Phenological modifications in plants by various edaphic factors

Various mechanical, chemical and physical soil analyses were carried out, in addition to weather observations, for 3 years at several sites along an oceanic-continental gradient in a fjord district in western Norway. All the environmental factors observed were correlated with the spring and a few late-season phenophases of many native and cultivated woody plants and some herbs by simple, linear correlations and by stepwise multiple and partial analyses. Different techniques were used to try and eliminate many intercorrelations between various environmental factors. As expected, air temperature measurements in nearly all analyses from these temperate region districts gave the most significant correlations with the phenology of the plants, the temperature during the night generally being the most important in mainly vegetative periods, e.g. to leaf bud break in spring, and the temperature during the day affecting the more generative phases, such as the period between leaf bud break and flowering. The other environmental factors, however, showed strong variation in correlation significance among the various species studied and also with different phenophases of the same species. Various hypotheses are put forward to explain such variation. Air humidity (including precipitation) and /or soil moisture (including intercorrelated parameters, e.g. soil grain size and bulk density) were relatively often found to be of importance. In the stepwise multiple analyses for leaf bud break of the birch (Betula pubescens), for instance, the amount of precipitation was the second factor to enter the analyses by a positive correlation with the developmental rate, after the most important factor, the night temperature. Positive correlations with a high clay content and bulk density in the soil indicated that high soil moisture is also favourable for early bud break in the birch. Other phenophases that seemed to be favoured by a good water supply were leaf bud break of the bird cherry (Prunus padus) and rowan (Sorbus aucuparia), and flowering of the hazel (Corylus avellana), common lilac (Syringa vulgaris), plum (’Victoria’) and currant (’Red Dutch’) and also, to some degree, the goat willow (Salix caprea). The amount of ions (P, K, Mg and Ca) often showed negative correlations with the developmental rate, particularly of earlier phenophases of both native and cultivated plants (except for the apple ’Gravenstein’ and pear ’Moltke’), possibly, indicating that a high nutrient level delayed plant development. A similar explanation might be given for the observation that high pH in the soil often seemed to delay plant development (leaf bud break of Betula, Sorbus, Syringa and plum, and flowering of Corylus, bluebell (Campanula rotundifolia) and red currant). According to the analyses there seemed to be a tendency for plants that are particularly dependent on warm weather for leaf bud break, e.g. the ash (Fraxinus excelsior), and flowering, e.g. Prunus, pear, apple and, to some degree, the raspberry (’Preussen’), to be less dependent on other environmental factors for their development. For instance, if there were any effects of water for these plants, they were negative for moisture and soil factors intercorrelated with water. Received: 25 October 2000 / Revised: 9 May 2001 / Accepted: 24 May 2001     

Fecundity of large fruit-tree tortrix <Emphasis Type="Italic">Archips podana</Emphasis> Scop. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on different host plants

We studied pupal weight, fecundity, and potential and achieved fecundity of imagoes of large fruit-tree tortrix Archips podana Scop. for caterpillars reared on apple, currant, pear, lilac, and plum plants. Pupal weight had no effect on fecundity in the first generation but was reflected in the second generation. The dependence of potential and achieved fecundity of imago on pupal weight was nonlinear with a trend to optimum within certain limits.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Biologicheskaya, No. 2, 2005, pp. 253–256.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Safonkin, Triseleva.     

