真水狼蛛的生物学和田间种群动态研究

真水狼蛛在湖北武汉1a发生3个不完整的世代,以第2代历期最短,第3代(越冬代)历期最长。主要以亚成蛛越冬。雌、雄均可多次交配。真水狼蛛1生最多可产4个卵袋,平均2.8个,含卵量较大(平均90粒)。雌蛛有较强的护卵、护幼习性。卵的孵化率较高,平均孵化率为91.36％。真水狼蛛共蜕皮6次,有7个龄期。性比各个世代均为雌蛛多于雄蛛。真水狼蛛捕食叶蝉、飞虱等多种水稻害虫,捕食量与龄期、蜕皮和性别有关。真水狼蛛在6月5日左右开始由田埂向稻田内迁移,1a有2个发生高蜂,分析了影响真水狼蛛种群动态因素。     

温度对真水狼蛛发育和繁殖的影响

报道了具水狼蛛发育和繁殖的影响,２０～３２℃恒温条件,随着温度的升高历期变句。真永恒蜂在武泽地区一可发生２～３代。幼蛛发育到成熟所蠕蜕皮次数与温度有关,在各种温度下,均以蜕皮６次的个体最多,２７℃恒温条件下,产卵率最高,化率最高;３０』下单此产卵量最大。每蛛携带幼蛛的时间随温度和升高的而缩短。根据真水蛛蛛在６种恒温下的的幼蛛存活率,雌蛛产卵率,产量量和孵化率组了真水狼蛛在不同温度条件下的实验种各增     

前凹水狼蛛幼蛛各龄期形态特征

前凹水狼珠Pirata procurvus的幼蛛共蜕皮5次,有6个龄期,对其各个龄期的幼蛛形态特征和身体主要部位的长度作了描述和测量,并对卵袋的形态特征作了描述。     

江西熊蛛幼蛛各龄期的形态特征

江西熊蛛的幼蛛共蜕皮５次,有６个龄期。对幼蛛各龄期和卵袋的特征作了较详尽的描述。     

真水狼蛛的抗逆力研究

研究不同龄期真水狼蛛的抗逆力,并以3龄幼蛛为对象,研究了温度和食物对抗逆力的影响。结果表明:真水狼蛛的耐旱力很差,在无水的情况下,无论有无食物,均在2d之内死亡。其耐饥力随着龄期的增长而增加;雌蛛的耐饥力大于雄蛛。在23～35℃温度范围内,3龄幼蛛的耐饥力与温度呈明显的负相关关系。喂混合食物时,3龄幼蛛的耐饥力最强。温度和食物对耐旱力的影响不大。     

真水狼蛛纺器的扫描电镜观察

通过室内饲养,获得了不同龄期的真水狼蛛。对其纺器扫描电镜观察表明：真水狼蛛的纺器表面分布许多纺管,纺管的数目随着龄期的增大面增加。１龄幼蛛纺器分化没有完成。因而不能纺丝。雌蛛和雄蛛在纺器的排列位置、形态、纺管类型和纺管数目上都存在较大差异。纺器的形态、结构与纺器纺丝、结网的功能相适宜。     

食物对真水狼蛛发育和繁殖的影响

研究4种食物对真水狼蛛发育和繁殖的影响.结果表明:单喂果蝇时,幼蛛世代存活率最低;喂混合食物时幼蛛历期最短;单喂果蝇时,历期最长.幼蛛腹部体色与所喂食物颜色相近.喂混合食物的幼蛛,其背甲宽度和体重均大于其他3种食物.雌蛛所产卵袋数和产卵总量均以喂混合食物时为最高.多种食物混合喂养,有利于真水狼蛛的个体发育和繁殖.     

拟水狼蛛的生物学生态学特性

运用田间观察与室内外饲养相结合的方法,对稻田蛛蛛优势种拟水狼蛛Pirata subpiraticus的生物学生态学特性进行了研究。拟水狼蛛在重庆地区1a发生3－4代,第4代不完整,以第2代历期最短,第3代（越冬代）历期最长;以成蛛或幼蛛越冬;5月初即由田埂向稻田内迁移,在水稻生育期间出现3次卵高峰、2次种群密度高峰;在田间具掘土作穴习性,室内发现4龄后的幼蛛在袋状网内蜕皮、交配期和携卵期有结袋状网或幕状网的习性;属游猎型蜘蛛,可步行、跳跃在植株、水面、陆地等处捕食飞虱、叶蝉、粘虫、螟虫等多种稻虫,捕食量与龄期、蜕皮和性别有关;受惊时,能入水中潜行和潜伏。雌雄蛛均可多次交配,雌蛛一生可产卵3－6次,卵囊含卵量25－130粒,平均75粒。平均孵化率90．5％。孵化的幼蛛,先群集在雌蛛的背部,3－5d后离开雌蛛分散捕食。幼蛛一般蜕皮7－8次,出卵囊前已蜕皮至少1次。拟水狼蛛的产卵前期2－6d,平均3d;卵期9－15d,平均11.4d;幼蛛期57－133d,平均81.6d;成蛛期128－186d,平均140d左右,雌蛛较雄蛛长24－51d,平均39.6d。性比除第1代外的各代均为雌多于雄蛛。论文详细记载了拟水狼蛛求偶与交配行为过程、产卵与护卵习性、孵化及携幼行为、幼蛛生长、蜕皮、各龄期形态特征、亚成蛛及性成熟。幼蛛出卵囊后至性成熟的成活率为21．4％－56．3％,平均达35．0％。室内饲养发现在一定湿度条件下,不提供食物成蛛可存活28－57d,平均42．7d。     

