慢性湿疹患者皮损、鼻粘膜需氧微生物群的定位、定量研究

本文首次应用定位、定量方法对23例小腿部慢性湿疹患者皮损、邻近皮肤及鼻孔的菌群,从微生态学的角度进行探讨,并将结果同24例正常人小腿皮肤及鼻孔的菌群做了比较。其结果表明:金黄色葡萄球菌为皮损及邻近皮肤的主要菌种,并且其分离率及密度有按正常皮肤、邻近皮肤、皮损依次增高现象;类白喉杆菌的数量在皮损部位明显低于正常皮肤与邻近皮肤;表皮葡萄球菌分离率皮损及邻近皮肤均明显降低。本组结果同正常对照组相比其皮肤微生物群菌谱虽无不同,但其数量的变异是显著的,这对探讨湿疹的病因及用生态制剂等调整皮肤菌群使其恢复微生态平衡达到防治目的有所裨益。     

DGGE法分析慢性化脓性中耳炎耳道菌群变化及药敏试验研究

目的解析正常成人及慢性化脓性中耳炎（CSOM）患者耳道内菌群结构的差别,寻找有效抑制致病菌同时对皮肤主导菌群影响不大的抗生素,指导临床合理用药。方法取20例正常成人及20例CSOM患者耳道分泌物行血琼脂平板划线法分离鉴定细菌,选择典型病例进行DGGE法分析耳道菌群多样性,对培养的常见细菌进行药物敏感试验,分析药敏结果。结果（1）20例正常成人耳道分泌物中18例培养分离出表皮葡萄球菌（90％）,2例培养阴性（10％）;20例CSOM患者耳道分泌物中离出金黄色葡萄球菌8例（40％）,铜绿假单胞菌5例（25％）,溶血性葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌各2例（各10％）,阴沟肠杆菌、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌各1例（各5％）,无菌生长1例（5％）。（2）DGGE分析显示,正常成人耳道菌群种类比CSOM明显增多。（3）金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌对环丙沙星均敏感。表皮葡萄球菌对阿莫西林、头孢唑林、左旋氧氟沙星耐药而金黄色葡萄球菌对其敏感。结论（1）正常人耳道正常菌群多样性高于CSOM。（2）目前培养出的正常成人主要耳道菌群为表皮葡萄球菌,CSOM主要菌群为金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌。（3）环丙沙星同时抑制正常菌群和致病菌的生长。阿莫西林、头孢唑林、左旋氧氟沙星在抑制金黄色葡萄球菌等致病菌的同时,可以在一定程度上保护正常菌群成员表皮葡萄球菌。     

内蒙古地区健康与患炎症奶牛阴道菌群的比较研究

目的对健康与患炎症奶牛阴道菌群进行比较研究,为研制开发防治奶牛阴道炎症制剂奠定基础。方法本实验从内蒙古呼和浩特屠宰场采集健康奶牛的阴道40个,其中未配种奶牛阴道20个,配种期奶牛20个;并再采集患炎症的奶牛阴道20个。采用经典的微生物学方法,将阴道内黏膜以及粘液中的细菌分离、纯化、鉴定及计数,并对它们进行比较。结果未配种奶牛阴道内菌体生长极少,配种期奶牛阴道内菌群数量比例趋势为乳酸菌大肠菌群金黄色葡萄球菌链球菌表皮葡萄球菌其他菌群,患炎症奶牛阴道菌群内优势菌体为金黄色葡萄球菌,其次为大肠菌群与乳酸菌,而后为链球菌、表皮葡萄球菌和其他菌群。结论实验表明健康奶牛阴道内优势菌群为乳酸菌,患炎症奶牛阴道优势菌群为金黄色葡萄球菌,金黄色葡萄球菌比其他菌株更易在阴道粘液中生存,而大肠菌群虽为条件性致病菌,但是在患炎症的奶牛阴道中并未有很高的菌株分离数。     