海南岛尖峰岭12种热带常绿阔叶乔木展叶期与开花期对气候变化的响应

为了探讨我国热带地区植物物候与气候变化的关系, 利用海南岛尖峰岭热带树木园12种热带常绿阔叶乔木植物2003-2011年物候观测资料结合同期月平均气温和降水数据, 运用积分回归分析方法, 筛选出影响海南岛12种乔木(8种本地种、4种引入种)展叶始期与开花始期的气象因素以及不同气象因素月值变化(月平均气温和月降水量)综合作用对这些树种物候期的动态影响, 最终建立积分回归-物候预测模型, 对气候变化背景下我国热带地区植物物候变化趋势进行了预测。结果表明: 海南岛12种热带常绿阔叶乔木展叶始期与开花始期均对气候变化做出较明显的响应, 几乎所有的树种展叶始期与开花始期的发生都受到气温和降水的共同影响。多数树种展叶始期受展叶前冬季及春季气温影响显著, 且在临近展叶始期的月份, 气温的影响更显著。上一年秋季月降水量对各树种开花始期的影响比其他时段显著, 这验证了降水的滞后性假说。本地种展叶始期对气候变化的响应比其开花始期对气候变化的响应更敏感, 引入种则相反。各树种展叶和开花在受气温和降水综合影响最明显的月份(假设其余11个月份月平均气温和月降水量不变), 月平均气温升高0.1 ℃、月降水量增加10 mm可使展叶始期和开花始期提前或推迟1-3天。积分回归分析方法为解释海南岛热带常绿阔叶乔木物候与气温和降水的动态关系提供了有效的途径, 基于气温和降水与物候资料建立的积分回归-物候预测模型具有对气温和降水变化影响下物候响应的解释率和预测精度高(R²≥ 0.943)的优点, 对于预测气候变化影响下的植物物候变化趋势有一定的适用性。     

Responses of leaf unfolding and flowering to climate change in 12 tropical evergreen broadleaf tree species in Jianfengling,Hainan Island

为了探讨我国热带地区植物物候与气候变化的关系, 利用海南岛尖峰岭热带树木园12种热带常绿阔叶乔木植物2003-2011年物候观测资料结合同期月平均气温和降水数据, 运用积分回归分析方法, 筛选出影响海南岛12种乔木(8种本地种、4种引入种)展叶始期与开花始期的气象因素以及不同气象因素月值变化(月平均气温和月降水量)综合作用对这些树种物候期的动态影响, 最终建立积分回归-物候预测模型, 对气候变化背景下我国热带地区植物物候变化趋势进行了预测。结果表明: 海南岛12种热带常绿阔叶乔木展叶始期与开花始期均对气候变化做出较明显的响应, 几乎所有的树种展叶始期与开花始期的发生都受到气温和降水的共同影响。多数树种展叶始期受展叶前冬季及春季气温影响显著, 且在临近展叶始期的月份, 气温的影响更显著。上一年秋季月降水量对各树种开花始期的影响比其他时段显著, 这验证了降水的滞后性假说。本地种展叶始期对气候变化的响应比其开花始期对气候变化的响应更敏感, 引入种则相反。各树种展叶和开花在受气温和降水综合影响最明显的月份(假设其余11个月份月平均气温和月降水量不变), 月平均气温升高0.1 ℃、月降水量增加10 mm可使展叶始期和开花始期提前或推迟1-3天。积分回归分析方法为解释海南岛热带常绿阔叶乔木物候与气温和降水的动态关系提供了有效的途径, 基于气温和降水与物候资料建立的积分回归-物候预测模型具有对气温和降水变化影响下物候响应的解释率和预测精度高(R²≥ 0.943)的优点, 对于预测气候变化影响下的植物物候变化趋势有一定的适用性。     

内蒙古克氏针茅草原植物物候及其与气候因子关系

 植物物候作为气候变化敏感的生物圈指示计, 已经成为全球变化研究的热点。利用1985~2002年地面物候观测数据, 构建了内蒙古克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)草原植物物候的时间序列谱, 并分析了植物物候的时间变异与气候因子之间的相关关系。结果表明: 1) 从1985~2002年内蒙古克氏针茅草原的气候朝着暖干趋势发展, 主要表现在春、夏气温的显著性增加与秋季(9月)降水的显著性减少; 2) 主要植物物候的变化整体呈返青期推后其它物候期提前趋势; 3) 植物生长盛期(7、8月)对气候变化最敏感; 4) 光照和温度是影响内蒙古克氏针茅草原植物物候格局的主要因素, 年内最寒冷的1月月均温和2、3月的光照对春季返青期具有负效应, 而其它物候期与7、8月的光照则呈显著的负相关关系, 6、7月的降水对发育盛期的花序形成、抽穗与开花具有显著的负效应, 8、9月的降水量能显著推后枯黄期的结束, 从而有利于生长季的延长。     