猫卷叶蛛生物学的研究

猫卷叶蛛广泛分布于农田、茶园和果园。在湖北一年三个完整世代。蜕皮4次,5个龄期。全代历期约55天(35°C)到115天(20°C)。一生产卵袋一般10—15个,最多26个。每卵袋内含卵10粒左右,最多达26粒。一生总产卵量150—200粒,最多可达300粒.雌蛛寿命一般约40天。捕食双翅目昆虫有利于幼蛛的发育。11月下旬以成蛛和幼蛛越冬,翌年3月下旬开始活动。     

携幼行为对简突水狼蛛幼蛛生长发育的影响

本文在实验室条件下,研究了携幼行为对简突水狼蛛 Pirata haploapophysis幼蛛的生长、存活、发育历期及繁殖的影响.结果表明经过携幼行为的幼蛛和未经过携幼行为的幼蛛在体重增长、各龄期死亡率、发育历期及产卵率、平均每雌产卵袋数、平均每雌产卵总量、平均每卵袋含卵量、单雌最高产卵量等方面没有显著差异.     

The life-cycle of the Wolf spider Pardosa lugubris in Holland

Pardosa lugubris in Scotland has a 2-year life-cycle. In Holland the situation is less clear-cut: spiderlings emerging from the summer egg sac can reach sexual maturity by the following spring. These spiders, with a 1-year life-cycle, have one instar fewer than the Scottish spiders. The Dutch spiderlings from the autumn egg sac, like the Scottish spiders, have a 2-year life-cycle and have the same number of instars as the Scottish spiders.
The shorter life-cycle of some of the Dutch spiders is probably due to the fact that summer temperatures are higher in Holland than in Scotland. It is suggested that the length of the life-cycle may be an important factor in spider distribution and that this may account for the relative scarcity of large spider species in high latitudes.     

Survival and growth in groups of a subsocial spider (Stegodyphus lineatus)

Summary In spiders, known as potentially cannibalistic, mutual tolerance is one important requirement for group life. Using the subsocial spiderStegodyphus lineatus which possibly resembles the ancestors of the social species, the effects of competition were investigated in the laboratory. When dispersal was prevented, spiderlings were capable of living in groups. The intensity of competition for food among spiders in groups was varied experimentally by varying group size or the relative size differences of individuals. Body mass and mortality were compared in the different experiments. Prey availability, the size of the spiders and initial body size differences among group members all influenced the survival probability and growth of the spiders. Spiders of equal size tolerated each other with a higher probability than spiders of different sizes. Feeding in groups was always disadvantagous even for the largest spiders.     

The allometry of CNS size and consequences of miniaturization in orb-weaving and cleptoparasitic spiders

Allometric studies of the gross neuroanatomy of adults from nine species of spiders from six web-weaving families (Orbicularia), and nymphs from six of these species, show that very small spiders resemble other small animals in having disproportionately larger central nervous systems (CNSs) relative to body mass when compared with large-bodied forms. Small spiderlings and minute adult spiders have similar relative CNS volumes. The relatively large CNS of a very small spider occupies up to 78% of the cephalothorax volume. The CNSs of very small spiders extend into their coxae, occupying as much as 26% of the profile area of the coxae of an Anapisona simoni spiderling (body mass < 0.005 mg). Such modifications occur both in species with minute adults, and in tiny spiderlings of species with large-bodied adults. In at least one such species, Leucauge mariana, the CNS of the spiderling extends into a prominent ventral bulge of the sternum. Tiny spiders also have reduced neuronal cell body diameters. The adults of nearly all orbicularian spiders weave prey capture webs, as do the spiderlings, beginning with second instar nymphs. Comparable allometric relations occur in adults of both orb-weaving and cleptoparasitic species, indicating that this behavioral difference is not reflected in differences in gross CNS allometry.     

RELIABILITY OF USING HEAD CAPSULE WIDTH AND BODY LENGTH TO IDENTIFY LARVAL INSTARS OF AEDES VIGILAX (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)

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Discriminant function analyses on head capsule width and body length of 940 larvae of the saltmarsh mosquito Aedes vigilax (Skuse) were used to determine their reliability in distinguishing between different instars. Of larvae reared under different temperature/salinity regimes, 99.4% were correctly graded on the basis of head capsule width whereas only 88.0% of determinations were correct when body length was used. Thus head capsule width was found to be a reliable character to grade instars regardless of rearing conditions.     