无创性皮肤屏障功能检测在朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症中的应用

摘要 目的：探讨无创性皮肤屏障功能检测在朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症(Langerhans cell histiocytosis,LCH)中的应用价值。方法：研究时间为2017年1月到2020年12月,选择在本院诊治的朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增多症患者72例作为LCH组,同期选择健康体检者72例作为对照组。采用无创性皮肤屏障功能检测皮肤水分、经皮水分丢失(Transdermal water loss,TEWL)、油脂水平,同时检测所有入选者的免疫功能、皮肤菌群并进行相关性分析。结果：LCH组的皮肤水分低于对照组(P<0.05),TEWL、油脂水平高于对照组(P<0.05)。LCH组的乳酸杆菌(La)阳性率低于对照组(P<0.05),表皮葡萄球菌(Se)、痤疮丙酸杆菌(Pa)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Sa)阳性率高于对照组(P<0.05)。LCH组的CD163、ki-67表达阳性率分别为77.8 %、52.8 %,高于对照组的19.4 %和6.9 %(P<0.05)。在LCH组中,Pearson相关性分析显示皮肤水分与乳酸杆菌呈现正相关性(P<0.05),TEWL、油脂与表皮葡萄球菌、痤疮丙酸杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、CD163、ki-67呈现正相关性(P<0.05)。结论：无创性皮肤屏障功能检测在朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症中的应用可反映患者的皮肤水分与油脂状况,也可间接反映患者的皮肤微生态与免疫功能状况。     

健康人皮肤正常菌群的研究

本研究对我国健康人皮肤正常菌群进行了探讨,发现在健康人前额皮肤上表皮葡萄球菌数为1.6×10~2～1.7×10~7/厘米~2,疮疤丙酸杆菌数为5.3×10~2～4.1×10~7/厘米~2,棒状杆菌数为1.31×10~2～4.1×10~4/厘米~2,真菌为0.17×10~2～6.1×10~3/厘米~2。在全皮标本中疮疱丙酸杆菌数为1.12×10~2～1.7×10~5/厘米~2,表皮葡萄球菌为1.36×10~2～3.9×10~2/厘米~2。表皮标本中,随年龄增加,表皮葡萄球菌有所减少,而金黄色葡萄球菌则增多。男女性皮肤正常菌群的比较中,表皮葡萄球菌、棒状杆菌、疮疱丙酸杆菌男性高于女性,而金黄色葡萄球菌、真菌却女性多于男性,但差异都不显著。全皮标本与表皮标本的比较中,表皮标本中表皮葡萄球菌、疮疱丙酸杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、棒状杆菌和真菌数都多于全皮标本,只是上述的后三种菌群的差异显著。     

细菌性前列腺炎患者前列腺液菌群调查及耐药谱分析

目的了解细菌性前列腺炎患者菌群分布及其耐药现状,更有效地对细菌性前列腺炎进行预防控制。方法对我院2005年10月至2007年9月拟诊为细菌性前列腺炎的患者266例,取前列腺液做细菌需氧及5%CO2环境培养,以Phoenix 100型全自动细菌分析系统进行菌种鉴定及药物敏感试验,综合分析结果。结果266例患者中前列腺液培养阳性者204例,阳性率为76.69%。其中葡萄球菌152株,占检出菌株数的74.51%。检出主要细菌为：溶血葡萄球菌82株（40.2%）,表皮葡萄球菌34株（16.67%）,粪肠球菌25株（12.25%）,头状葡萄球菌10株（4.9%）,金黄色葡萄球菌5株（2.45%）。葡萄球菌对氨苄西林、青霉素耐药率达到100%,对万古霉素、呋喃妥因、吗啉噁酮敏感率分别为100%、95.9%、95.1%。结论细菌性前列腺炎患者多由条件致病菌感染所致,尤其以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌感染多见,患者年龄呈逐渐年轻化趋势;万古霉素、呋喃妥因、吗啉噁酮对葡萄球菌高度敏感。     

葡萄球菌烫伤样皮肤综合征临床探讨

目的:探讨葡萄球菌烫伤样皮肤综合征(Staphylococcal Scald Skin Syndrome,SSSS)的临床特点及治疗措施.方法:回顾性分析9例1岁至5岁葡萄球菌烫伤样皮肤综合征患儿的临床表现、治疗措施及其疗效.结果:9例患儿均有泛发性红斑、皮肤触痛、口周放射状皲裂,尼氏征阳性.细菌培养出金黄色葡萄球菌2例,表皮葡萄球菌1例.患者在接受抗感染、适当的皮肤护理联合其他支持治疗后,全部治愈出院,疗程7～16d.结论:葡萄球菌烫伤样皮肤综合征好发于婴幼儿,早期应用足量耐β-内酰胺酶抗生素治疗和合理的局部护理是治疗的关键.     