Primary and secondary growth phenology of Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake at different time scales

Schizolobium parahyba is a tropical species that has expanded its distribution. However, little is known about its ecological performance beyond the tropics. Therefore, the objective of this research was to describe for this species, south of its original distribution, intra-annual variations in primary growth phenology (leaf flushing, leaf shedding, flowering and fruiting) and secondary growth (radial increase of the trunk), as well as secondary growth on an interannual scale (radial xylem increase) and to analyze the influences of climatic conditions on the evidenced phenological patterns. For this purpose, on an intra-annual scale, ten individuals had their phenophases observed fortnightly for 23 months and were described and correlated to climatic variables of photoperiod, temperature and precipitation. Inter-annual activity samples were obtained from the growth rings of 16 individuals, which were evaluated according to dendrochronological protocols and correlated to climatic variables of temperature and precipitation. South of its original distribution, S. parahyba trees presented seasonal growth rates in all observed scales and associations with variations in phenological rhythms and climatic conditions. Differences were found in the climatic response of the species in comparison to studies already performed in the tropics. In this study, on an intra-annual scale, this association is manifested by relationships with photoperiod, being positive for leaf flushing and fruiting and negative for leaf shedding. In the secondary growth, the intra-annual scale positive relationship was found with temperature, but on an inter-annual scale a positive influence of winter rainfall was found. The consistence of those patterns in broader spatial scales deserves further investigation.     

Long-term temporal changes of plant phenology in the Western Mediterranean

Plants are altering their life cycles in response to current climatic change around the globe. More than 200 000 records for six phenological events (leaf unfolding, flowering, fruit ripening, fruit harvesting, leaf falling and growing season) of 29 perennial species for the period 1943–2003 recorded throughout Spain provide the longest temporal and the broadest spatial assessment of plant phenology changes in the Mediterranean region. The overwhelming majority of the 118 studied phenophases shifted their dates in recent decades. Such changes differed among phenological events. Leaf unfolding, flowering and fruiting are markedly advancing (?0.48, ?0.59 and ?0.32 days yr^?1, respectively), but only since the mid‐1970s. Anemophilous have advanced more days their flowering than entomophilous. However, some species have delayed and others have advanced their leaf falling dates and as a result only a weak shift was observed in this event for the whole of the studied species (+0.12 days yr^?1). The growing season lengthened by 18 days, which implies an increase of 8% in the life of annual leaves. Such an increase was achieved mainly through the advance of leaf unfolding dates in the spring, one of the most productive times of year for vegetation in the Mediterranean. Shifts in the plant calendar were accompanied as well by long‐term changes in the range of onset dates in 39% of studied phenophases. Leaf unfolding, flowering and growing season tended to reduce spatial variability, reflecting a faster and more synchronized onset (or duration) of phenophases across the study area. Changes in spatial variability may aggravate calendar mismatching with other trophic levels resulting from changes in dates. Because temporal responses differed markedly among species, calendar guilds of plants have changed, which suggests alterations of interspecific relationships in plant communities from Mediterranean ecosystems.     

利用控制实验研究植物物候对气候变化的响应综述

物候是植物在长期适应环境过程中形成的生长发育节点。长时间地面物候观测数据表明,近50年全球乔木、灌木、草本植物的春季物候期受温度升高、降水与辐射变化等影响,以每10年2 d到10 d的速率提前。但因植物物候响应气候因子的机制仍不清楚,导致对未来气候变化情景下的植物物候变化预测存在较大的不确定性。在此背景下,控制实验成为探究气候因子对植物物候影响机制的重要手段。综述了物候控制实验中不同气候因子（温度、水分、光照等）的控制方法。总结了目前为止控制实验在植物物候对气候因子响应方面得到的重要结论,发现植物春季物候期（展叶、开花等）主要受冷激、驱动温度与光周期的影响,秋季物候期（叶变色和落叶）主要受低温、短日照与水分胁迫的影响。提出未来物候控制实验应重点解决木本植物在秋季进入休眠的时间点确定、低温和短日照对木本植物秋季物候的交互作用量化、草本植物春秋季物候的影响因子识别等科学问题。     

