排卵前期卵泡颗粒细胞端粒酶的表达及其影响因素

用端粒酶重复扩增酶联免疫吸附分析法（telomeric repeat amplification protocol-enzyme linked immunoadsordent assay,TRAP-ELISA）观察体外培养的大鼠排卵前期卵巢颗粒细胞中端粒酶活性的表达及其影响因素,并用放射免疫分析法（radioimmunoassay,RIA）同步测定培养液中雌二醇（estradiol,E2）、孕西阿（progesterone,P0）含量的变化及MTT（四甲基偶氮唑盐）法测定颗粒细胞增殖指数,分析颗粒细胞中端粒酶活性的表达以及端粒酶活性表达的影响因素。本实验中大鼠排卵前期卵巢颗粒细胞中有端粒酶活性表达,且在人绒毛膜促性腺激素（human chorionic gonadotropin,HCG）、卵泡刺激素（follicle-stimu1ating hormone,FSH）、二丁酰环磷腺苷（dbcAMP）及维拉帕米（verapamil）作用下活性明显升高,而在反义c-myb作用下活性明显降低。RIA测定培养液中雌激素及孕激素含量发现,在verapamil及FSH作用下E2与P0分泌量明显升高,在dbcAMP及HCG作用下分泌量无明显改变,而在反义c-myb作用下分泌量明显降低,在不同作用因素下的端粒酶活性与它相对应的E2及P0分泌量无相关性。MTT法测定显示,反义hTERT能明显抑制颗粒细胞的增殖。由此可以证实,排卵前期卵巢的颗粒细胞中表达有端粒酶活性,其活性受FSH、HCG、verapamil、dbcAMP及癌基因的影响,并且端粒酶活性与颗粒细胞增殖功能相关。     

籽鹅卵泡颗粒细胞烯醇化酶过表达模型的建立及其对孕酮分泌的影响

目的：建立廿烯醇化酶（EN01）腺病毒过表达载体转染原代培养籽鹅卵泡颗粒细胞模型,探讨EN01过表达对颗粒细胞孕酮分泌的影响。方法：采用EN01腺病毒过表达载体以梯度感染复数值（MOI）100、250、350、400pfu／cell转染原代培养籽鹅卵泡颗粒细胞,于转染后2,4h、48h,荧光倒置显微镜下观察绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）表达。双抗体一步夹心法酶联免疫吸附试验（EusA）研究EN01过表达对颗粒细胞孕酮分泌的影响。结果：最佳转染条件是,当MOI为350pfu／cell,转染48h后,转染率达100％;通过荧光定量PCR与Westernblot法,检测到EN01mRNA与蛋白均过表达（P〈0．01）;与培养液组和腺病毒空载体组相比较,EN01过表达使颗粒细胞孕酮分泌量极显著增加（P〈0．01）。结论：EN01过表达会使体外原代培养的籽鹅卵泡颗粒细胞孕酮分泌量增加。     

不同培养时间对鸡卵泡颗粒细胞孕酮、雌激素分泌水平及FSHR、LHR基因表达的影响

目的：研究培养不同时间鸡卵泡颗粒细胞孕酮和雌激素的分泌水平,促卵泡素受体（FSHR）和促黄体素受体（LHR）的基因表达水平,推断体外培养时间对颗粒细胞激素分泌及相关受体基因表达的影响。方法：通过细胞体外培养的方法,分别于0 h、24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h收集鸡卵泡颗粒细胞上清液,采用ELISA法测定细胞上清液内的孕酮及雌激素分泌水平,并采用荧光定量PCR技术检测颗粒细胞内FSHR和LHR基因表达情况。结果：在培养初期0 h~48 h孕酮和雌激素分泌量显著降低（P < 0.05）,随着培养时间增加到72 h两种激素的分泌量又开始增加,并达到培养初期水平,培养至96 h细胞内孕酮和雌激素分泌量再次降低;颗粒细胞FSHR和LHR mRNA的表达水平则随着培养时间的增加而降低（P < 0.05）。结论：体外培养的卵泡颗粒细胞内孕酮和雌激素的分泌量随体外培养时间的延长呈先降低后升高的趋势,可能与体外培养细胞的生长状态相关,从整体上看随着培养时间的延长,细胞内孕酮和雌激素的分泌量均降低,可能与两种促性腺激素受体FSHR和LHR基因表达量下降相关。     