抗金黄色葡萄球菌感染的新药研究进展

金黄色葡萄球菌因抗菌药耐药性而引起广泛关注,其耐药株感染所引起的皮肤和软组织感染、肺炎、菌血症以及骨髓炎等增加了患者的发病率和死亡率。金黄色葡萄球菌通常通过携带多种耐药基因、毒力基因或形成生物被膜等方式快速适应生存环境而产生耐药性,使得常规抗菌药物难以达到理想的治疗效果,因此,金黄色葡萄球菌感染的治疗一直是一个难题。从抗菌肽、植物次生代谢物及其他独特作用机制的新药等三方面进行阐述,以期为抗金黄色葡萄球菌感染的新药研发提供新的思路。     

腋臭患者腋窝皮肤需氧微生物群的研究

对１６例女性腋患者腋窝皮肤菌群从微生态学的角度进行定性、定量分析。并将结果同２４例正常女性腋窝皮肤菌群做了比较。结果表明,美白喉杆菌及表皮葡萄球力为腋臭患者腋窝皮肤的主要菌生机制及用生态制剂等调整菌群,改善微环境,,达到防治目的有所帮助     

皮瓣移植结合骨牵张技术修复感染性胫骨复合皮肤组织缺损的临床效果观察

目的：观察皮瓣移植结合骨牵张技术修复感染性胫骨复合皮肤组织缺损的临床效果。方法：自2008年6月至2012年6月,共收治了胫骨感染性复合组织缺损16例,采用一期彻底去除病变坏死组织和病变的胫骨断端,切取同侧腓肠肌皮瓣、腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣转位、对侧小腿内侧皮瓣和游离皮瓣移植修复小腿皮肤缺损,二期行骨牵张延长术进行治疗。结果：所有16例胫骨复合组织缺损病例感染均得到了控制,移植的皮瓣顺利成活,胫骨截骨延长区成骨良好,断端骨愈合,其中2例出现针道感染,无血管神经并发症发生。骨延长2～9cm,平均延长5．5cm。外同定延长支架在停止骨延长8-20个月后拆除,双下肢等长,膝关节和踝关节功能良好。术后细菌培养＋药敏结果：金黄色葡萄球菌感染8例,表皮葡萄球菌感染4例,大肠杆菌感染1例,阴沟肠杆菌感染l例,肠球菌感染l例。结论：伤口彻底清创,胫骨断端坏死骨切除后一期行皮瓣移植,二期行骨牵张延长术是一种治疗感染性胫骨复合组织缺损的有效方法。     

Detection of pathogenic bacteria in skin lesions of patients with chiclero's ulcer. Reluctant response to antimonial treatment

We investigated the bacterial flora present in skin lesions of patients with chiclero's ulcer from the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico using conventional culture methods (11 patients), and an immunocolorimetric detection of pathogenic Streptococcus pyogenes (15 patients). Prevalence of bacteria isolated by culture methods was 90.9% (10/11). We cultured, from chiclero's ulcers (60%), pathogenic bacterial such as Staphylococcus aureus (20%), S. pyogenes (1.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1.6%), Morganella morganii (1.6%), and opportunist pathogenic bacteria such as Klebsiella spp. (20.0%), Enterobacter spp. (20%), and Enterococcus spp. (20%). We also cultured coagulase-negative staphylococci in 40% (4/10) of the remaining patients. Micrococcus spp. and coagulase-negative staphylococci constituted the bacterial genuses more frequently isolated in the normal skin of patients with chiclero's ulcer and healthy individuals used as controls. We also undertook another study to find out the presence of S. pyogenes by an immunocolorimetric assay. This study indicated that 60% (9/15) of the ulcerated lesions, but not normal controls, were contaminated with S. pyogenes. Importantly, individuals with purulent secretion and holding concomitant infections with S. pyogenes, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, M. morganii, and E. durans took longer to heal Leishmania (L.) mexicana infections treated with antimonial drugs. Our results suggest the need to eliminate bacterial purulent infections, by antibiotic treatment, before starting antimonial administration to patients with chiclero's ulcer.     