The antioxidant activity of regularly consumed fruit and vegetables reflects their phenolic and vitamin C composition

Recent studies are emphasising the importance and putative modes of action of specific flavonoids as bioactive components of the diet in in vivo and in vitro models. Thus, it is important to have a clear idea of the major phenolic families of which fruit and vegetables are comprised and the levels contained therein. Regularly consumed fruit and vegetables of mixed varieties available on the UK market were analysed for the composition of the major individual phenolic components. The total phenolic content (applying the Folin assay) and the vitamin C levels were also determined. The antioxidant capacities of aqueous/methanolic extracts were comparatively assessed using the TEAC (Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity), the FRAP (Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma) and ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) assays, which comprise contributions from polyphenols, simple phenols and the ascorbate component. The results were calculated in terms of 100 g fresh weight (FW) uncooked portion sizes. Fruit and vegetables rich in anthocyanins (e.g. strawberry, raspberry and red plum) demonstrated the highest antioxidant activities, followed by those rich in flavanones (e.g. orange and grapefruit) and flavonols (e.g. onion, leek, spinach and green cabbage), while the hydroxycinnamate-rich fruit (e.g. apple, tomato, pear and peach) consistently elicited the lower antioxidant activities. The TEAC, FRAP and ORAC values for each extract were relatively similar and well-correlated with the total phenolic and vitamin C contents. The antioxidant activities (TEAC) in terms of 100 g FW uncooked portion size were in the order: strawberry> raspberry = red plum > red cabbage >grapefruit = orange > spinach > broccoli > green grape approximately/= onion > green cabbage > pea > apple > cauliflower tomato approximately/= peach=leek > banana approximately/= lettuce.     

西双版纳热带植物园引种植物物候特征比较

迁地保护是生物多样性保护的重要手段之一, 前期的植物引种研究可为迁地保护提供必要的理论支持。通过对西双版纳热带植物园内不同来源的引种植物和本地植物的4个物候期(萌叶期、落叶期、开花期和果熟期)分布格局及其气候影响因子进行对比, 阐明引种植物对环境的适应性和对策。结果表明, 引种植物比本地植物萌叶生长盛期更长, 但对低温和干旱更加敏感的引种植物, 在旱季其落叶比例明显高于本地植物, 而3、4月由于气温的回升, 使引种植物和本地植物在雨季之前就进入了萌叶盛期。而在繁殖物候方面, 由于受气候因子影响较小, 引种植物和本地植物的开花期和果熟期格局季节性表现都不明显, 且规律性不强。总体上, 各来源地的引种植物能根据环境的改变形成相应的生长与繁殖适应对策, 可较好地适应西双版纳的环境。     

中国北方苹果主产地苹果物候期对气候变暖的响应

为揭示我国北方苹果物候期时空变化特征及其对气候变暖的响应时段和强度,选取福山、万荣和阿克苏分别代表我国渤海湾、黄土高原和新疆苹果产区,利用1996—2018年各地红富士苹果芽开放期、展叶始期、始花期、可采成熟期、叶变色末期和落叶末期物候数据,分析不同物候期及生长阶段长度的变化趋势,并利用偏最小二乘回归法,从日尺度层面,分析气温变化对各物候期的影响。结果表明: 近23年来,福山、万荣和阿克苏芽开放期、展叶始期和始花期均呈现提前趋势,平均提前速率分别为0.36、0.33和0.23 d·a^-1,落叶末期则呈推迟趋势(0.68 d·a^-1),可采成熟期和叶变色末期在各产区的变化趋势不一致;果实生长发育期和果树全生育期分别以1.20和0.82 d·a^-1的速率延长。苹果春季物候期与1月初至相应物候期发生前平均气温呈显著负相关关系,期间温度每升高1 ℃,芽开放期、展叶始期和始花期将分别提前3.70、3.47和3.48 d;秋季物候期与各物候期前21～72 d的平均气温呈正相关,但与影响时段平均气温的相关性低于春季物候期;总体上,春季物候期受气温影响的程度大于秋季物候期,且果实生长发育期和果树全生育期的延长主要由春季物候期提前所致。各主产地间苹果物候期对气候变暖的响应存在一定差异,其中气温对阿克苏苹果生长发育的影响最大,其次是万荣,对福山的影响并不明显。该研究结果可为指导各地苹果产业应对气候变化提供理论依据。     

