而进入自然生态系统也成为逐渐显现的环境问题。由于药物具有在自然环境中难以快速降解和对水生枝角类高毒性的特点,因此流入天然水体的伊维菌素存在着影响水生态平衡的风险。为了比较全面评估药物对水生动物潜在的毒害作用,研究模拟天然河道环境,对药物在底质中的降解速率进行了测定,并选取7种占据不同生态位的水生生物作为试验对象,通过关于急性毒性的国家标准试验方法来初步评价药物对水生态系统的风险。结果显示伊维菌素在自然水体中降解缓慢,在泥水混合25℃恒温条件下,70d的降解率仅为28.3%。急性毒性试验结果显示伊维菌素对发光细菌(Photobacterium)并不表现出毒性,对淡水小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)的96h EC50=19.80 mg/L,属中毒;而对其他实验生物则表现出了较高的毒性,伊维菌素对斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)、食蚊鱼(Gambusia affinis)和鲫鱼鱼苗(Carassius carassius)的96h LC50分别为40.48、34.81和13.79μg/L,对罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)的96h LC50=7.87μg/L,对大型溞(Daphniamagna)的24h LC50=4.81 ng/L,均属极高毒。因此残留在天然水体的伊维菌素对水生态中的生物有较大影响,对含伊维菌素的废弃物排放进行监控和科学管理非常必要。     

Toxicity and effects of a glyphosate-based herbicide on the Neotropical fish Prochilodus lineatus

The toxicity of Roundup, a glyphosate-based herbicide widely used in agriculture, was determined for the Neotropical fish Prochilodus lineatus. The 96 h-LC(50) of Roundup was 13.69 mg L(-1), indicating that this fish is more sensitive to Roundup than rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). These differences should be considered when establishing criteria for water quality and animal well-being in the Neotropical region. Short-term (6, 24 and 96 h) toxicity tests were then performed to evaluate the effects of sub-lethal concentrations of the herbicide (7.5 and 10 mg L(-1)) to P. lineatus. Roundup did not interfere with the maintenance of the ionic balance and there was no significant alteration in plasma cortisol levels in Roundup-exposed fish. However an increase in plasma glucose was noted in fish exposed to 10 mg L(-1) of the herbicide, indicating a typical stress response. Catalase liver activity also showed an increase in fish exposed to 10 mg L(-1) of the herbicide, suggesting the activation of antioxidant defenses after Roundup exposure. In addition, Roundup induced several liver histological alterations that might impair normal organ functioning. Therefore, short-term exposure to Roundup at subletal concentrations induced biochemical, physiological and histological alterations in P. lineatus.     

无瓣海桑果叶及其浸提液的生物急性毒性研究

为了探讨无瓣海桑的生物毒性作用,采用哺乳类动物大鼠,国际规定的标准毒性实验用鱼斑马鱼以及红树林内主要鱼种弹涂鱼为受体,进行了大鼠急性经口毒性固定剂量毒性反应观察,斑马鱼和弹涂鱼的改进寇氏法毒性实验以及半致死量浓度(LC₅₀)和95%可信限计算,结果表明:在5000 mg/kg体重下,无瓣海桑的果实和叶子浸提液都未对大鼠产生任何毒性表现,14 d的死亡率为0,半致死量(LD₅₀)大于5000 mg/kg体重,属于无毒物质;对鱼类毒性,相同鱼种下,果实水浸提液毒性强于叶子水浸提液,相同水浸提液下,弹涂鱼对毒性敏感度超过斑马鱼,半致死浓度24 hLC₅₀>4 8 hLC₅₀>72 hLC₅₀>96 hLC₅₀>1000 mg·L^-1,属于低毒物质.根据以上初步得出无瓣海桑不会对周围生物造成毒性危害.     

Assessing the efficacy of corn-based bait containing antimycin-a to control common carp populations using laboratory and pond experiments

Strategic use of oral toxicants could allow for practical and sustainable control schemes for the invasive common carp (Cyprinus carpio, or ‘carp’) if a toxicant selectively targeted carp and not native species. In this study, we incorporated antimycin-a (ANT-A), a known fish toxicant, into a corn-based bait and conducted a series of experiments to determine its toxicity, leaching rate, and species-specificity. Our results showed that ANT-A was lethal to carp at doses ≥ 4 mg/kg and that the amount of ANT-A that leached out of the bait in 72 h was not lethal to carp or bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). Species-specificity trials were conducted in 227 L tanks, in which carp were stocked with three native species representing families that occur sympatrically with carp in our study region: the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and bluegill. These trials showed high mortality of carp (46%) and fathead minnows (76%) but no significant mortality of perch or bluegill. Finally, a pond study, which used the same species composition except for fathead minnows, resulted in 37% morality among adult carp and no mortality among perch or bluegill. Our results suggest that corn-based bait that contains ANT-A could be used to selectively control carp in ecosystems dominated by percids or centrarchids, such as lakes across the Great Plains ecoregion of North America, where carp are especially problematic.     

Size-specific growth of bluegill, largemouth bass and channel catfish in relation to prey availability and limnological variables

Growth of sympatric populations of three important sport fish species: bluegill Lepomis macrochirus , largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus , in 14 Illinois reservoirs was assessed in an attempt to relate size-specific growth to environmental conditions. Multiple regression relationships for most species and size classes explained a large percentage of the variation in growth. Growth of small bluegill (50 mm total length, L _T) showed a strong negative relationship with bluegill catch per unit effort (cpue), per cent littoral area and pH. Large bluegill (150 mm L _T) growth was negatively related to Daphnia spp. and benthic macroinvertebrate abundance and lake volume, and positively related to bluegill cpue. Growth of small (100 mm L _T) and large (250 mm L _T) largemouth bass was not well explained by any of the measured variables. Growth of both small (300 mm L _T) and large (450 mm L _T) channel catfish was strongly positively related to forage fishes and ichthyoplankton abundance, and per cent littoral area while negatively related to benthic macroinvertebrates. By identifying environmental conditions associated with increased growth rates, these models provide direction for managing fish populations and suggest testable hypotheses for future study of the complex interactions between environmental conditions and growth.     