The life cycle of Thomisus onustus (Thomisidae: Araneae) and outlines for the classification of the life histories of spiders

The life cycle of the spider Thomisus onustus , with its two adult phases annually, is elucidated. Differences between males and females, in the length of the developmental period up to maturity, excluded the possibility that siblings could mate in nature. Females maintain a stable cycle of one year, whereas the males show a change in the length of their developmental cycle, according to the phase from which they originate. The variance which occurs among spiderlings, in regard to the number of moults and the length of the different instars is discussed.
Outlines for a general classification of the life histories of spiders is being suggested.     

麦双尾蚜的龄期鉴别

麦双尾蚜Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko)无翅孤雌蚜的体长、体宽、头宽、腹管宽、上尾片长、尾片长和触角节Ⅲ长等7个形态指标,在各龄期间差异显著。根据麦双尾蚜的翅、翅芽、触角节数、尾片形状、上尾片长与宽比值等特征作为龄期鉴别的主要指标,编制了麦双尾蚜龄期鉴定检索表。     

Mismatch between dietary requirements for lipid by a predator and availability of lipid in prey

Growth is an important factor in predicting an organism's overall success as an adult. Understanding how abiotic and biotic factors influence body size is key to predicting how environmental changes will impact organisms and predicting optimal behaviors under varying conditions. Food items can vary widely in nutrient content and this variation can affect growth. We tested how the quantity and macronutrient content of live prey affected the growth of juvenile jumping spiders, Phiddipus audax, using 420 spiderlings raised on one of 21 diets. In addition, we measured the nutrient content of prey from the field and compared average prey nutrient content with the diet at which spiders maximized growth. Our results show that the quantity and nutrient content of prey have significant and interacting effects on the growth of an actively hunting predator. In particular, spiders grew larger in body size (tibia/patella length and posterior lateral eye width) and were heavier on diets with higher lipid content. Yet, data on the nutrient content of prey from the field shows that most potential prey have high protein and low lipid content in their bodies. This apparent mismatch between spider nutritional requirements and prey nutrient availability likely presents a challenge to spiders seeking to maximize growth in the field. Several hypotheses for how these predators overcome this challenge to reach the large body sizes observed in the field are discussed.     

Side-effects of insecticides on two erigonid spider species

The current rearing technique forErigone atra (Blackwall) andOedothorax apicatus (Blackwall) (Araneae, Erigonidae) was improved. To reduce time spent rearing on live fruit flies the spiders were kept on a culture of the Collembola speciesLepidocyrtus lanuginosus (Gmelin) (Entomobryidae). Side-effects on spiders of two pyrethroid insecticides (fenvalerate and lambda-cyhalothrin) and one carbamate insecticide (pirimicarb) were tested. Sensitivity of adults of both sexes and juveniles to insecticides and their influence on the rate of emergence of spiderlings from cocoons were investigated using topical application, spraying or residual contact. LD₅₀ values for adults ranged from 0.49 to 2.52 ng a.i./spider for lambda-cyhalothrin and from 5.75 to 98.20 ng a.i./spider for fenvalerate. Topical application also resulted in up to a week's delay of web-building. A moving laboratory spraying equipment was used to spray spiders with different insecticide dosages and water volumes. Pyrethroids sprayed onto adults in webs had stronger effects than pyrethroids sprayed onto sitting or walking spiders on the soil surface. Residual contamination caused higher mortality of spiders after contact with lambda-cyhalothrin than fenvalerate. In all tests, males were more susceptible to pyrethroids than females; this difference was related to body weight. Mortality rate was higher forE. atra than forO. apicatus. Both pyrethroids were also toxic to spiderlings. Lambda-cyhalothrin inhibited emergence ofE. atra spiderlings from cocoons. Pirimicarb was harmless to both spider species.     

温度和食物浓度对老年低额溞生长与生殖的影响

在20℃和25℃培养温度下研究了3种食物浓度对老年低额(Simocephalus vetulusOF Müller)生长与生殖的影响。结果表明:老年低额有4个幼龄(在20℃、低食物浓度下有5个)和10-13个成龄。成龄的龄期明显高于幼龄,第一成龄的发育时间一般最长。在相同温度下,老年低额的首次怀卵所需时间及各龄期一般随食物浓度的增加而缩短,而各龄的平均体长及其生殖量则呈相反的趋势。在相同的食物条件下,25℃老年低额在生长后期的平均体长明显高于20℃,而各龄期却小于20℃。最大体长是2.82mm,出现在25℃、高食物浓度下的第16龄。老年低额的平均最大生殖量和最大内禀增长率分别为144个和0.41/d,均出现在25℃和高食物浓度下。统计分析显示老年低额的生殖量与体长之间存在显著的相关性。老年低额的食物浓度域值小于1×104cells/mL(Scenedesmus obliquus)。作者探讨了老年低额在渔业生产中作为活体饵料养殖对象的可能性。