Phenology of the Littoral Forest of Sainte Luce,Southeastern Madagascar1

From January 2000 through December 2002, focal plant censuses were carried out to assess monthly leaf, flower, and ripe fruit presence for 423 individual plants (96 plant species, 39 families) within the littoral forest of Sainte Luce, Madagascar. Fruit‐on‐trail counts were conducted additionally in 2000 to allow comparison between both phenological methods. Despite low climatic seasonality and the absence of a dry season in the littoral forest, interannual phenological patterns were seasonal. Within year variability was present with clear periods of abundance and scarcity. All phenophases were highly intercorrelated and peaked from November through February. This was found in other humid Malagasy forests as well, while in dry Malagasy forests phenophases were separated in time perhaps due to the more seasonal climate. Temperature and day length seemed to influence all phenophases, the latter showing the strongest effect, while rainfall was only weekly associated with flushing and flowering. Differences in the presence of ripe fruits when comparing between sampling methods can be explained by the differential contribution of several life forms.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Prunus</Emphasis> microsatellite marker transferability across rosaceous crops

A total of 145 microsatellite primer pairs from Prunus DNA sequences were studied for transferability in a set of eight cultivars from nine rosaceous species (almond, peach, apricot, Japanese plum, European plum, cherry, apple, pear, and strawberry), 25 each of almond genomic, peach genomic, peach expressed sequence tags (EST), and Japanese plum genomic, 22 of almond EST, and 23 of apricot (13 EST and 10 genomic), all known to produce single-locus and polymorphic simple-sequence repeats in the species where they were developed. Most primer pairs (83.6%) amplified bands of the expected size range in other Prunus. Transferability, i.e., the proportion of microsatellites that amplified and were polymorphic, was also high in Prunus (63.9%). Almond and Japanese plum were the most variable among the diploid species (all but the hexaploid European plum) and peach the least polymorphic. Thirty-one microsatellites amplified and were polymorphic in all Prunus species studied, 12 of which, covering its whole genome, are proposed as the “universal Prunus set”. In contrast, only 16.3% were transferable in species of other Rosaceae genera (apple, pear, and strawberry). Polymorphic Prunus microsatellites also detected lower levels of variability in the non-congeneric species. No significant differences were detected in transferability and the ability to detect variability between microsatellites of EST and genomic origin.     

Uptake and movement of the fungicide imazalil following trunk injection into apple and plum trees by a novel, rapid technique

A hand-held apparatus, produced by modifying a veterinary multiple dosing gun, was used to pressure-inject aqueous solutions of imazalil into the trunks of plum or apple trees after harvest, before bud burst or during flowering. Bioassay showed that post harvest injection led to movement of imazalil up and down the trunk and into branches of both apple and plum trees. Movement in the trunk after injection before bud burst also occurred in plums but was limited in apples and fungicide was detected in branches only in apples and only at the end of the season. Injection at flowering time resulted in movement of imazalil into branches of apple, but not plum, trees. Imazalil was detected in twigs of apple, but not plum, trees but only after flowering time injections. The technique could be useful for control of tree diseases provided due attention is paid to dose, to the number and siting of injection holes and to the linking of injection time with the epidemiology of the target disease.     