草甘膦对草鱼、鲢鱼和鲫鱼的毒性

【背景】草甘膦是一种灭生性除草剂,对防治多年生杂草效果明显。近年来,草甘膦被广泛用于防治鱼塘水生杂草,其对鱼类的安全性逐渐受到关注。【方法】采用半静态法测试了草甘膦对草鱼、鲢鱼和鲫鱼的急性毒性,并计算出其对草鱼、鲢鱼和鲫鱼的安全浓度。【结果】随着受试鱼苗在药液中暴露时间的延长,LG50值逐渐减小;草甘膦对草鱼、鲢鱼和鲫鱼的96h LC50值分别为0．2518、0．2588和0．2599mg·L^-1;草甘膦对草鱼、鲢鱼和鲫鱼的安全浓度分别为0．0252、0．0259和0．0260mg·L^-1。【结论与意义】草甘膦对草鱼、鲢鱼和鲫鱼高毒,该结果对指导淡水养殖区杂草防除时科学使用草甘膦具有重要的实践意义。     

Isolation and characterization of a bluegill-degrading microorganism, and analysis of the root hair-promoting effect of the degraded products

Bluegill-degrading bacteria were isolated from various environmental sources. Brevibacillus sp. BGM1 degraded bluegill efficiently at 50 degrees C, and its culture supernatant showed the highest peptide and amino acid concentrations as trichloroacetic acid (TCA) soluble fraction (ASF) (10.7 mg/ml) of all supernatants obtained with bluegill as a substrate. Strain BGM1 secreted a protease(s) into the medium, and the concentration of peptides and amino acids gradually increased. The fertile effect of the degraded bluegill products (DGP) on Brassica rapa was also investigated. The root hair density of B. rapa grown with DGP at a concentration of 30 mug peptides and amino acids/ml was about 1.7 times higher than when grown with the same concentration of undegraded bluegill. DGP was shown to increase root hair numbers and adventitious root formation. The results of this study suggest that a specific peptide(s) for promotion of root hair is produced from the order Perciformes with a protease(s) from BGM1.     

Examination of the effects of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) on the ecosystem attributes of lake Kawahara-oike,Nagasaki, Japan

The introduction of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) into the freshwater ecosystems of Japan has resulted in the suppression and/or replacement of native species, generating considerable concerns among resource managers. The impacts of largemouth bass and bluegill on native fauna have been examined in aquaria and isolated farm ponds, but there is limited work examining the likelihood to fundamentally modifying Japan's lakes. The objective of the present study is to examine the direct and synergistic ecological effects of largemouth bass and bluegill on the biotic communities of Lake Kawahara-oike, Nagasaki, Japan, using an ecosystem (Ecopath) modeling approach. Specifically, we examine whether the two fish species have played a critical role in shaping the trophodynamics of the lake. We attempt to shed light on the trophic interactions between largemouth bass and bluegill and subsequently evaluate to what extent these interactions facilitate their establishment at the expense of native species. We also examine how these changes propagate through the Lake Kawahara-oike food web. Our study suggests that the introduction of bluegill has induced a range of changes at multiple trophic levels. The present analysis also provides evidence that largemouth bass was unable to exert significant top-down control on the growth rates of the bluegill population. Largemouth bass and bluegill appear to prevail over the native fish species populations and can apparently coexist in large numbers in invaded lakes. Future management strategies controlling invasive species are urgently required, if the integrity of native Japanese fish communities is to be protected.     

An Experimental Study of Competition Between the Native Sacramento Perch (Archoplites interruptus) and Introduced Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus)

The Sacramento perch (Archoplites interruptus), a sunfish (Centrarchidae) native only to the Central Valley of California, has been eliminated from most of its native range. To examine the role of interspecific competition in this decline, a series of experiments were conducted to assess the growth, aggressive behavior, and habitat use of Sacramento perch in the presence of bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), an introduced centrarchid. The experiments indicate that (1) Sacramento perch gain less weight and show reduced growth when placed with bluegill, but that this interaction only occurs with food limitation, and is not affected by overall fish density; (2) Sacramento perch demonstrate less aggressive behavior than bluegill, but become more aggressive when they are conspicuously larger than bluegill; (3) Sacramento perch shift their habitat use in the presence of bluegill. Overall the results imply that Sacramento perch and bluegill exhibit interspecific competition where the mechanism of interaction is aggressive dominance by bluegill. It is suggested that long term persistence of Sacramento perch may require a habitat that is free of introduced centrarchid fishes, or one controlled by a naturally variable hydrological regime.     

DMS对三种水生生物急性毒性的实验研究

研究了DMS对鱼类、藻类及水生甲壳类的毒性,以探讨DMS对海洋生物及海洋环境的影响。结果显示DMS对食蚊鱼(Gambusia affinis)3h、6h、9h、12h、24h半致死浓度(LC₅₀)分别为34.1mg·L^-1、23.4mg·L^-1、22.4mg·L^-1、20.2mg·L^-1和19.1mg·L^-1,对网纹溞(Ceriodaphnia reticulata)6h、9h、12h、24h半效应浓度(EC₅₀)分别为47.4mg·L^-1、21.4mg·L^-1、18.0mg·L^-1、12.3mg·L^-1,DMS对扁藻(platymonas elliptica)96h生长潜力半抑制浓度(IC₅₀)为18.3mg·L^-1。