活化素和卵泡抑素对绍鸭卵泡颗粒细胞FSH受体mRNA表达作用的研究

分别用活化素（Activin）、卵泡抑素（FSP）及其组合（Activin FSP）来处理培养的鸭未成熟卵泡颗粒细胞,发现在FSH存在与不存在的情况下,Activin均能促进FSH受体mRNA的表达,且随着Activin浓度的增大,其刺激作用增强。FSP自身对FSH受体产生无显著作用,但能中和Activin对该受体产生的促进作用。这说明FSP和Activin对颗粒细胞具有自分泌作用,二者通过调节FSH受体mRNA的表达而在卵泡的生长发育过程中起着重要作用。     

c-fos、c-myb和c-erbB-2与大鼠卵巢颗粒细胞生孕酮调控关系的研究

目的和方法:用离体细胞体外孵育法,观察反义c-fos、c-myb和c-erbB-2 寡脱氧核苷酸(c-fos ODN、c-myb ODN和c-erbB-2 ODN)对hCG诱导大鼠颗粒细胞孕酮产生的影响,同时观察内皮素-1、γ-氨基丁酸和钙离子通道阻断剂维拉帕米对颗粒细胞中c -fos、c-myb和c-erbB-2蛋白的影响.结果:反义c-fos、c-myb和c-erbB -2 ODN均明显抑制hCG诱导颗粒细胞孕酮的产生,并伴有各自癌基因蛋白染色阳性的颗粒细胞百分率下降;而无义tat ODN没有相应的作用.2×10-7mol/L内皮素-1和5×10 -6mol/L γ-氨基丁酸能显著抑制hCG诱导颗粒细胞孕酮的产生,同时使c-fos、c-my b和c-erbB-2蛋白染色阳性的颗粒细胞百分率下降;而1×10-6mol/L维拉帕米对hCG 诱导颗粒细胞孕酮的产生和c-fos、c-myb和c-erbB-2蛋白染色阳性的颗粒细胞百分率均无明显影响.结论:c-fos、c-myb和c-erbB-2与hCG诱导颗粒细胞孕酮的产生密切相关;内皮素-1、γ-氢基丁酸能通过调节这些癌基因在颗粒细胞中的表达而影响hCG诱导颗粒细胞孕酮的产生;而Ca2+无相应的作用.     

沉默Gpr3基因表达对猪卵泡颗粒细胞凋亡的影响

G蛋白偶联受体3（G protein-coupled receptor 3,Gpr3）属于G蛋白偶联受体超家族成员,能够维持卵泡卵母细胞减数分裂的前期阻滞,但在卵泡颗粒细胞中的作用不清。该研究利用RNAi技术,以化学合成的siRNA转染体外培养的猪卵泡颗粒细胞,并利用Real-time PCR和Western blot技术检验Gpr3基因的沉默效果;利用MTT（四甲基偶氮唑盐）、流式细胞术和Real-time PCR技术检测沉默Gpr3基因表达对猪卵泡颗粒细胞凋亡以及凋亡相关基因表达的影响。结果显示,Gpr3-siRNA能够有效地抑制猪卵泡颗粒细胞中Gpr3基因mRNA和蛋白的表达（P〈0.01）;在沉默Gpr3基因表达后,猪卵泡颗粒细胞的细胞活性由0.419升高至0.586,同时细胞凋亡率由2.67%下降至0.42%,并在显著上调Bcl-2表达的同时,下调了Bax的表达（P〈0.05）。结果表明,沉默Gpr3基因的表达抑制了猪卵泡颗粒细胞的凋亡,其机制可能与调控Bcl-2和Bax表达有关。     

Annexin I在PCOS大鼠颗粒细胞中的表达及意义

目的：探讨膜联蛋白I（AnnexinI）在多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）大鼠卵泡颗粒细胞的表达及生物学意义。方法：采用免疫组织化学方法及灰度值测定AnnexinI在PCOS组和对照组的卵泡颗粒细胞中的表达。结果：AnnexinI在两组中的各级卵泡颗粒细胞中均有表达,PCOS组AnnexinI在窦状卵泡中表达显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论：PCOS组AnnexinI在窦状卵泡颗粒细胞的表达上调,且PCOS中窦状卵泡颗粒细胞的凋亡增加,说明AnnexinI参与了卵巢颗粒细胞的凋亡过程,并且发挥了重要作用。     