民勤荒漠区典型草本植物马蔺的物候特征及其对气候变化的响应

植物物候反映了过去一段时间气候条件的累积对植物生长和发育的综合影响.通过收集1974-2007年民勤荒漠区典型草本植物马蔺的物候观测数据以及民勤治沙综合试验站同步观测的气象资料,分析了马蔺的物候特征及其对不同时间尺度气候变化的响应过程,结果表明:(1)马蔺的平均生长季长度约为201.7 d,并呈现出逐年增加的趋势,大致表现为每10a延长0.8d,但随着年份的变化并不显著(P＞0.1).(2)除开花期的开始时间出现明显的延后外(P＜0.1),马蔺其它物候期的开始和结束时间均表现为轻微的延后趋势,且随着年份的变化不显著(P＞0.1).马蔺各个物候期的持续时间不同年份差异较大,其中萌动期、开花期和果熟期的持续时间随着年份出现减少的趋势,而展叶期和黄枯期的持续时间随着年份则出现增加的趋势,但其变化均不显著(P＞0.1).(3)马蔺整个生长季的延长可能受气温和降水的综合作用,其物候期的开始时间对物候期开始之前3周到3个月之间的积温有着显著的响应(P＜0.01),而对于长时间尺度的积温则响应不显著(P＞0.1);其部分物候期的开始时间对于中短时间尺度的累积降雨有着较显著的响应(P＜0.1),但是对于长时间尺度的累积降雨则所有物候期都响应较弱(P＞0.1).(4)马蔺的物候期特征除了受区域气候变化影响之外,可能还与其自身的水分利用机制有关,未来的气候变化可能会进一步影响到该地区典型荒漠草本植物的物候特征.     

西双版纳热带植物园引种植物物候特征比较

迁地保护是生物多样性保护的重要手段之一,前期的植物引种研究呵为迁地保护提供必要的理论支持。通过对西双版纳热带植物园内不同来源的引种植物和本地植物的4个物候期（萌叶期、落叶期、开花期和果熟期）分布格局及其气候影响因子进行对比,阐明引种植物对环境的适应性和对策。结果表明,引种植物比本地植物萌叶生长盛期更长,但对低温和干旱更加敏感的引种植物,在旱季其落叶比例明显高于本地植物,而3、4月由于气温的回升,使引种植物和本地植物在雨季之前就进入了萌叶盛期。而在繁殖物候方面,由于受气候因子影响较小,引种植物和本地植物的开花期和果熟期格局季节性表现都不明显。且规律性不强。总体上,各来源地的引种植物能根据环境的改变形成相应的生长与繁殖适应对策,可较好地适应西双版纳的环境。     

Phenology in central Europe – differences and trends of spring phenophases in urban and rural areas

In order to examine the impacts of both large-scale and small-scale climate changes (urban climate effect) on the development of plants, long-term observations of four spring phenophases from ten central European regions (Hamburg, Berlin, Cologne, Frankfurt, Munich, Prague, Vienna, Zurich, Basle and Chur) were analysed. The objective of this study was to identify and compare the differences in the starting dates of the pre-spring phenophases, the beginning of flowering of the snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) and forsythia (Forsythia sp.), and of the full-spring phenophases, the beginning of flowering of the sweet cherry (Prunus avium) and apple (Malus domestica), in urban and rural areas. The results indicate that, despite regional differences, in nearly all cases the species studied flower earlier in urbanised areas than in the corresponding rural areas. The forcing in urban areas was about 4 days for the pre-spring phenophases and about 2 days for the full-spring phenophases. The analysis of trends for the period from 1951 to 1995 showed tendencies towards an earlier flowering in all regions, but only 22% were significant at the 5% level. The trends for the period from 1980 to 1995 were much stronger for all regions and phases: the pre-spring phenophases on average became earlier by 13.9 days/decade in the urban areas and 15.3 days/decade in the rural areas, while the full-spring phenophases were 6.7 days earlier/decade in the urban areas and 9.1 days/decade earlier in the rural areas. Thus rural areas showed a higher trend towards an earlier flowering than did urban areas for the period from 1980 to 1995. However, these trends, especially for the pre-spring phenophases, turned out to be extremely variable. Received: 21 October 1999 / Revised: 5 April 2000 / Accepted: 25 April 2000     