The gram-positive tonsillar and nasal flora of piglets before and after weaning

AIMS: To investigate gram-positive nasal and tonsillar microbial flora of piglets before and after weaning. METHODS AND RESULTS: The nasal and tonsillar gram-positive bacterial flora of 20 non-weaned piglets (2 weeks of age) and 20 weaned piglets (6 weeks of age), obtained from four different piggeries, was quantified by culture and identified by tDNA-PCR. The most widely occurring species from nasal conchae before as well as after weaning in the different piglets investigated were Streptococcus suis and Rothia nasimurium. After weaning a wide variety of Lactobacillus species appeared but in low numbers. In the tonsils, Strep. suis, Strep. dysgalactiae, S. hyicus, S. aureus, Arcanobacterium pyogenes and Actinomyces hyovaginalis were the species isolated from the largest number of pigs before and after weaning. S. aureus and most lactobacilli became more prevalent after weaning. Bacteria not known to be associated with pigs found in the present study included R. nasimurium, Strep. gallolyticus, Pediococcus pentosaceus and some Lactobacillus species. CONCLUSIONS: Over 30 different gram-positive bacterial species may occur in nasal conchae and tonsils of unweaned piglets at 2 weeks of age and of 6-week-old weaned piglets. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study demonstrated that weaning is associated with changes in prevalence of only a small minority of the highly diversified bacterial flora of the nares and tonsils of pigs.     

In vivo standardization of cutaneous bactericidal activity of antiseptics by using monoxenic hairless mice

This study was designed to investigate the bactericidal activities of antiseptics on the cutaneous flora of hairless mice monoxenic to Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vivo. A standardized method for testing such antiseptics to compare their bactericidal effectiveness in humans in described. Seven antiseptics belonging to seven different chemical groups (iodine derivatives, alcohols, mercury compounds, quaternary ammonium salts, biguanides, phenols, and carbanilides) were used as recommended by the manufacturers (conditions of contact or prolonged contact time followed by washing with distilled water). Germfree hairless mice were infected with various bacterial strains by gastric intubation, producing levels of about 10(3) CFU/cm2 of skin. The antiseptic under test was placed on the right or left side of the ventral region. The contralateral side served as a control. In order to standardize the method, a number of crucial parameters were carefully controlled: the amount of antiseptic applied, the area of skin treated, the duration of treatment, and the washing procedure. Skin samples were obtained by cutaneous biopsy, which effectively removed all the bacteria along with the sample. The bacterial populations were counted before and after application of the antiseptic. Reductions of between 0.5 and 1.9 log units were obtained; these are comparable to those observed in humans. The standardization of our procedure and the use of animals with a strictly controlled flora eliminated much of the variability and sources of error inherent in human studies. This model could be of value for the study of resistant bacterial strains responsible for nosocomial infections and for investigations of damaged skin.     

In vivo standardization of cutaneous bactericidal activity of antiseptics by using monoxenic hairless mice.

This study was designed to investigate the bactericidal activities of antiseptics on the cutaneous flora of hairless mice monoxenic to Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vivo. A standardized method for testing such antiseptics to compare their bactericidal effectiveness in humans in described. Seven antiseptics belonging to seven different chemical groups (iodine derivatives, alcohols, mercury compounds, quaternary ammonium salts, biguanides, phenols, and carbanilides) were used as recommended by the manufacturers (conditions of contact or prolonged contact time followed by washing with distilled water). Germfree hairless mice were infected with various bacterial strains by gastric intubation, producing levels of about 10(3) CFU/cm2 of skin. The antiseptic under test was placed on the right or left side of the ventral region. The contralateral side served as a control. In order to standardize the method, a number of crucial parameters were carefully controlled: the amount of antiseptic applied, the area of skin treated, the duration of treatment, and the washing procedure. Skin samples were obtained by cutaneous biopsy, which effectively removed all the bacteria along with the sample. The bacterial populations were counted before and after application of the antiseptic. Reductions of between 0.5 and 1.9 log units were obtained; these are comparable to those observed in humans. The standardization of our procedure and the use of animals with a strictly controlled flora eliminated much of the variability and sources of error inherent in human studies. This model could be of value for the study of resistant bacterial strains responsible for nosocomial infections and for investigations of damaged skin.     