人重组卵泡刺激素和表皮生长因子对性未成熟小鼠卵母细胞和颗粒细胞复合体体外发育的作用

卵泡刺激素（FSH）对有腔卵泡和排卵前卵泡的促生命作用已被普遍接受,但关于其对腔前卵泡发育的作用报道结果不尽相同,关于表皮生长因子（EGF）对腔前卵泡的作用尚不确切,本研究目的在于探讨人重组卵泡刺激素（rechFSH)和EGF对早期卵泡发育的作用,利用胶原酶消化法从12日龄的小鼠卵巢中分离得到卵母细胞－颗粒细胞复合体（OGCs)(Fig.1)。体外每孔30－40个培养物并分别添加胎牛血清（FBS）,rechFSH和EGF。培养物每4天测量卵母细胞和OGCs直径,并每天照相,结果显示,rechFSH显著促进小鼠OGCs 及其卵母细胞的体外发育,这一作用可被EGF进一步增强（P＜0．05）（Fig.2),但到第八天培养结束时,培养后的OGCs卵母细胞要显著小于体内期生长对照组（P＜0．05）（Fig.3),说明FSH和EGF在卵泡早期发育中起重要作用。     

Interleukin-1β对促卵泡生成素(FSH)诱导大鼠颗粒细胞雌激素生成的抑制作用

本文利用颗粒细胞的体外培养方法研究了 Interleukin-1β 对 FSH 诱导颗粒细胞雌激素生成的影响。颗粒细胞得自未成熟的、经雌激素处理的大鼠,加入 FSH 及同时加入不同浓度的 Interleukin-1β 后,体外培养三日,观察 Interleukin-1β 对雌激素生成的影响。结果可见 FSH 刺激颗粒细胞雌激素生成作用随 FSH 剂量的增加而随之增加。Interleukin-1β 单独处理并不影响雌激素的生物合成。但若同时应用 Interleukin-1β 和 FSH 处理,则可见 Inter-eukin-1β 抑制 FSH 诱导颗粒细胞雌激素生成作用,且此抑制作用强度呈剂量依赖性。其最大的抑制作用达83%。该抑制作用在加药处理后48h 即很明显。Interleukin-1β 抑制 fors-kolin 和(Bu)_2 cAMP 引起的雌激素的生成,这表明 Interleukin-1β 的作用点在 cAMP 生成之后。本文结果提示 Interleukin-1β 使颗粒细胞雌激素生成下降的作用有可能参予卵泡的闭锁机制,尤其当机体在遭受炎症、感染期间,Interleukin-1β 是卵巢功能受损的一个可能参予因子。     

处理方式不同的颗粒细胞和卵泡液对牛卵母细胞体外受精后卵裂率和囊胚率的影响

将牛的卵母细胞置于添加有不同预处理颗粒细胞及含有卵泡液的培养液或不舍有卵泡液的培养液中进行体外成熟、受精及胚胎发育培养,研究了颗粒细胞、卵泡液及颗粒细胞与卵泡液交互作用对牛卵母细胞成熟、受精后卵裂率、囊胚率的影响。2178枚卵母细胞体外成熟受精后胚胎发育的对比观察结果表明：颗粒细胞、卵泡液及颗粒细胞与卵泡液交互作用对卵母细胞成熟受精后胚胎的卵裂具有显著影响（P〈0．05）;颗粒细胞对囊胚的发育有显著影响（P〈0．05）;卵泡液及颗粒细胞与卵泡液交互作用对囊胚的发育无显著影响（P〉0．05）。不同因素对卵裂率、囊胚率的影响表现为：颗粒细胞因素〉培养液因素〉培养液&#215;颗粒细胞交互作用。结论：TCM199培养液中添加卵泡液和单层颗粒细胞组成的培养系统用于牛卵母细胞体外成熟及胚胎发育的效果较好。共培养体系中的单层颗粒细胞用经酶消化分散处理后在培养箱中孵育10min的颗粒细胞替代时,胚胎的发育效果并不受影响。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.