不同分布区文冠果物候期的差异及其与地理-气候因子和结实性状的相关性

为明确文冠果(Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge)物候期的地理变异规律,在文冠果的主要分布区(内蒙古自治区、河北省和河南省)选择6个样地,采用定株观测方法,于2012年对文冠果的物候期进行观测,并分析了物候期与经度和纬度、气候因子和结实性状间的相关性.结果表明:在供试6个样地中,文冠果的芽萌动期、初花期、盛花期、末花期、展叶期、果速生期、果熟期、落果期、落叶期及总生长期均存在明显差异;其中,盛花期相差天数最多(40 d),果速生期相差天数最少(26 d).产自河南省三门峡市陕县(分布区南缘)的文冠果落叶期最晚,但其他各物候期均最早,总生长期最长(199 d);而产自内蒙古自治区赤峰市阿鲁科尔沁旗坤都镇(分布区北缘)的文冠果落叶期最早,但其他各物候期均最晚,总生长期最短(148 d).从结实性状看,6个样地文冠果的座果率和单位投影面积种子质量差异均较大,而种子含油率差异不明显;其中,产自河南省三门峡市陕县的文冠果座果率和单位投影面积种子质量均最低.相关性和回归分析结果表明:文冠果的大多数物候期间呈正相关,仅落叶期与其他物候期呈负相关;其中,除盛花期与果速生期无显著相关性外,花期的各物候期(初花期、盛花期和末花期)与果期的各物候期(果速生期、果熟期和落果期)均呈显著或极显著正相关.多数物候期与经度和纬度呈显著或极显著正相关,仅落叶期与经度和纬度分别呈显著和极显著负相关.总体上看,除落叶期外,文冠果各物候期与年均日照时数呈正相关,与其他气候因子多数呈负相关;其中,除果速生期和落果期外,其他物候期与年均温呈显著或极显著负相关.此外,仅总生长期与文冠果的座果率呈显著负相关,其他物候期与结实性状则无显著相关性.综合分析结果表明:文冠果的物候期呈现明显的地理变异规律,且气温是影响其物候期的主要气候因子.     

Tree specific traits affect flowering time in Indian dry tropical forest

Dry tropical forest tree species show variations in leafless duration (i.e. deciduousness), stem wood density (SWD), leaf mass area (LMA) and leaf strategy index (LSI, reflecting resource use rate) to overcome water limitations. We investigated the role of these tree traits in the seasonal timing of flowering and subsequent fruiting. Flowering and fruiting time of 24 tree species was recorded over two consecutive annual cycles and their relationships with the abovementioned tree specific traits were examined across the species. In leaf-exchanging species having higher SWD and LMA, low LSI and short deciduousness, flowering coincides with leaf transitional state when vegetative growth is at its minimum, and fruit formation and leaf flushing are both supported at the same time. However, >4-months-deciduous species with lowest SWD and LMA, higher LSI and longer deciduousness showed predominantly dry season flowering, subsequent fruiting on leafless shoots and distinct separation of vegetative and flowering phenophases. In contrast, intermediate species (<2 months-deciduous, 2–4-months-deciduous) showed wider flowering range through summer, rainy, autumn or winter seasons. Fruiting duration varies considerably with variation in the flowering time; ca. 5–14 months in summer flowering species; 7–12 months in rainy flowering species; 6–10 months in autumn flowering species, 4–9 months in dry season flowering and 3–7 months in winter flowering species. In most species, fruit maturation occurred just prior to the onset of rains, ensuring seedling survival. The ability of tree species to withstand (leaf-exchange) or avoid (deciduousness) drought stress and varying seasonal flowering timings appear to be the principal mechanisms for successful survival and reproduction under extremely dry and seasonal climate. Since environmental characteristics affect flowering and fruiting either directly (e.g. through conditions in the habitat) or indirectly (e.g. through deciduousness, LMA, SWD and LSI), the impact of probable global climatic change will have long implications on reproduction of dry tropical trees.