Preliminary studies of the effect of steroid hormones on skin bacteria in vitro

It results from studies on skin hormones that some of steroid hormones reach high concentrations on skin surface mainly during a course of acne vulgaris. Our studies indicate that the activity of hormones on skin bacteria can be multiform. Nineteen hormones of analytical grade of purity were tested. They were derived from different firms of synthesized in the Department of Endocrinology of the Pharmacology Institute of Polish Academy of Sciences in Cracow. Bacterial strains tested in this study were isolated from normal skin flora. The majority of the compounds tested in this study showed different reactivity toward Staphylococcus aureus as well as Staphylococcus epidermidis and anaerobic diphtheroids+ and sometimes aerobic ones.     

Cloacal and nasal bacterial flora of Lepidochelys olivacea (Testudines: Cheloniidae) from the North Pacific Coast of Costa Rica

Cloacal and nasal bacterial flora of Lepidochelys olivacea (Testudines: Cheloniidae) from the North Pacific coast of Costa Rica. The aerobic cloacal and nasal bacterial flora of 45 apparently healthy female olive ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) was studied at Nancite nesting beach, in Santa Rosa National Park (Costa Rican North Pacific) during July and August 2002. Bacterial samples were obtained by inserting sterile swabs directly into the cloaca and the nasal cavities of the turtles. Ninety-nine aerobic bacterial isolates, including 10 Gram-negative and 5 Gram-positive bacteria, were recovered. The most common bacteria cultured were Aeromonas spp. (13/45) and Citrobacter freundi (6/45) from cloacal samples and Bacillus spp. (32/45), Staphylococcus aureus (6/45) and Corynebacterium spp. (5/45) from nasal ducts. The results of the present study showed that the aerobic bacterial flora of nesting female olive ridleys was composed of several potential human and animal microbe pathogens.     

Maintenance of the normal flora of human skin grafts transplanted to mice

Full-thickness human cadaver skin was maintained on the dorso-lateral thoracic region of hairless mice whose immune rejection mechanism was suppressed using anti-mouse-thymocyte globulin. The bacterial profile of the pregrafted skin did not differ significantly from the normal human microflora. In contrast, the murine skin exhibited quantitative and qualitative differences from the human flora, in particular by the complete absence of Propionibacterium acnes, the dominant bacterium on sebum-rich areas of human skin. The normal microbial profile of the human grafts was maintained throughout the experimental period despite the novel environmental milieu. There was little contamination of the grafts from the normal murine flora. It was concluded that the grafted human skin would provide a realistic model for studying the ecology of human cutaneous micro-organisms.     

Microbial biofilms on facial prostheses

The composition of microbial biofilms on silicone rubber facial prostheses was investigated and compared with the microbial flora on healthy and prosthesis-covered skin. Scanning electron microscopy showed the presence of mixed bacterial and yeast biofilms on and deterioration of the surface of the prostheses. Microbial culturing confirmed the presence of yeasts and bacteria. Microbial colonization was significantly increased on prosthesis-covered skin compared to healthy skin. Candida spp. were exclusively isolated from prosthesis-covered skin and from prostheses. Biofilms from prostheses showed the least diverse band-profile in denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) whereas prosthesis-covered skin showed the most diverse band-profile. Bacterial diversity exceeded yeast diversity in all samples. It is concluded that occlusion of the skin by prostheses creates a favorable niche for opportunistic pathogens such as Candida spp. and Staphylococcus aureus. Biofilms on healthy skin, skin underneath the prosthesis and on the prosthesis had a comparable composition, but the numbers present differed according to the microorganism.     

Microflora associated with the skin of the bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus)

A study of the microbiological flora isolated from cultures of normal and lesional skin tissue samples collected from 19 bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) over a 4 yr period is presented. These cultures were obtained from 30 tissue samples (17 normal, 13 lesion) and 248 swab samples (157 normal, 91 lesion). Seven hundred-thirty bacterial and yeast isolations were made (285 normal, 445 lesion). Distribution revealed that 56% of the gram positive bacterial isolates, 75% of the gram negative bacterial isolates and 64% of the yeast isolates recovered were associated with lesional skin. It was found that 80% of one group of Corynebacterium sp. isolates, 90% of the Acinetobacter sp. isolates and 94% of the Moraxella sp. isolates were associated with lesional skin. Although the primary yeasts recovered were Candida spp., they were found on both normal and lesional skin. Enzymatic assays of isolates from normal and lesional skin demonstrated production of enzymes capable of causing necrosis. The majority of the microorganisms recovered were facultative anaerobes and many of them could be considered potential pathogens of mammalian hosts.